1 Eveleth P. B. et Tanner J. M., 1991, Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, 2nd ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
2 WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006, « WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age », Acta Paediatr, 450 (suppl.), p. 76-85.
3 Victora C. et al., 2010, « Worldwide Timing of Growth Faltering : Revisiting Implications for Interventions », Pediatrics, 125, e473.
4 IFPRI, 2015, Rapport 2015 sur la nutrition mondiale : mesures et redevabilité en vue d’accélérer les progrès mondiaux en matière de nutrition, Washington DC, http://
globalnutritionreport.org
5 Il s’agit du nombre ou du pourcentage d’enfants dont l’indice taille-pour-âge est ≤ -2 écarts-types en dessous de la médiane de la courbe de référence internationale. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, 2018, Levels and trends in child malnutrition, http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/2018-jme-brochure.pdf? ua=1
6 De Onis M. et al., 2013, « The World Health Organization’s global target for reducing childhood stunting by 2025 : Rationale and proposed actions », Maternal Child Nutr, 9 (S2), p. 6-26.
7 Martorell R. et Young M. F., 2012, « Patterns of stunting and wasting : Potential explanatory factors », Adv Nutr, 3, p. 227-233 ; Briend A. et al., 2015, « Wasting and stunting – similarities and differences : Policy and programmatic implications », Food and Nutrition Bull, 36 (S1), p. 15-23.
8 Bailey R. L. et al., 2015, « The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies », Ann Nutr Metab, 66 (S2), p. 22-33.
9 Prendergast A. et Humphrey J. H., 2014, « The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Pediatrics and Int. Child Health », 34, p. 250-265 ; Ahmed T. et al., 2014, « An evolving perspective about the origins of childhood undernutrition and nutritional interventions that includes the gut microbiome », Ann NY Acad Sci, 1332, p. 22-38.
10 Cf. Panel 6.1 Time to take seasonality more seriously, Global Nutrition Report 2015, p. 79 (English version).
11 Cf. INTERGROWTH-21st Project : http://www.intergrowth21.org.uk
12 Nguyen P. H. et al., 2012, « Maternal mental health is associated with child undernutrition and illness in Bangladesh, Vietnam and Ethiopia », Public Health Nutr, 17, p. 1318- 1327.
13 Golden M. H., 2009, « Proposed recommended nutrient densities for moderately malnourished children », Food Nutr Bull, 30 (S3), p. 267-342 ; Millward J., 2017, « Nutrition, infection and stunting : The roles of deficiencies of individual nutrients and foods, and of inflammation, as determinants of reduced linear growth of children », Nutrition Res Rev, 30, p. 50-72.
14 Pennisi E., 2016, « Microbiome. The right gut microbes help infants grow », Science, 351, p. 802.
15 Blanton L. V. et al., 2016, « Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children », Science, 351, p. 6275.
16 Black R. E. et al., 2008, « Maternal and child undernutrition : Global and regional exposures and health consequences », Lancet, 371, p. 243-260 ; Victora C. G. et al., 2008, « Maternal and child undernutrition : Consequences for adult and human capital », Lancet, 371, p. 340-357 ; Dewey K. et Begum K., 2011, « Long-term consequences of stunting in early life », Maternal Child Nutr, 7 (S3), p. 5-18.
17 Martorell R. et Zongrone A., 2012, « Intergenerational influences on child growth and undernutrition », Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiol, 26, p. 302-314.
18 Horton S. et Steckel R., 2011, Malnutrition. Global economic losses attributable to malnutrition 1900-2000 and projections to 2050, Assessment Paper, Copenhagen Consensus on Human Challenges.
19 Hoddinott J. et al., 2013, « The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction », Maternal Child Nutr, 9 (S2), p. 69-82.
20 Bhutta Z. A. et al., for the Maternal & Child Undernutrition Study Group, 2008, « What works ? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival », Lancet, 371, p. 417-440 ; Bhutta Z. A. et al., for The Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group, and the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group, 2013, « Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition : What can be done and at what cost ? », Lancet, 382, p. 452-477.
21 Ngure F. et al., 2014, « Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development : Making the links », Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1308, p. 118-128 ; Arnold B. et al., 2013, « Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya : The WASH Benefits study design and rationale », Br Med J Open, 3 (8), e003476.
22 Gera T. et al., 2018, « Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions on Growth, Non-diarrheal Morbidity and Mortality in Children Residing in Low- and Middle-income Countries : A Systematic Review », Indian Pediatr, 55, p. 381-393.
23 Cf. un numéro spécial publié en 2015 : « Policy, Program and Innovation in Complementary Feeding », Maternal and Child Nutr, 11 (S4), i – viii, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mcn.12265/epdf
24 Hess S. et al., 2015, « Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements, regardless of their zinc content, increase growth and reduce the prevalence of stunting and wasting in young Burkinabe children : A cluster-randomized trial », PLoS One, 10 (3), e0122242 (19 p.).
25 Stewart C. P. et al., 2013, « Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention », Maternal Child Nutr, 9 (S2), p. 27-45 ; Lassi Z. et al., 2013, « Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries : A systematic review », BMC Public Health, 13 (S3), p. 13.
26 Vollmer S. et al., 2014, « Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition : Evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries », Lancet, 2, p. 225-234.
27 Consulter : http://scalingupnutrition.org/fr/ ; voir aussi les Rapports 2014/15/16 sur la nutrition mondiale : http://globalnutritionreport.org/
28 Smith L. et Haddad L., 2015, « Reducing child undernutrition : Past drivers and priorities for the post-MDG Era », World Dev, 68, p. 180-204.
29 Roth D. E. et al., 2017, « Early childhood linear growth faltering in low-income and middle-income countries as a whole-population condition : Analysis of 179 Demographic and Health Surveys from 64 countries (1993-2015) », Lancet Glob Health, 5, p. 1249- 1257.
30 Leroy J. L. et al., 2014, « Linear growth deficit continues to accumulate beyond the first 1 000 days in low- and middle-income countries : Global evidence from 51 national surveys », J Nutr, 144 (9), p. 1460-1466.
31 EDS : Enquêtes démographiques et de santé (voir glossaire).
32 La maigreur se mesure ici par un indice de masse corporelle (IMC ou poids/taille2) < 18,5 kg/m2, pour les hommes comme pour les femmes, et pour toutes les populations.
33 Black R. E. et al., 2013, « Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries », Lancet, 382, p. 427-451.
34 Rayco-Solon P. et al., 2005, « Differential effects of seasonality on preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction in rural Africans », Am J Clin Nutr, 81, p. 134-139.
35 Christian P. et al., 2013, « Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small-for-gestational age and preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries », Int J Epidemiol, 42, p. 1340-1355.
36 Mwaniki M. K. et al., 2012, « Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults : A systematic review », Lancet, 379 (9814), p. 445-452.
37 Barker D. J. et al., 1989, « Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease », BMJ, 298, p. 564-547.
38 Christian P. et al., 2015, « Nutrition and maternal, neonatal and child health », Seminars in Perinatology, 39, p. 361-372.
39 Benyshek D. C., 2013, « The “Early Life” Origins of Obesity-Related Health Disorders : New Discoveries Regarding the Intergenerational Transmission of Developmentally Programmed Traits in the Global Cardiometabolic Health Crisis », Am J Physic Anthropol, 57, p. 79-93.
40 Desai M. et al., 2015, « Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome », Int J Obes, 39, p. 633-641.
41 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2017, « Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016 : A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults », Lancet, 390, p. 2627-2642.
42 La surcharge pondérale ou surpoids correspond à un indice de masse corporelle (IMC ou poids/taille2) ≥ 25,0 kg/m2, pour les hommes comme pour les femmes, et l’obésité correspond à un IMC ≥ 30,0 kg/m2. Pour les populations asiatiques, ces seuils sont un peu plus bas.
43 Ng M. et al., 2014, « Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 », Lancet, 384, p. 766-781.
44 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016, « Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014 : A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants », Lancet, 387, p. 1377-1396.
45 Roberto C. A. et al., 2015, « Patchy progress on obesity prevention : Emerging examples, entranched barriers, and new thinking », Lancet, 385 (9985), p. 2400-2409.
46 Une approche de la prévention de l’obésité de l’enfant dans la population (OMS, 2012) : http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85399/1/9789242504781fre.pdf?ua=1
47 Plan d’application exhaustif concernant la nutrition chez la mère, le nourrisson, et le jeune enfant (2014) : http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130454/1/WHO_NMH_NHD14.1fre.pdf
48 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016, « Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014 : A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants », Lancet, 387, p. 1377-1396.
49 Hawkes C. et al., 2013, « A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases : The NOURISHING framework », Obesity Rev, 14 (S2), p. 159-168.
50 Lobstein T. et al., 2015, « Child and adolescent obesity : Part of a bigger picture », Lancet, 385 (9986), p. 2510-2520.
51
http://www.worldobesity.org/what-we-do/policy-prevention/projects/informas/
52 Seidell J. et Halberstadt J., 2015, « The global burden of obesity and challenges of prevention », Ann Nutr Metab, 66 (S2), p. 7-12.
53
http://www.thousanddays.org/
54 Mason J. B. et al., 2014, « The first 500 days of life : Policies to support maternal nutrition », Global Health Action, 7, p. 23623.
55 Prentice A. M. et al., 2013, « Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting », Am J Clin Nutr, 97, p. 911-918.
56 Darnton-Hill I. et al., 2004, « A life course approach to diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases », Public Health Nutr, 7 (1A), p. 101-121.
57 Herforth A. et al., 2014, « Toward an integrated approach to nutritional quality, environmental sustainability, and economic viability : Research and measurement gaps », Ann NY Acad Sci, 1332, p. 1-21.