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    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral Appendix 1. Members of the College of experts Appendix 2. Description of the Monitoring Comittee Appendix 3. Order of the Expert group review Appendix 4. List of initial questions Appendix 5. List of the integral contributions (in the USB drive) Appendix 6. Acknowledgements Appendix 7. Abbreviations

    Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia

    Ce livre est recensé par

    Précédent Suivant
    Table des matières

    Appendices

    p. 277-288

    Texte intégral Appendix 1. Members of the College of experts Appendix 2. Description of the Monitoring Comittee Appendix 3. Order of the Expert group review Appendix 4. List of initial questions Appendix 5. List of the integral contributions (in the USB drive) Appendix 6. Acknowledgements Appendix 7. Abbreviations

    Texte intégral

    Appendix 1. Members of the College of experts

    Name

    Discipline

    Institution

    Country

    Nicholas Arndt

    Geochimistry, economic exploitation of the resource

    Grenoble Alpes University

    France Canada South Africa

    Tamatoa Bambridge

    Legal anthropology, pluralism, marine/land tenure

    CNRS, USR Criobe, Moorea

    French Polynesia

    Patrice Christmann

    Geologie, strategy of mineral resources

    BRGM, strategy Department, Orléans

    Metropolitan France

    Pierre Cochonat

    Marine geosciences, deep-sea explorations, mineral and énergy resources

    formerly of Ifremer, Paris

    Metropolitan France

    Carine David

    Public law, environmental law, legal pluralism

    New Caledonia University, Nouméa

    New Caledonia

    Christian Jost

    Geographie of the environment, risks, impacts

    French Polynesia University, Papeete

    French Polynesia

    Vincent Geronimi

    Development economics raw materials

    Université de Versailles St-Quentin

    Metropolitan France

    Pierre-Yves Le Meur

    Political anthropology, governance of resources and environment

    IRD, UMR Gred, Nouméa

    New Caledonia

    Sarah Samadi

    Biology, evolution, fauna of sea-monts

    Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris

    Metropolitan France

    Antonino Troianiello

    Public law, economic law, raw material reglementation

    French Polynesia University, Papeete

    French Polynesia

    Appendix 2. Description of the Monitoring Comittee

    1The goal of the Monitoring Committee of the expert group review is to regularly monitor the progress of the work by the college of experts, to inform it on any potential comments based on the report from the president of the college and the session documents prepared by the IRD Service of innovation, expertise and valorization, and, lastly, to prepare the proper appropriation of the conclusions and recommendations submitted by the college of experts.

    2Set up by the sponsors, the Monitoring Committee met four times:

    • on 22 January 2015 after the first meeting of the college of experts held at the Representation of IRD, at Arue, Tahiti;
    • on 7 July 2015, in videoconference after the second meeting of the college held in Paris;
    • on 18 September 2015 after the third meeting held at the representation of IRD at Arue, Tahiti;
    • lastly, on 23 November 2015, in videoconference, after IRD provided the preliminary report to the sponsors.

    Appendix 3. Order of the Expert group review

    Image

    Appendix 4. List of initial questions

    3This list of initial questions below, validated by the sponsors, is the result of a preparatory work conducted during the Initial Workshop that was held on 3 and 4 July 2014, at Papeete.

    Wording of the question

    Axis I La ressource et ses dimensions économiques

    I.1 What do we know about potential geological resources of French Polynesia? For what proportion of the French Polynesia EEZ do we have sufficient knowledge on resources (inferred, indicated, measured)? On the basis of current knowledge, where are located the mineral resources that could be mined over a 15 20-year timeframe? How accurately?

    I.2 What additional potential would bring an extension of the EEZ?

    I.3 What is the in situ economic potential of deep-sea mineral resources in FP? (possibilities hierarchy)

    I.4 What are the plausible economic opportunities in the ore mining sector in FP, comparing to the global market?

    I.5 What information or lessons can be learnt from existing advanced exploration projects (Solwara 1 in PNG, Atlantis 2 in mer Rouge)?

    Axis II Governance capacity: rules, responsabilities, state and non-state stakeholders

    II.1 Owing to the relative and swiftly evolving nature of the “strategic” interest of mineral resources, how to organize a clear and shared distribution of the competences between FP and France about exploration and mining mineral resources in PF?

    II.2 What is the hierarchy of norms in case of mining deep-sea resources?

    II.3 What are the legal constraints regarding the environmental law (local, national and international)?

    II.4 What are the dynamics for sustainable resources mining (redrafting of the French mining Code, possible revision of the Polynesian mining Code)?

    II.5 What are the changes of the applicable law (national, local, international) about authorisations of mineral resources exploration and mining? (with a particular attention to the deep sea)?

    II.6 What evolutions need to be considered for a reference tax framework (predictable, incentive, flexible)?

    II.7 What is the arena of stakeholders implicated or to implicate, when defining challenges?

    II.8 Issues of marine systems and mining conflicts (arbitrage of potentials)

    Axis III Technological challenges for exploration and mining

    III.1 What technologies are available today for exploration and extraction of deep-sea mineral resources in FP?

    III.2 What are the current and coming trends of technological evolutions in deep-sea exploration/mining (current R&D programs, industrial investments, orders of magnitude per country…)?

    III.3 What information or lessons can be learnt from the most advanced exploration-mining projects (ex. Solwara 1)?

    III.4 What are the best new technological and innovative opportunities, appropriate for FP?

    Axis IV Environnemental challenges for exploration and mining, and impact mitigation

    IV.1 What are the ecological vulnerability factors identified for resource mining?

    IV.2 What are the environmental impacts associated with exploration and mining deep-sea resources? What kind of impact studies are to recommend?

    IV.3 What measures should be taken in terms of preservation and mitigation of ecological functional mechanisms for fauna and flora of the deep sea?

    Appendix 5. List of the integral contributions (in the USB drive)

    4The college of experts reworked the initial questions during the successive plenary meetings. They made moderate changes, improved the coherence of the list, sharpened the wording to work out a consolidated and comprehensive outline. These modifications have been presented to the Monitoring Committee and validated. Each question led to the drafting of a contribution, by one or more experts, referenced as a scientific article. The totality of these contributions is presented in digital version on the USB drive attached to this book.

    Title of the contribution

    Experts

    I-00 Glossaire

    The expert group

    I-0 Introduction: characteristics and phases of a mining project

    P. Christmann, N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, V. Geronimi, P.-Y. Le Meur

    Axis I Knowledge, social representations and resource economics

    Coordination: V. GERONIMI

    I-1 Polynesian social representations, cultural practices, social use of the resource and of its environment

    T. Bambridge, P.-Y. Le Meur, C. Jost

    I-2 What do we know about potential deep-sea geological resources of French Polynesia?

    N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, V. Geronimi

    I-3 Economic opportunities

    P. Christmann, N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, V. Geronimi

    I-4 What additional potential would derive from an extension of the legal continental shelf?

    P. Cochonat
    Experts consultés : B. Loubrieu, W. Roest

    I-5 Economic scenarios dealing with polymetallic crusts

    V. Geronimi, P. Christmann, P.-Y. Le Meur

    I-6 Rent distribution and spread: sustainability challenges

    V. Geronimi, P.-Y. Le Meur

    Axis II Governance capacities: rules, responsabilities, stakeholders (state and non-state)

    Coordination: C. David

    II-1 Division of legal competence between French government and French Polynesia, with regard to deep-sea mineral resources.

    A. Troianiello, C. David

    II-2 Legal constraints and reference frameworks

    C. David, A. Troianiello

    II-3 Possible developments of French and Polynesian law regarding deep-sea authorisation and mining

    A. Troianiello, C. David

    II-4 Organisation of stakeholder participation

    P.-Y. Le Meur, T. Bambridge, C. David

    II-5 Actors and governance: challenges, positions, interests, expectations

    T. Bambridge, P.-Y. Le Meur

    II-6 Existing or required administrative and governance systems

    T. Bambridge, C. David, P.-Y. Le Meur

    Axis III Technological challenges for exploration and mining

    Coordination: P. Cochonat

    III-1 What technologies are available today for exploration and extraction; are they appropriate for the deep-sea resources of French Polynesia?

    P. Cochonat, S. Samadi, N. Arndt
    Consulted experts: J. Denegre, H. Bougault

    III-2 Who are the stakeholders, their respective roles; what are the means available for deep-sea resource exploration?

    P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi

    III-3. What are the projected exploration trends for deep-sea resources?

    P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi, N. Arndt
    Consulted experts: J. Denegre, H. Bougault

    III-4. What are the current trends of technological developments? Can they be adapted for French Polynesia?

    P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi, N. Arndt, V. Geronimi
    Consulted experts: J. Denegre, H. Bougault

    III-5. Infrastructures and human skills to support a deep-sea mining industry

    T. Bambridge, P Cochonat
    Consulted expert: J. Denegre

    Axis IV Environnemental challenges for exploration and mining

    Coordination: S. Samadi

    IV-1 Ecosystems and relevant environments: state of knowledge

    S. Samadi, C. Jost

    IV-2 Vulnerabilities and ecological resilience (ecological impacts)

    S. Samadi, C. Jost

    IV-3 Interaction between deep-sea exploration/mining and other activities (fishing, tourism, environment, transport)

    T. Bambridge, C. Jost

    IV-4 Socio-environmental recommendations

    T. Bambridge, S. Samadi, P.-Y. Le Meur, C. Jost

    Axis V Cross-cutting issues

    Coordination: N. Arndt

    V-1 What information or lessons can be learnt from existing exploration projects, worldwide?

    N. Arndt, S. Samadi, P. Christmann

    Appendix 6. Acknowledgements

    5François Bozzi, head of the strategy and evaluation, Secretariat General, High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia

    6Éric Clua, in charge of Research and Technology, High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia

    7Ian Corbett, geologist – mineral resources, Knoco South Africa

    8Benjamin De Castro, student in earth sciences, Grenoble Alpes University

    9Étienne de la Fouchardière, Deputy Head of the agricultural, rural and maritime policies Office, and Marie-Pierre Campo, public policies at sea, French Ministry of Overseas territories, Directorate General for Overseas territories, Public policy Branch

    10Yves Fouquet, geochemist – mineral resources, Ifremer

    11Priscille Tea Frogier, ex-Delegate for Research, French Polynesia

    12Rémi Galin, mining geology, Head of the management and legislation of non-energy mineral resources Office, French Ministry of environment, sustainable development and energy

    13Elisabeth Habert, Head of the cartography Service, IRD

    14James R. Hein, geologist – mineral resources, U.S. Geological Survey

    15Elie Jarmache, jurist – law of the sea, Secretariat General for the Sea / International Seabed Authority

    16Monique Leguen, Geology Department Manager, Resources and Reserves, Eramet Nickel Division

    17Jean-Yves Meyer, in charge of Research, French Polynesia

    18Walter Roest, geophysicist, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf / United Nations / Ifremer

    19Voltina Roomataaroa-Dauphin, Head of the Translation and Interpretation Service, French Polynesia

    20Marc Taquet, Representative, and the whole team at the Representation of IRD in French Polynesia

    21Francis Vallat and his team, President of the Deep-sea Synergy Group, French Maritime Cluster and President of the European Network of Maritime Clusters

    22Danie Van Aswegen and Jan NEL, geology – mineral resources, De Beers Marine

    23Elisabeth Vergès, scientific director and Bernard Commère, French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research, Directorate General for Research and Innovation

    24Éric Zabouraeff, Deputy Secretary General of the High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia

    Appendix 7. Abbreviations

    25AETR: Average effective tax rate

    26BRGM: The French geological survey (Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières)

    27CIMER: Interministerial Committee for the Sea (Comité interministériel de la mer)

    28CLCS: Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

    29CNRS: French Center for Scientific Research

    30EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone

    31EIG: Economic Interest Grouping

    32EIP: European Innovation Partnership for Raw Materials

    33FCPE: Facilities classified for environmental protection

    34IMF: International Monetary Fund

    35IRR: Internal Rate of Return

    36ISA: International Seabed Authority

    37FOF: French Oceanographic Fleet

    38GIS: Geographic information System

    39IFREMER: French Research Institute for Exploitation of the sea

    40IMMS: International Marine Minerals Society

    41INSPIRE: Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community

    42IRD: French Research Organisation (Institut de recherche pour le développement)

    43MEDDE: French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy

    44MENESR: French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research

    45NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation

    46NPV: Net Present Value

    47PFIC: Prior, free and informed consent

    48PIG: Public Interest Grouping

    49SER: Social and Environmental Responsibilities

    50SIE: Small islands economies

    51SLO: Social licence to operate

    52SOPAC: SPC Geosciences Division

    53SPC: Secretariat of the Pacific community

    54TGIR: Very large research infrastructure (Très grandes infrastructures de recherche)

    55UN: United Nations

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    Le Meur, Pierre-Yves, Pierre Cochonat, Carine David, Vincent Geronimi, et Sarah Samadi, éd. « Appendices ». In Les Ressources minérales Profondes En Polynésie française Deep-Sea Mineral Resources in French Polynesia. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2016. doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.9596.
    Le Meur, Pierre-Yves, et al., éditeurs. « Appendices ». Les Ressources minérales Profondes En Polynésie française Deep-Sea Mineral Resources in French Polynesia, IRD Éditions, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.9596.

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    Le Meur, Pierre-Yves, Pierre Cochonat, Carine David, Vincent Geronimi, et Sarah Samadi, éd. Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2016. doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.9540.
    Le Meur, Pierre-Yves, et al., éditeurs. Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia. IRD Éditions, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.9540.
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