Focus 1. The Nagoya Protocol and the ABS mechanism
p. 85-88
Plan détaillé
Texte intégral
1The Nagoya Protocol sets out to involve local stakeholders from the start of the research process, to give local populations a voice in the value-enhancement process and its methods, and to draw up a contract that binds the parties from the outset. This involves tracking biological samples and associated knowledge, documenting the conditions of their collection, and archiving these documents.
2The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992) gives signatory States sovereignty over their resources, i.e. responsibility for the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol (2010) specifies the legal framework for these undertakings, and each State designates a competent national authority that decides upon the concrete implementation of Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS).
3Two of the basic principles for the collection of biological samples and/or associated traditional knowledge had already become widely established in research practice: 1. identification of the resource to provide information about its characteristics, date of extraction and geographical origin; 2. the biological Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) with the providing partner. These were accompanied by the following principles: 3. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) obtained from the providing country or representatives of knowledge-holding communities, and finally, 4. a contract defining the sharing obligations for users and suppliers (Mutually Agreed Terms – MAT), and specifying the expected results and reporting to the partners.
Source: L’APA pas à pas. Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversité (2017). https://fondationbiodiversite.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FRB-Guide-APA-2017.pdf
4In order to access and use the genetic resources and traditional knowledge, the user must share the benefits arising from that use with the provider. Therefore, for any utilisation of genetic resources – in the very broad sense of biological resources, ranging from the entire living organism to DNA and metabolic products – researchers must check whether Prior Informed Consent (PIC) is required for access to these resources and whether the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their utilisation is envisaged.
5If such consent is required, it is granted by the providing country, and the sharing of benefits, whether monetary or non-monetary, is established between the latter and the user of the resource on the basis of a Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) contract.
6The CBD recognises the contribution of indigenous and local communities to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It introduces the notion of “traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources”, of which they are holders. The principle of ABS applies to this knowledge. Their access and utilisation therefore require prior consent and benefit-sharing arrangements.
Auteur
She is an environmental economist and research director at IRD (UMR PALOC, IRD-MNHN/SU), whose work in Brazil and French Guiana focuses on the transposition of international environmental conventions onto the local level, and the use of economic tools for conservation purposes. She is a member of IRD’s Nagoya Committee, as well as the editorial committee of the journal Natures Science Sociétés.
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