Appendices
p. 39-53
Texte intégral
Organization of the Miriades project
Project management
1The Miriades project was led by the Mission for research evaluation and programming.
2It was coordinated by a project team within the MEPR, made up of:
3Isabelle Henry, director of MEPR (2015-2018)
4Éric Martin, director of MEPR (2020-2022)
5Sylvie-Anne Mériot, project manager
6Ghislaine Thirion, project manager (project coordinator)
Case study advisors
7The following project managers from MEPR provided support to the scientific rapporteurs for conducting the studies (methodology, documentation, writing):
8Ouidir Benabderrahmane, advisor for the study on a method for the early recognition of date palm sex and invention of a kit for agronomic use
9Anne Geslin, advisor for the study on road injuries in West Africa
10Perine Sanglier, advisor for the study on heritage recognition of agrobiodiversity in Brazil
11Sabine Tostain, advisor for the study on the Humboldt current, from ocean dynamics to Peruvian fisheries management
Methodological group
12The Miriades project relied on a methodological group to build the method, select the case studies, perform the role of methodological point of contact for individual follow-up of the studies, contribute to the assessment of the explo-
ratory stage and issue recommendations. This methodological group consisted of eight research directors:
13Michel Cot, epidemiologist with the UMR [joint research unit] Mothers and children in tropical environments: pathogens, health systems, and epidemiologic transition (Merit)
14Laure Emperaire, ethnobotanist with the UMR Local Heritage, Environment and Globalization (Paloc)
15Laurent Laplaze, plant biologist with the UMR Diversity-Adaptation-Development of Plants (Diade)
16Isabelle Henry, geneticist, representative of IRD in Senegal
17François Roubaud, economist and statistician with the UMR Dauphine economics laboratory (Leda), Development, institutions and globalization (Dial)
18Florence Sylvestre, paleoclimatologist with the UMR European Center for Research and Education in Environmental Geosciences (Cerege), point of contact for IRD in Chad
19Laurent Vidal, anthropologist with the UMR Economic and Social Sciences, Health Systems and Medical Informatics (Sesstim), representative of IRD in Mali
20Jean-Daniel Zucker, AI modeling and bioinformatics specialist with the UMI [international joint research unit] for Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Complex Systems (Ummisco)
Scientific rapporteurs
21Scientific rapporteurs, in charge of case studies in the Miriades project:
22Frédérique Aberlenc – study on a method for the early recognition of date palm sex and invention of a kit for agronomic use, UMR Diade
23Arnaud Bertrand – study on the Humboldt current, from ocean dynamics to Peruvian fisheries management, UMR Biodiversité marine, exploitation et conservation (Marbec)
24Emmanuel Bonnet – study on road injuries in West Africa, UMR Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (Prodig)
25Fabrice Colin – Study on mining activity in New Caledonia, Societal and environmental impacts, UMR Cerege
26Laure Emperaire – Study on heritage recognition for agrobiodiversity in Brazil, UMR Paloc
27Christian Laurent – Study on access to antiretroviral treatment in Africa (Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal), UMR Recherches translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI)
28Mireille Razafindrakoto – Study on a statistical innovation: 1-2-3 surveys. Method for measuring and analyzing the informal economy (Madagascar, Peru, Vietnam), UMR Leda (Dial)
29Pablo Samaniego – Study on volcanic processes and hazards in Ecuador, UMR Laboratoire magmas et volcans (LMV)
Contributions to the research process – actors and roles
30The table below identifies the categories of actors who contributed to the research process in the case studies of Miriades project. It describes the roles they played in this first phase of the impact pathway. This list of descriptors is for illustrative purposes only. It is a tool to assist in an analysis of the impact pathway, and is not intended to be exhaustive.
| Categories of actors | Examples of roles of actors involved in the research process |
| Higher education and research | Jointly building research projects with local actors (interacting, building together) Contributing to the knowledge pool (data, publications, methods, etc.) Bringing together and leading scientific networks and communities Funding research Providing training in and through research (researchers, technicians, engineers, etc.) Providing infrastructure for research Providing skills, expertise, know-how Conducting research |
| Non-academic public institutions | Coordinating a national initiative Jointly building research projects Funding research (projects, grants, etc.) Making data available for research Providing specialized infrastructure (Health structures, observatories, etc.) Providing skills, expertise, know-how Contributing to the orientation and programming of research |
| National, regional or international organizations and agencies | Commissioning the evaluation of pilot programs (in public health, for example) Contributing to the orientation of research objectives Contributing to bringing together and leading networks and scientific communities (conferences, seminars, etc.) Funding research (projects, grants, etc.) Financing training courses Launching and rolling out national or international initiatives or projects |
| Public authorities | Funding research and higher education Acting as a sponsor for the evaluation of public policy pilot programs Mobilizing donors for research funding Applying for international initiatives (from the political sphere) Making personnel available for research |
| Multi-actor networks | Developing, structuring or directing research in a given field |
| Economic sector | Funding research (thesis grants, research contracts or expert investigations, etc.) Funding conferences, training Providing infrastructure for research Making data available for research |
| Civil society | Jointly build projects with research actors (project development, human resources, funding) Supporting the implementation of pilot trials (supporting patients, interfacing between patients and healthcare and scientific staff) Contributing to the maintenance of observatory equipment Contributing to observation and data collection activities |
Circulation of knowledge and intermediaries – actors and roles
31The table below identifies the categories of actors who contributed to the circulation of the products of research from the academic sphere to society in the case studies of the Miriades project. For each of these categories, it describes the types of roles played by these actors in the dissemination or adaptation of research products. This list is for illustrative purposes only. It is a tool to assist in an analysis of the impact pathway, and is not intended to be exhaustive.
| Categories of actors | Examples of roles of intermediary actors |
| Higher education and research | Performing scientific mediation Participating in public bodies/committees as an expert, carrying out expert investigations Making reliable data available to the public Designing, organizing or providing training for professionals, leading to a degree or otherwise Designing and organizing a core training course leading to a degree Supporting students at the end of their training (access to employment) Contributing to the development of a regulatory text Contributing to the development of an action plan, of a national sectoral program Contributing to the development of national and international norms and standards Providing public service missions (observation, surveillance, provision of data, etc.) Contributing to crisis prevention and management (awareness, information, training of the public concerned, implementation of systems and procedures, etc.) Contributing to the implementation or financing of innovative systems Prospecting companies, negotiating patent licensing agreements Studying the feasibility of major public instrument projects Seeking funding for development actions Acting in an intermediary role between start-ups and professionals in a given sector Contributing to the development of national or international recommendations (guides and methods) Building and disseminating advocacy on public policy issues Contributing to the construction of influence strategies to guide public policy Designing and implementing strategies to communicate and disseminate research results Raising awareness of the ecosystem approach (political, economic, social actors) Promoting South-South exchanges and collaborations |
| Non-academic public institutions | Serving as an interface between research, public authorities and economic actors (connection, dialogue) Designing and implementing strategies to communicate and disseminate research results Building and disseminating advocacy on public policy issues Contributing to the construction of influence strategies to guide public policies Deploying a nationwide pilot program (in health, for example) Ensuring the operational implementation of risk prevention and management systems and measures Institutionalizing and sustaining a method or instrument within a national system Contributing to the development of national or international recommendations (guides and methods) Leveraging knowledge and data to respond to requests (public authorities, national/regional/international organizations, etc.) Making reliable data available Designing, organizing or providing training, with or without a diploma, for professionals |
| National, regional or international organizations and agencies | Financing development actions Funding risk prevention and mitigation programs Organizing, promoting exchanges and interactions between member countries of an organization on common issues Developing national or international guides/standards (commission, funding, coordination) Managing or financing regional or international operational programs |
| Public authorities | Building and disseminating advocacy on public policy issues nationally or internationally Adapting, developing a public policy, integrating a principle, a concept, an innovation Developing and implementing regulations or a legislative framework or monitoring their application Monitoring the concerns of socioeconomic actors with a view to the development of regulations Developing and financing multi-year national programs Organizing and coordinating risk prevention and management systems Promoting a policy of raising awareness among socioeconomic actors on national issues Participating in the creation or management of public/private institutions |
| Multi-actor networks | Leading or coordinating discussions/expert investigations Developing a new scientific field Promoting consultations between public authorities, public institutions and scientific institutions Contributing to the development of international concepts, norms and standards Promoting new methods and tools |
| Economic sector | Adapting or implementing research products (recommendations, opinions, guides, standards, procedures, tools, methods or models) Ensuring scientific monitoring in regard to the acculturation of actors in the sector to new knowledge Setting up a scientific body within a professional organization Participating in consultations with public authorities for the development/implementation of regulations Participating in the creation or management of public/private research programming and funding institutions Transferring research results to serve the provision of innovative services (via start-ups originating from laboratories) Ordering scientific expert investigations |
| Civil society | Leveraging research results to inform actions with regard to public authorities, socioeconomic actors and populations Building influence strategies to guide public policy Conducting awareness-raising actions with socioeconomic actors, public authorities and populations on societal issues Training socioeconomic actors in sustainable practices Designing, financing or supporting development programs Serving as a mediator between a given target population category and other actors to promote new practices |
Dimensions of impact and descriptors
32The table below recapitulates, by dimensions of impact, the generic impact descriptors identified via Miriades project case studies. This list is for illustrative purposes, for use as a tool to help describe impacts. It is not intended to be exhaustive.
33Descriptors followed by an asterisk (*) refer to an impact associated with capacity development in the dimension of impact concerned.
| Dimensions of Impact | Example impact descriptors |
| Dimensions of Impact | Creation/structuring/reinforcement of research and training centers/networks, and of technical resources for research (*) Increased ability to mobilize financing Development/diversification of scientific skills and expertise (*) Development of a culture of scientific publication Broadening of career paths, better visibility of trained agents (*) Increased notoriety, legitimacy, regional or international scientific influence Introducing/grounding/structuring new approaches and scientific themes Reinforcement of organizations (process, governance, operation, strategy, etc.) (*) Structuring/development/reinforcement of a scientific community in a given field of research (*) |
| Economic | Adapting production techniques and processes to suit eco-responsible practices Improving the profitability of an activity (improving production processes, reducing costs, etc.) Improving national instruments for measuring, analyzing and monitoring the economy Increasing/maintaining household income Access to new markets Change, evolution of perception of public opinion, or of policies in relation to an economic issue Creation of companies (start-ups, SMEs, services, etc.) Job creation/preservation Development of a resource management forecasting tool Sector development Diversification of the economic fabric Introduction of new professions Integration of a principle or a provision into a public economic policy (broad guidelines, law, regulation, action plan or program, etc.) Preservation of human capital Capacity development in regard to knowledge transfer (*) |
| Environmental | Improvement of environmental monitoring (implementation of monitoring, alert, or observation tools) Improvement of the management of natural resources (adaptation of resource exploitation techniques, resilience of degraded environments, adaptation of production techniques and processes to suit eco-responsible practices, etc.) Biodiversity conservation Development and optimization of the ecosystem approach Implementation of environmental regulations Preservation of agrobiodiversity Training of populations in the use of environmental impact monitoring indicators (*) |
| Institutional | Improvement/reinforcement of skillsets (*) Improvement/reinforcement of organizations (process, operation, governance, strategy, etc.)(*) Improvement/reinforcement of instruments Improving the renown, the credibility or the legitimacy of an institution (*) Broadening of career paths, better visibility of trained agents (*) Implementation/improvement of crisis prevention and management plans and systems (climate events, natural hazard, etc.) Building trust between an institution and its users Capacity development in regard to knowledge transfer (*) |
| Public policy | Change, evolution of perception of public opinion, or of policies in relation to an economic issue Introduction and grounding of a public issue in the public discourse Financing of a public policy Integration/recognition of new actors in the formulation of a policy and its decision-making process Integration of a principle or a provision into a public policy (broad guidelines, law, regulation, action plan or program, etc.) |
| Sociocultural, health and educational | Acculturation of a category of actors to scientific research, its approaches and its results Adaptation of lifestyles to reflect risks (health, natural, etc.) (*) Improvements to health and quality of life Improving patient care and management (*) Changing attitudes in a community Developing a risk culture (health, natural disaster, etc.) (*) Introduction/development of new professions Introduction and grounding of an issue in the public discourse Training populations in sustainable practices, appropriation of these practices (*) Recognition/social integration of a category of actors Reduction of health risks Reduction of morbidity and mortality Reinforcement of the science-society dialogue Capacity development in regard to knowledge transfer (*) |
Glossary
34Actors' Contribution (input): Investments of all kinds made by all the actors involved in collective research processes. The approach takes into account all the skills, infrastructures, partnerships, reputations and institutional arrangements leveraged for the production of scientific and technical knowledge. To the classic course of analysis are added investments and partnerships built over time, as well as the position of research in relation to the global pool of knowledge, the forms of organization and the interactions between the different actors involved: “the productive situation”.
35Capacity development: The UNDP defines capacity development as the process through which individuals, organizations and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time.
36Dimension of Impact: Major areas of impact. In the Miriades method, six dimensions were selected: academic; economic; environmental; institutional; public policy; sociocultural, health and educational. Added to these six dimensions is a dimension that cuts across them all: capacity development.
37Impact: Research impacts can be defined as the direct and indirect effects of the various components of research activity (production of knowledge, skill, expertise, know-how, infrastructure) on the economy, environment, health, etc. Research impacts are generated by long-term processes and may be distributed over a very broad area, and may include unexpected areas. Hence the importance of the notion of “impact generation mechanisms”.
38Impact pathway: Adapted from the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the impact pathway is a graphical representation of the stages of impact generation that describes the research work, the movement of the corresponding knowledge out of the academic sphere, and its transformation and use by socioeconomic actors.
39Initial impacts (impact 1): Observed impacts on the direct users of research products. They manifest themselves in the dimensions of impact considered.
40Intermediaries: Actors and systems playing a role in transformation, dissemination, adaptation of regulations, or coordination of actors... this may consist of technical systems, professional organizations, consulting, training or mediation organizations, licensing or contracting systems, human resources, technical centers, incubators, administrations, media, etc.
41Research products (outputs): These may be academic, technical (incorporated in technical or methodological objects), or organizational.
42Widespread impacts (impact 2): Impacts related to a widespread adoption of the innovation over a large part of the target space or by a large part of the target population, beyond the sphere of the initial users (initial impacts). The distinction between the two levels of impact is based on a change in scale.
43Sources: Colinet et al., 2014 ; UNDP, 2008.
References (selected)
44Barret D., Blundo-Canto G., Dabat M.-H., Devaux-Spatarakis A., Faure G., Hainzelain E., Mathé S., Temple L., Toillier A., Triomphe B., Vall É. [illus.], 2017 – Guide méthodologique Impress : évaluation ex post des impacts de la recherche agronomique dans les pays du Sud. Montpellier, Cirad, 96 p. https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00005
45Bedouret L., Dupleix A., 2019 – Impact sociétal de la recherche : évaluation et perspectives. Techniques de l’Ingénieur. https://hal.science/hal-02404043
46Colinet L., Gaunand A., Joly P.-B., Matt M., 2017 – Des barèmes génériques pour évaluer les impacts de la recherche sur la société : l’exemple des impacts politiques. Cah. Agric., 26 : 65006. https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/articles/cagri/pdf/2017/06/cagri170050.pdf
47Colinet L., Joly P.-B., Gaunand A., Matt M., Larédo P., Lemariés S., 2014 – Asirpa – Analyse des impacts de la recherche publique agronomique. Rapport final. Rapport préparé pour l’Inra, Paris.
48Cot M., Emperaire L., Henry I., Roubaud F., Sylvestre F., Vidal L., Zucker J.-D., Martin E., Thirion G., 2021 – « Mission d’évaluation et de programmation de la recherche. Les études d’impact sociétal de la recherche au service de la science de la durabilité ». In : Sciences de la durabilité. Comprendre, co-construire, transformer, réflexion collective coordonnée par Olivier Dangles et Claire Fréour, livret de synthèse 2021, IRD. https://www.ird.fr/la-science-de-la-durabilite-en-action
49Dabat M.-H., Grandjean A., 2018 – Comment les acteurs publics contribuent à l’impact de la recherche dans les pays en développement. Cah. Agric., 27 : 15013. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018003
50Joly P.-B., Gaunand A., Colinet L., Larédo P., Lemarié S., Matt M., 2015 – ASIRPA: A comprehensive theory-based approach to assessing the societal impacts of a research organization. Research Evaluation, 24(4), 440-453. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvv015
51Matt M., Gaunand A., Joly P.-B., Colinet L., 2017 – Opening the black box of impact – Ideal-type impact pathways in a public agricultural research organization. Research Policy, 46(1), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.09.016
52Smit J. P., Hessels L. K., 2021 – The production of scientific and societal value in research evaluation: a review of societal impact assessment methods. Research Evaluation, 30 (3), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvab002
53Temple L., Gaunand A., Trouche G., Vall É., 2018 – Évaluer les impacts des recherches en agriculture sur la société et les écosystèmes : outils, méthodes, études de cas. Cah. Agric. 27 : 34002. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018022
54Toillier A., Devaux-Spartakis A., Faure G., Barret D., Marquié C., 2018 – Comprendre la contribution de la recherche à l’innovation collective par l’exploration de mécanismes de renforcement de capacité. Cah. Agric. 27 : 15002. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2017055
55UNDP, 2008 – Capacity development practice note. New York, October 2008.
Text boxes, figures and tables
Text Boxes
56Text Box 1 : Definition of impact and impact pathway
57Text Box 2 : Examples of case study scope: Miriades project
58Text Box 3 : Example of widespread impact: case study on access to ARVs in Africa
Figures
59Figure 1 : Impact pathway diagram
60Figure 2 : Example timeline for the case study on volcanic processes and hazards in Ecuador
Tables
61Table 1 : List of cases selected for the Miriades project
62Table 2 : A few examples of the products of research: Miriades case studies
63Table 3 : Examples of academic impact
64Table 4 : Examples of economic impact
65Table 5 : Examples of environmental impact
66Table 6 : Examples of institutional impact
67Table 7 : Examples of public policy impact
68Table 8 : Examples of sociocultural, health and educational impact
69Table 9 : Stage 1
70Table 10 : Stage 2
Abbreviations and acronyms
71ARV: Antiretroviral
72Asirpa: Public agronomic research impact analysis
73Cirad: Centre for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development
74Cerege: European Centre for Research and Teaching in Environmental Geosciences
75CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
76Diade: Diversity-Adaptation-Development of Plants
77HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that causes AIDS.
78Impress: Impact of Research in the South
79Inrae: Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement
80IRD: French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
81Leda: Dauphine economics laboratory, Development, institutions and globalization – Dial
82LMV: Laboratoire magmas et volcans
83MEPR: Mission for Research Evaluation and Programming
84Merit: Mothers and children in tropical environments: pathogens, health systems, and epidemiologic transition
85Miriades: Multidimensional impact assessment of research and resulting innovation on development in the global South
86NGO: Non-governmental organization
87Paloc: Local Heritage, Environment and Globalization
88UNDP: United Nations Development Program
89Prodig: Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique
90PLHIV: Person Living With HIV
91Sesstim: Economic and Social Sciences, Health Systems and Medical Informatics
92UMI: International Joint Research Unit
93Ummisco: Mathematical Modeling and Complex Systems Informatics Unit
94UMR: Joint Research Unit
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Creative Commons - Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
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Corriente de Humboldt
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Guide méthodologique Miriades
Analyse multidimensionnelle des impacts de la recherche et de ses innovations sur le développement des sociétés du Sud
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Miriades methodology guide
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