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    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral General objectives Martinique's particular limitations for development Limitations connected with the methods used in organic farming Possible farming systems for organic farmers The space for developing organic farming Strategic options or scenarios Notes de bas de page

    Agriculture biologique en Martinique

    Ce livre est recensé par

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    Table des matières

    Question 5. What objectives can be set for developing organic farming in Martinique?

    p. 265-289

    Texte intégral General objectives Help to maintain a place for agriculture in Martinique's economic development Help to protect Martinique's physical environment Respond to consumer concern over the quality of food in Martinique Define the agricultural component of integrated, sustainable regional development in Martinique Martinique's particular limitations for development Areas where organic and ecological farming could be developed Land polluted with chlordecone Organic farming and water resource use Land availability and the development of organic farming Human resources and the development of organic farming Resources and handicaps for organic farming in the Martiniquan context Limitations connected with the methods used in organic farming Limitations connected with application of specifications Advantages and limitations for developing organic crop production Limitations and advantages for developing organic livestock production Product chains and markets Developing organic farming for the local market Producing for export markets Possible farming systems for organic farmers Organic farming for large and medium-sized farms Organic farming for smallholders: the Creole garden as a source of inspiration Possible orientations and procedures for developing organic and eco-friendly farming systems The space for developing organic farming Strategic options or scenarios Strategic option 1: limited development of OF Strategic option 2: eco-friendly development for Martinique Strategic option 3: integrated regional development for Martinique Notes de bas de page

    Texte intégral

    General objectives

    1Possible objectives for developing OF in Martinique must take into account the main problems and issues concerning the island's agriculture, environment and food.

    Help to maintain a place for agriculture in Martinique's economic development

    2What place could OF have among other forms of agriculture? Examination of this question must take account of the current WTO negotiations, the situation with the CMOs (common market organisations), for bananas particularly, and the general situation for farming in Martinique, particularly its increasing proximity to built-up areas.

    Help to protect Martinique's physical environment

    3The environment is an essential resource for Martinique's population and for developing the tourist trade, and must be protected. This question came to the fore, for the public and the authorities, with the discovery that soils and water (freshwater and coastal waters) are polluted with chlordecone. What response is to be given to an anxious population? How can Martinique's environment be protected? What part can agriculture play, and OF in particular?

    Respond to consumer concern over the quality of food in Martinique

    4Consumers' questions concern food safety and health in connection with pesticide residues in food and water. Other concerns are Martinique's cultural dietary identity and the connection between food, farming and the land. How can agriculture, OF in particular, help to ensure food safety and rebuild the link between the land, farming and food?

    Define the agricultural component of integrated, sustainable regional development in Martinique

    5How is a local development project based on sustainable local resources, driven by the island's people and professional groups, and embodying Martinique's particular cultural identity to be designed and implemented? What is the place of agriculture, and OF in particular, in this project?

    6Certified OF can help attain these general objectives. But EF, or forms of agriculture based on utilising home-grown produce, "produits péyi" and farm-house products, direct sales and even urban gardens, also have a potential that can be optimised, especially with "integrated" development planning. Integrated farming systems are also eco-friendly forms of agriculture. Ways should be found to generate synergy between the various resources harnessed for the development of these types of farming.

    7Before presenting our observations in the form of proposals for specific goals, in the next section we analyse the opportunities and limitations for OF in Martinique.

    Martinique's particular limitations for development

    Areas where organic and ecological farming could be developed

    Land polluted with chlordecone

    8Organochlorines, chlordecone in particular, have been used on farms in the United States and Europe as well as Martinique. In Martinique chlordecone was applied in intensive banana plantations from 1972 to 1995-6. For some years, high application rates were used, not only in Martinique but also in the other banana growing countries. Chlordecone is a persistent chemical and considerable amounts accumulated in banana plantation soils between 1970 and 1994.

    9The most convincing theory put forward to explain this is that clayey tropical volcanic soils (most soils in the humid zone where rainfed bananas are grown are of this type) have an exceptionally high differential sorption/desorption capacity. And these soils are precisely the one reputed to be liable to infestation by the banana's nematode and weevil pests, which until recently were controlled with organochlorines.

    10As these molecules are poorly biodegradable, they are gradually released into surface runoff and subsurface drainage water. Drinking water offtakes in Martinique show high levels of organochlorines, mainly chlordecone, and the health authorities have had to install activated carbon filter systems.

    11Chlordecone is reported to accumulate in tubers grown in contaminated ground, making them unfit for consumption. Tubers and bulbs (yams, taro, sweet potato etc.), organic or otherwise, must not be grown in these polluted soils. Crops harvested in these parts of Martinique have in fact proven to be contaminated and unfit for human consumption. A Prefectoral order of May 2003 forbade the sale of a list of roots, tubers and bulbs from land likely to be contaminated, unless proven harmless by tests for organochlorine content.

    12Apparently, aerial plant parts – banana fruit in particular – are not contaminated by growing in polluted ground. Research is needed to find out whether other fruit and leaf crops can be grown in these soils.

    13Organochlorines have damaging effects on human and animal health, but these effects are poorly known. The consequences of the presence of these chemicals in the environment have only recently been taken into account. At the request of the INVS, the CIRE inter-regional epidemiology unit conducted a study of chlordecone, beta-HCH, aldrin and dieldrin. A first study, whose results have already been published, shows that although the effects of high doses of these chemicals are known, particularly in rodents, the effects of continuous exposure to low doses is not known. There are also methodological problems in extrapolating from animal models to humans. More research is needed, to measure the population's exposure to these chemicals and determine their reference toxicological values.

    14The problem with these chemicals is their persistence. As chlordecone has a half-life of over fifty years, it is likely that the soils will remain contaminated for several decades. Soil decontamination is not likely to occur in the near future.

    15"Assisted" soil decontamination using crops or bacteria is described in the literature, or has been developed by private enterprise, but there is no report of such methods being applied to organochlorines. Natural decontamination in Martinique will be slow.

    16This problem affects all countries where bananas have been grown for a long time, including countries that now export organic bananas.

    17In areas where chlordecone or other organochlorines have been used in large amounts, pollution may make it impossible to develop OF in the short to medium term, and in any case not until decontamination has taken place. European regulations do not actually forbid OF on these soils, since the initiative of conducting soil tests is left to the certifying bodies. However, the experts do not recommend using these soils for OF or EF, both because it might discredit OF and depreciate its image, and in technical terms because of the risk of chlordecone being absorbed by certain crops in the rotation.

    18So even though the regulations do not prohibit the practice and other countries that produce bananas (including OF bananas) have the same type of problem, the land suitable for OF in Martinique would be outside the chlordecone-contaminated areas. This considerably reduces the potential areas for OF in Martinique.

    19Awareness of the practical risks attendant on the use of pesticides (pollution, loss of biodiversity etc.) has made farmers more inventive and open to diversified, low-input cropping systems, using the latest practically applicable findings of integrated pest management research. Banana weevil control is one example. However, these farmers have not gone as far as OF.

    20The panel of experts is not in a position to map the areas of Martinique with potential for certified OF or EF, as they do not have access to superimposed maps of the different limitations. This work requires a geographical information system (GIS) fed with the appropriate data to compare maps of organochlorine soil contamination, land tenure, soils, climate and infrastructure.

    21However, by way of example, we list here some promising areas that drew the experts' attention:

    • Higher areas of the central Caribbean coast (Morne Verte, Fond Saint-Denis etc.). Fertile soils, regular rainfall, few banana plantations; islands of cropland reached only by poor temporary tracks; farmers still have know-how in mixed multi-crop plus livestock systems. It will be necessary to check that organochlorines have not been used on the intensive market garden crops since the end of the 1970s.
    • The south of the island (Rivière-Pilote, Le Marin, Le Vauclin, Sainte-Anne). Banana plantations thinly scattered and mostly more recent that the days of organochlorine use. Banana pest pressure being low, they require little treatment. Soils have good mineral content. Partial access to irrigation (River Manzo to be checked for pollution); livestock farms, cane plantations and market gardens nearby, useful for organic matter transfers between or within farms.
    • The higher part of La Trinité and the lower part of Morne des Esses: banana plantation small and scattered, a tradition of growing Caribbean food crop, close to the Galion sugar refinery for bagasse supply for compost.
    • Some of the experts think it may be possible to use areas on the farmland-forest fringe or in some cases clear forest for farming.
    • OF should be developed as a priority in zones requiring protection. These include protected ecological zones and their surrounding areas, and above all water offtake zones and catchments. The beneficial role OF can play in preserving water quality is recognised in several parts of Europe, where it is proving cost-effective to subsidise conversion to OF in drinking water offtake zones, to reduce water treatment costs by reducing groundwater pollution by nitrates and pesticides. The city of Munich in Germany has been subsidising OF in the Mangfall river basin for twenty years, and in France, in the Vittel and Perrier water offtake areas where INRA has conducted research, the Vittel Perrier mineral water group is to encouraging farmers to convert.

    22The experts are not at present in a position to quantify these areas. Maps 4 and 5 (inserts) show banana plantation areas in 1969 and 1980, these being the areas likely to be contaminated.

    Organic farming and water resource use

    23Martinique's water resources are unevenly distributed (see map 3, insert), with water balances varying widely across short distances. Upland areas are in permanent surplus, while the lowlands of the Caribbean coast and the southeast third of the island are in deficit for several months of the year. Irrigation is essential for crops in these lowland areas. This is particularly relevant for OF.

    24This contrast is even more marked when water reserves in deep soil layers are taken into account. The porous nature of the soils in the humid zone allows water to rise by capillary action, sufficiently to tide over a dry period of several weeks. The vertisols of the south, by contrast, only retain water in the clayey top layer explored by plant roots. In practical terms, the same crop species (e.g. sugar cane), when well rooted, can survive a month of water deficit without damage in the humid zone, whereas on the vertisols growth is affected after two weeks without rain, and reduced to zero after a month. In the event of an (exceptional) six-month drought, a crop on ferrisol will survive but mortality will be high on vertisols (map 6, insert).

    25Water is a scarce resource. In the 19th century farmers in the driest areas dug ponds and later built hillside dams. These only provide water for the immediate neighbourhood. In theory, 20 % of arable land in the south would have to be set aside for hillside dams to see the crops through a five-month dry season. This is therefore not a solution for developing irrigation for new organic crops on a large scale.

    26Back-up irrigation in Martinique is therefore based on two options:

    • Offtake from mountain streams, for individual farms or groups of farms. Only offtakes and pumping stations for which an authorisation application has been made to the DAF are recorded (a dozen groups and over 200 individual farms). This method has enabled farmers to tap the surplus of clean mountain water, store it and distribute it through irrigation networks in dry areas. Unpolluted offtakes can be used for OF.
    • A regional planning solution: the Manzo reservoir, fed by an offtake from the River Lézarde. It can collect up to 8Mm3 in the rainy reason to deliver it during the dry season. Its network of high-pressure pipes (see map 1, insert) mainly serves the vertisol region in the south. With this resource market gardening has been able to expand significantly to supply local markets, as has melon growing for off-season exports. The foremost use of this water is currently for banana plantations on vertisols, which now cover 2,000 ha instead of the planned 700 ha. The motivation for growing bananas in this zone is that pest pressure is less in this environment. It is this crop that is thought to be responsible for emptying the reservoir early in dry years. Average consumption in dry years varies between 8.7 and 13Mm3. For times of water shortage, supply is rationed by a system of taking turns, but it is difficult to prevent clandestine offtake during rationing periods. To the extent it is available, this water could be used for OF. The Manzo river should be checked for chlordecone pollution, but as bananas were not grown in this catchment during the 1980s, it is likely to be pollution-free.

    27Irrigation management is poor: few farmers take steps to gather the necessary data for working out the water balance, and almost none have instruments to measure soil water reserves directly. The high pressure at stand-pipes has encouraged long-boom sprinkler irrigation, which has all the elements of wasteful water use. However, more economical systems have been installed in recent years: irrigation under the crop canopy, and laid or buried drip hoses. Poor irrigation management entails risks for the environment: a slight water balance surplus on market garden or banana crops receiving high rates of fertiliser, nitrogen particularly, inevitably leads to transfers of sediment and nutrients in surface runoff, which can pollute water, downstream farmland and coastal ecosystems. Training and assistance for farmers to use irrigation water sensibly would be useful, not only for those using OF methods but also for other types of farming, because saving water is an important issue for Martinique.

    28Water is scarce in Martinique, and water uncontaminated by chlordecone is even scarcer. Given the island's soil properties, irrigation is essential at least on the vertisols of the south. Water resources for developing new irrigated organic crops are low, because demand for water from the Manzo reservoir already exceeds its capacity in the dry season. The development of OF in these areas will depend mainly on converting land already used for bananas or market gardening. The crop management protocols developed for OF and the training provided for farmers should take into account the need for non-wasteful irrigation, which depends on farmers knowing the appropriate techniques.

    Land availability and the development of organic farming

    29The small amount of unused farmland and the unavailability of other land for farming militate against the development of farming in general and therefore of OF and EF.

    30The high price of land in Martinique may prohibit the development of extensive farming systems in most areas other than the present livestock grazing areas of the south. Farm incomes have to compatible with the cost of land, which in Martinique means a high income per unit area. The extensive model, in which productivity per unit area is low, is therefore poorly suited to Martiniquan economic conditions. This factor would also limit the use of fallowing and periods when the land is left to recover between crop cycles – which periods are longer in OF. The low stocking rates commonly practiced in organic livestock farming also reduce land productivity. However, some experts point out that fallowing is already practiced by banana growers adopting integrated farming systems.

    31"Peri-urbanisation" is resulting in widespread land speculation, which leads to insecure tenancies and leases. This is an obstacle for OF because of the time required for development work and long-term management of soil fertility. However, peri-urbanisation has one advantage for organic farms that sell locally, in that their potential markets are nearby. This advantage is much exploited in Cuba, where the spread of "urban gardens" has increased local coverage of food demand. A suitable land tenure policy could make land available for OF, EF or gardens in pockets of waste ground on urban fringes. Other Caribbean countries have made us of this possibility, and it is under consideration in Guadeloupe.

    32Because of the scattered pattern of farm holdings and the lack of farm specialisation, there is a risk that OF land would be contaminated by drifts of banned products sprayed on nearby CF fields.

    33The complexity of land tenure management is reflected in the fact that of farm holdings of less than 20 hectares (97 % of the total), many are under tenancy. Tenancy agreements range from the classic lease practiced in metropolitan France to leases with no guarantee of medium- or even short-term security. However, reliable data are lacking on these two points. Farmers also exchange fields temporarily for rotation purposes (between sugar cane and bananas particularly). There is no reliable way to identify the farms involved.

    34All in all, low availability, instability of tenure, price and land tenure management in Martinique are not propitious for developing agriculture in general, or OF in particular. Preserving some potential for developing agriculture in Martinique will require consideration of the most suitable land tenure policy.

    Human resources and the development of organic farming

    35Production in Martinique, including organic food production, is handicapped by high production costs, particularly labour costs, compared to other Caribbean countries producing the same types of product. This is a handicap both for exports and for the local market, where there is competition from imports of tuber crops and tropical fruit from neighbouring islands. Only produce with value-added due to its Martiniquan origin or identity could mark itself out on the market – or products requiring innovation or a high degree of technical input, such as seed.

    36Conventional farming is generally practiced by full-time professional farmers running their holdings on conventional economic lines, whereas OF could, in the view of some experts, be run differently and be practiced alongside another job, or could be made profitable by providing the family's food. But some experts stress that the degree of skill and the amount of work required for OF may be incompatible with multiple job-holding. This question is particularly relevant in Martinique. The farming population is ageing and the replacement rate is low, so the future of many farms is in question. At the same time a high proportion of the population are looking for work and/or have several economic activities. Some of the experts think the farming systems formerly practiced in the Creole gardens could be a source of inspiration for OF or ecological farming, certified or not, selling "produits péyi" or certified organics on local markets. They see this as a possible direction for these smallholdings to move in. There is no consensus among the experts on this question.

    37Lastly, the economists stress the size of the informal sector in Martinique. In agriculture, the informal sector involves low- or medium-income people growing vegetables or raising a few livestock for family consumption or for sale in the neighbourhood. It also involves people with higher incomes who buy this produce because it is home-grown produce at affordable prices. Working in the informal sector is not limited to the poor, and also involves people with jobs in the formal sector.

    38Some of the experts think some of these types of cultivation are close to the Creole garden system. Others add that some gardeners use inputs improperly, which can be harmful to the environment.

    39The very local pattern of sales with this form of production helps to strengthen social bonds and seems to be much appreciated in Martinique, as is the produce itself. A drive to disseminate some OF and EF methods to these gardeners could help to optimise their potential for protecting the Martiniquan environment.

    40There is no consensus among the experts from different disciplines and professional fields on the question of OF's profitability in Martinique for the different types of farm holding. Profitability depends in any case on the characteristics of the holdings and their marketing chains – i.e. precise data which are not available at present.

    41The large banana farms use waged labour. This is one reason why some experts and owners of large farms are in favour of integrated crop management for bananas. The experts do not agree about the possible profitability of organic banana production, depending on whether monocropping is maintained or farms are converted to multiple cropping or mixed crops with livestock, and depending on the farm's characteristics, marketing channels, etc.

    Resources and handicaps for organic farming in the Martiniquan context

    42Given all these elements, Martinique's particular situation as a framework for developing OF is summarised in the table below.

    Table 15 – resources and handicaps for OF in Martinique

    Image img01.jpg

    Limitations connected with the methods used in organic farming

    Limitations connected with application of specifications

    43Application of official OF specifications imposes different limitations on crop production and livestock production.

    Advantages and limitations for developing organic crop production

    44The first limitation is to do with crop protection: synthetic chemicals are not permitted in OF. This creates difficulties for Cercospora control in banana crops, and rodent control would be particularly difficult in sugar cane farming. For all crops, problems are to be expected with management of weeds and soil-borne pests. For pest control, OF usually uses an overall biological pest management system. These systems tend not to be very efficient in the early years, but build up efficiency over time.

    45Cropping systems used in OF rely on crop rotation, which is only possible if the farmer has enough land available. We do not have the necessary references for identifying favourable crop associations are lacking. There is currently no certified organic compost available in Martinique and the cost of importing it would be prohibitive. Researchers have not yet drawn up technical protocols e.g. for orchards with associated crops, or for mixed crop and livestock farming. Experiments are under way, however (Department authority's SECI station, CIRAD experiments at an agricultural high school).

    46Certification requires separate product chains, which in turn require a large minimum volume for export. Each farm has to be certified, which raises the question of cost, especially for small farms. The lack of a certifying body in Martinique is a handicap for all farms. The need to use certified seed would also be a problem in the long run, especially for the vegetable species grown in Creole gardens, but the extension of exemptions is a solution for the time being. The question of producing healthy seed tubers for tuber crops is a limitation, but could also be an opportunity: if Martinique developed production of healthy seed tubers they could be exported. In a tropical context, and in the absence of discussion and negotiation over rules applicable to a tropical European region, the banning of certain techniques from OF could pose serious problems (tissue-cultured nursery plants, anticoagulants in cane farming, use of hormones in pineapple production).

    47There are some definite advantages: strong local demand for fresh produce and products for tourists, the farmers' know-how, strong support from research, the existence of processing facilities and structured product chains for banana, sugar and pineapple (despite their current difficulties). Sugar cane, the pivotal crop in rotations, has a particular role to play in developing OF in Martinique.

    Limitations and advantages for developing organic livestock production

    48Apart from extensive grazing in the south of the island, there seem to be severe limitations on the development of organic livestock production in Martinique. The main one seems to be the difficulty of fulfilling the "link with the land" criterion for animal feed, owing to the pressure on land. Unlike crop production, the lack of processing facilities (e.g. abattoirs) is a handicap. The sector's very structure, particularly the major role played by informal marketing without recourse to the abattoir, would make it difficult for organic output to compete with existing and much appreciated local meat. As with crop farming, farm certification is likely to be a problem, especially for the smallest holdings and for people who just own a few animals.

    49Livestock production is an inseparable part of OF. It makes it possible to utilise by-products from OF crops (banana or sugar cane waste), while organic manure or composted organic manure is much sought after for crop production – especially in Martinique, where such resources are scarce. Creole breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs are well adapted to the island's environment. But systems that combine crop and livestock production have yet to be designed in collaboration with the research community, e.g. pigs/bananas.

    50Local demand for "produits péyi" and locally-produced meat is already strong, reflected in high consumer prices. It might well be difficult to persuade consumers to accept the considerable additional production costs occasioned by switching to OF. But it would be possible to develop livestock production as a complement to crop production, and to develop extensive OF grazing in the south.

    51The prospects for organic freshwater aquaculture are not promising, particularly in view of water quality. The prospects for organic marine aquaculture are good, but other Caribbean countries have the same advantages so whether it would be sustainable is open to question.

    Product chains and markets

    52At present no market data are being produced specifically for the Martiniquan situation that might help producers and product chain operators orient their business. The first necessary step is to produce these market data for Martiniquan organic produce, including pricing and positioning of organic produce compared to their possible substitutes, i.e. home-grown produce, "produits peyi" and farmhouse products etc..

    53Partnership between the SECI experimental station, CIRAD (working with agricultural high schools) and networks already farming organically (Bio des Antilles in particular) should also shed light on the question of production costs in OF. These data are not available as yet.

    Developing organic farming for the local market

    54The local market (90 % local population and 10 % tourists) is the main accessible target for organic farmers in Martinique.

    55For farmers to raise prices so as to offset the additional constraints they accept in opting for organics, some rigorous and transparent form of certification is needed to differentiate organic produce from other local produce on the market.

    56For long product chains e.g. for supermarkets, official certification with the official French "AB" logo or the European logo is essential, but for short product chains, where the link with the consumer is maintained, other forms of certification promoted by IFOAM (e.g. group certification) are worth considering.

    57For the local market, the products that probably have the greatest potential (in the absence of any market research from which definite conclusions could be drawn) are Caribbean food crops and market garden produce: lettuce, tomatoes, cucumber, plantain bananas, local tuber crops etc.. These crops can be combined with small-scale livestock production.

    58Sugar cane for organic sugar production is worth considering, conditional on a more precise economic study. Organic sugar processing in Martinique, accompanied by a promotion policy, could therefore also be considered.

    59Direct sales (on markets, organic markets, at the farm, sale by basket, sale via associations) would be the prime focus, particularly for smallholders, but medium-sized or large farms may do better to sell larger volumes via supermarket chains.

    60Some farms could also exploit niche markets, depending on the opportunities and the producers' objectives, based on a farm analysis: linking up with green tourism, cultural services, sale of organic produce, catering, contracts with tourist trade operators, rare crops (in connection with the Creole garden), seed production etc. School and canteen catering could be an outlet depending on policy decisions by mayors and local authorities. Organic farmers could benefit from supplying their local schools, not only to sell their produce but also to raise awareness of OF among children and parents.

    Producing for export markets

    61Market research would be essential before any attempt to develop organic production for the export market, to avoid disappointing farmers' hopes. Failure would be particularly serious given that the conversion period is always an economically difficult time. Given the fragile nature of export markets, OF output must be organised according to thoroughly researched outlets, or contracts.

    62Martinique's advantages over competitors are the presence of agricultural research on the island, a skilled labour force and organised product chains. These advantages could be used by exporting to innovative niches with high value-added. But it would be difficult for Martinique to compete with exports of commonplace products like ordinary organic bananas or sugar.

    63With innovative products it might still happen that in the long run, if the innovation spread, competitors could take over the market and force Martinique to abandon it – as has already happened with several diversification products. This makes it essential to associate research with development and maintain constant dialogue with producers, to prepare alternative solutions in advance.

    64The main products with potential are organic bananas (either in the form of innovative products or for particular niche markets), flowers, perfume crops, medicinal herbs and innovative products (healthy seed tubers, rare plants etc.). Farmers in the Bio des Antilles network are already exploiting some of these niches. High-value-added processed products, e.g. based on tropical fruit or other tropical products, could also find a place on the export market, especially if advertised not just as organic but also as Martiniquan.

    65Exporters should not ignore the local market, which can use sorting rejects (e.g. in a pigs/bananas system), absorb surplus output and where some products sometimes fetch the same price as exports, at less risk.

    Possible farming systems for organic farmers

    Organic farming for large and medium-sized farms

    66The large specialist farms (over 20 ha) are mostly under monocropping systems. Switching to OF means changing the production system to one with crop rotation, involving new crops destined for unfamiliar markets. There is an inevitable first stage when the new multicrop system is being worked out. The exception to this is today's extensive livestock farms, which could simply switch to OF systems (if they can find solutions for managing parasites) and sell organic (provided the abattoir is certified for organics).

    67For crop farming, some experts point out that pests proliferate more readily in tropical environments (a problem for banana and pineapple). Some think that the larger the farm, the more difficult this problem is, while others think that a high degree of technical skill is needed to deal with it. Others again stress that while pests are more common, so are their natural predators. There is no agreement among the experts on this point.

    68Some IFS methods already used by farmers to take better care of the environment (e.g. fallow period at the end of the banana crop cycle, exchanges of land in order to introduce crop rotation) in a way prefigure fully-fledged organic systems. But interviews conducted for the expert review suggest that the farmers concerned are not interested in OF in principle, which would seem to be an obstacle, although some of them seem to be prepared to experiment with OF.

    69The large estates are considered suitable mainly for crop production or specialist stock farming. Soil fertility could be managed through exchanges between farms. Rotations could include sugar cane followed by banana, or sugar cane followed by pineapple, perhaps with other crops, fallow, grassland or yam (e.g. yam/pineapple as in Guadeloupe, or yam/sugar cane).

    70Farmers in this category are skilled in their craft – e.g. as banana or sugar cane planters – and one could imagine rotations organised among several OF-certified farms, each farmer keeping to his own speciality and working his own fields or those of a partner farm according to their rotations.

    71The technical possibilities for converting certain large cattle farms in the south of the island to OF could be examined. The need to have the abattoir certified for OF and the cost that would entail must be taken into account.

    72Where the farmer owns the land or holds a lease, medium-sized farms (5 to 20 ha) seem to be suitable for conversion to OF, provided pests can be kept under control. There are possibilities for diversifying, introducing a crop rotation, managing the structural cohesion of the landscape.

    73For Martinique, where consumer prices are high, the literature indicates that OF would be technically and economically viable on farms of 3 to 5 hectares (allowing for the need for rotation), producing for direct sales of a variety of products.

    74With the medium-sized farms, most farmers work full time on the farm and have a certain security of tenure so that they could plan long rotations. For example, experiments supervised by CIRAD at an agricultural high school are working with the following rotations: sugar cane (5 years), market gardening (2 years), grassland (5 years), yam (1 year) and market garden crops (1 year) for the north of the island, and sugar cane (5 years), yam (1 year), market garden crops (1 year) and grassland (5 years) for central Martinique. Livestock could play a significant role given the long grassland breaks in these rotations, and in sugar cane/yam or even banana/sugar cane rotations.

    75Large and medium-sized farms (and some small ones for specialist crops such as flowers, perfume crops and market garden crops) could aim for official OF certification; they could then exploit the "AB" logo for exports and for long and short local marketing chains. However, the OF systems for these farms have yet to be designed.

    Organic farming for smallholders: the Creole garden as a source of inspiration

    76With the exception of hydroponic crops and high-value-added crops like medicinal herbs, market garden crops, flowers and spices, farmers with less than 5 ha either need a second, off-farm source of income or must feed their family from part of their crop. In addition, with their small size and their location on the urban fringes, these farms are likely to be close to conventionally treated crops. Some of the experts are doubtful that farmers with other work can develop OF. Others mention the cost of official certification, which could be a major economic limitation for smallholders. But others again point out that group certification could be a viable alternative, as in Brazil and even metropolitan France.

    77Smallholdings (and some medium-sized farms) could opt for OF with group certification, or EF with participatory certification, for short local distribution chains. These types of certification need to be clearly visible and open. The involvement of the research community in this process could be a guarantee. While these procedures require serious commitment from the farmer, they may seem less bureaucratic than official certification, and above all leave more room for innovation, for exploring solutions to Martinique's particular problems, and for dialogue between producers and consumers.

    78Farmers with smallholdings (representing over 80 % of the farming population and about 30 % of Martinique's UAA) in most cases have a second job.

    79It is for these smallholdings that the lessons from the Creole garden, with its mosaic of plants and trees combined with a few livestock, can contribute the most new ideas for organic systems specific to Martinique or the Caribbean.

    80The Creole garden is a mixture, halfway between market gardening and agroforestry, with trees, bushes, perennial and annual plants combined in an organised jumble of vegetation. It developed over centuries, the early Amerindians' slash-and-burn farming methods merging with input from the European colonists (market garden crops) and elements of African agriculture. It has gradually adapted to the constraints farmers have encountered, right down to the present. It is a fully-fledged farming system found throughout the West Indies and Guianas, and it successfully fulfilled its role as food provider to the local population right up to the 1960s. That was when bananas replaced sugar cane as an export crop, depriving the Creole gardens of the organic waste from sugar refining – bagasse, scums and wastewater sludge. At the same time, growers' needs were changing and they turned to cash crops, simplifying their methods and increasingly using mineral fertilisers and synthetic crop protection chemicals. Nonetheless, today's gardens still use a number of practices derived from the Creole garden.

    81Some of the experts think that the way forward could be a synergy between ecological science, the traditional know-how of Creole gardening and recent IFS practices complying with OF specifications. But, for the reasons given, the experts agree that in any case there would be no return to the Creole garden tradition as such, because the conditions that once made it a viable farming system no longer obtain. The new systems would be innovative, making full use of the agronomic and cultural achievements of the Creole garden but adapting them to the conditions under which farming is carried out in Martinique today.

    82Aspects of Creole gardening that would be particularly fruitful in generating useful innovations for OF and EF in Martinique are as follows:

    83■ The Creole garden includes a wide variety of plants, with diversity both within and between species. One study reports more than 200 species in a transect 4m x 15m. The "Village d'Antan" arboretum in Martinique has 380 species of useful plant on little more than one hectare. The panel's work identified a list of more than one hundred plants grown in Creole gardens. The varieties grown are also very diverse, e.g. twenty varieties of yam. This diversity within species is a means of maintaining crop health. It could be studied more thoroughly and utilised in OF and EF, and even in CF, by systematic cataloguing, conservation and promotion among farmers and Creole garden cultivators.

    84Biodiversity between species is a way of managing the different crops' specific nutritional needs by means of crop associations. It is also a pest management method as it uses companion plants (e.g. balsam grown with banana to control nematodes). The Creole garden plan with crops grown in patches helps to keep diseases and pest infestations from spreading.

    • A small number of main crops such as yam, plantain banana and cassava provide most of the output, often grown in association, e.g. yam/Araceae, yam/bean, banana/sweet potato. Today's gardens tend to be simpler, with fewer associations, fewer main crops and secondary plants, crops in staggered rows or alternate furrows rather than the traditional "jumble". But even these modern gardens maintain considerable diversity and can provide the basis for identifying favourable crop associations for OF, to be validated by research.
    • Staggered sowing and planting and the use of a range of varieties of one species is a good way to limit the impact of disease and adverse weather conditions, because not all plants are at the same development stage at the same time. It also provides a staggered harvest with small, regular amounts. This is good for local sales and home consumption, but could be a handicap for large-scale production.
    • Cultivation practices are environment-friendly. Tillage, seedbed preparation, crop care, hedges and the mosaic of patches all help to limit erosion. These and other practices are part of a body of know-how that can be called ancestral but which is well worth formalising and passing on to the next generation. (Some ancestral practices cannot be formalised, e.g. gardening according to the lunar calendar, which is widely practiced).
    • The Creole garden also Includes animals: a horse or mule, one to three cattle, a few small ruminants and one or two pigs may be raised. This association makes use of fallow or grassland and domestic waste (though it must be pointed out that domestic waste is not permitted for pig feed if the meat is to be sold). It also helps to maintain soil fertility.

    85In this case too, OF protocols for smallholders have yet to be designed. This could begin with R&D based on recording and capitalising current practices in Martinique and the rest of the Caribbean.

    Possible orientations and procedures for developing organic and eco-friendly farming systems

    86The table below sums up the main options for developing OF and EF in Martinique, by size of holding. It makes no claim to cover all possibilities.

    Table 16 - Main options for developing OF and EF in Martinique, by size of holding

    Image img02.jpg

    87Production systems remain to be designed and developed for each of these farm categories. There are no protocols that can be transposed directly.

    88The approach should be to set up appropriate organic systems for local conditions and intended outlets, and analyse the results so as to draw conclusions and improve the systems. This requires a suitable action research approach based on pilot farms (e.g. the SECI station and experiments on agricultural high school land), and a network of farmers already running OF systems and interested in collaborating with research (such farmers exist, e.g. among the members of Bio des Antilles).

    89This action research should make it possible to fine-tune systems, crop protocols and pest and disease control methods for the different types of environment, assess their technical and economic efficiency, and capitalise on results by disseminating them via initial or in-service training.

    90Researchers, the OF farmers concerned, processors and long-chain distributors, agricultural high schools and the Chamber of Agriculture should all be involved in defining the content and methods of the projects to be undertaken. This types of organisation is functioning successfully in metropolitan France, particularly in Brittany, the Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur region and the Massif Central.

    91Market gardening and Caribbean food crop systems should be developed first, with rotations possibly including sugar cane and if possible in combination with small-scale livestock farming.

    The space for developing organic farming

    • Limitations in terms of soil and water (particularly chlordecone pollution) suggest that certain areas should specialise in certified OF. Current research should produce precise maps of these areas to aid decision makers. Official intervention could be envisaged to set aside some areas exclusively for OF, e.g. drinking water offtake zones or areas of ecological value.
    • Examination of markets shows that there is room to develop certified OF in Martinique, and to develop farming that benefits, on local markets, from a "home-grown" image ("produits péyi"). Initiatives could be designed to be as environment-friendly as possible, with a label for the products, even if this type of certification does not cover exactly the same criteria as the certified OF label. This would prevent these currently much-sought-after products from losing their good consumer image.
    • Given the high production costs, OF would have to target either high-value-added products for export, or products for local markets, whether sold through long marketing chains or short. Economic constraints suggest the following potential markets: local market and export for bananas, local market for sugar, market garden produce, Caribbean food crops and livestock products. The fragile nature of the export market for organics is pertinent, because of the time conversion to OF takes and the uncertain competitiveness of Martiniquan organic exports apart from niche markets or innovative products with a high technical content.
    • This potential is to be sought mainly for medium-sized farms (5-20 hectares) and those of less than 5 hectares, with systems that remain to be defined but would be based on
      • banana/sugar cane + livestock systems,
      • organic market garden crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage), organic Caribbean food crops (taro, plantain bananas etc.) perhaps combined with small-scale livestock rearing,
      • smallholdings with multiple crops + livestock, including some that incorporate the traditional know-how of the old Creole gardens.

    92There are also technical possibilities for organic production on the extensive cattle farms of the south.

    Strategic options or scenarios

    93Martinique's situation with regard to developing OF or EF is specific for at least two reasons:

    • Martinique is an island, a tropical region of France and an ultraperipheral region of the European Union;
    • methods formerly used in conventional farming have resulted in environmental pollution – so much so that some areas of the island may be unusable for OF.

    94Given the limitations and advantages described, the experts have selected three possible strategic options, or scenarios, to facilitate discussion of strategy. These scenarios do not amount to proposals for action.

    Strategic option 1: limited development of OF

    95In this scenario, there is no proactive decision to develop OF. The goal is simply to attain a comparable proportion of farmland under OF systems as in other parts of France with comparable agricultural characteristics. This would probably mean a slightly lower percentage than the national average (1.5 % of UAA in 2003). Martinique is a field crop region and OF is generally less developed than elsewhere. The strategy here would be to consolidate existing OF farmers and encourage those who described themselves as organic farmers in the last farm census to convert fully. The measures would be the same as in other regions of France. The reference frame would be that of metropolitan France.

    96In this scenario, research would be conducted to support the development of OF, to produce technical and economic protocols using the results from pilot farms and working with existing or aspiring OF farmers. The technical protocols could then be capitalised and disseminated through in-service training. Farm support measures would be used as elsewhere in France (particularly the "sustainable agriculture contracts"). Organic farmers would be trained mainly through short in-service training courses with the Chamber of Agriculture and agricultural high schools that show interest, or bringing in experts on an ad hoc basis on specific subjects. There would be support for official certification, perhaps in liaison with Guadeloupe to pool certain costs if possible, so that farmers in Martinique who want to farm organic are not disadvantaged compared to those in metropolitan France.

    Strategic option 2: eco-friendly development for Martinique

    97In this scenario the authorities adopt a proactive policy in favour of environment-friendly development for Martinique, consistently paying attention to environmental issues. The process can be driven by organic farming. Measures are taken aiming for a larger area under OF and more organic farmers. Specific proactive development operations are taken: model or pilot farms, priority OF zones, human resources devoted to extension work, earmarked resources, specific aid to farmers, positioning inputs supply chain, etc. In this connection reference could be made to Caribbean countries such as Dominica, and to Italy, where agro-environmental measures have been introduced on a huge scale.

    98In this case Martinique adopts a genuine OF development project, and earmarks resources for the purpose. As well as its own resources it could seek synergy with actions or even resources elsewhere, for example in Europe, forming partnerships with other regions.

    99In this scenario research sets out to assist the development of OF, and involves scientists and development stakeholders in creating a structure such as a GIS partnership1 for managing priorities. There are specific funds for research, which is conducted in collaboration with partners in France and the Caribbean, and with economic agents (farmers, consumers, etc.). Besides the research work described in strategic option 1 (designing technical protocols), research would be conducted on specific issues in synergy with other Caribbean teams: natural substances, seed, inputs etc. Participatory and group certification are examined with the help of researchers, so that smallholders can achieve a rigorous, visible form of certification. For all this research there is a network involving researchers and operators in the product chains. This network functions nationwide and internationally, with IFOAM and other research centres working on OF in the Caribbean.

    100Support for organic farmers goes further than that provided in France. Discussions are held to ensure that farmers wishing to convert to OF, and perhaps also EF, can in practice obtain aid provided a rigorous and visible certification system is established. The authorities take part in these discussions, which could lead to adapting the procedures.

    101A high-profile policy visible to the population and to tourists could be launched with organic sugar cane, a pivotal crop for organic rotations, and processing of organic sugar, starting with a technical and economic feasibility study. Discussion is also launched on supplying inputs for OF. Some areas are set aside exclusively for OF (drinking water offtake areas, ecological conservation areas), possibly in association with a public procurement policy for canteens, depending on the opportunities.

    102Efforts are made to promote OF and other environment-friendly farming methods, with systematic dissemination in initial training at agricultural high schools and in-service training with the Chamber of Agriculture. Teachers and technicians are trained so that they can teach these methods.

    Strategic option 3: integrated regional development for Martinique

    103In this scenario the authorities adopt a proactive policy in favour of "integrated environmental and regional development" for Martinique, consistently paying attention to environmental issues but also consistently promoting Martiniquan identity through the island's food and farm products. Part of this strategy is to focus on local markets and resources. Apart from its eco-friendly methods, OF can also greatly helps this aspect of the strategy by highlighting local livestock breeds and food crops that are part of the traditional local diet and cuisine. Close attention is also paid to the development of "farmhouse" products, typical local "produits péyi" and local craft work, all symbolic of local identity. These models are inspired by tradition, but they are also innovative and receive research and development support. References here are Cuba and Switzerland, where an integrated policy has been designed and is applied country-wide.

    104In Martinique this strategy is based on all those stakeholders who can offer food and farm produce that is environment-friendly and suggestive of local identity. These include professional and part-time farmers and even gardeners and people who keep a few livestock, some of whom operate in the informal sector. The strategy includes the measures described for strategic option 2, strengthening them and adding other measures as well.

    105It harnesses resources designed for integrated rural development (as per Leader programmes and/or the Rural Development Regulations). It runs projects to promote the growing, marketing and knowledge of Creole products for consumers, tourists and the island's children, i.e. mainly for the local market.

    106Knowledge of the Creole garden has an important place in this strategy. Efforts are made to understand how it operates today and operated in the past, and to connect it with today's agronomic knowledge, catalogue the species grown, conserve them, disseminate them, and defend their possible use in OF via networks (Ministry of Agriculture on a national basis, European networks, IFOAM internationally). Research involving farmers who use methods similar to Creole gardening produces useful information for developing OF and EF in the Martiniquan context (crops associations etc.). These research results are published and disseminated through initial and in-service agricultural training, and by other channels to reach gardeners, including those who operate informally.

    107Integrated regional development programmes are used to support farmers in the initiatives they take to produce and market their produce (promotion, market organisation etc.). A communication policy targeting consumers is designed, and the land tenure question is examined so that land with a potential for OF or EF can actually be so used.

    108Initiatives for direct sales of home-grown and farmhouse products are systematically encouraged, as are links with the tourist trade.

    109Knowledge of Creole produce and Martinique's agricultural and culinary heritage is taught to children and adolescents and the use of Creole produce and recipes is encouraged for school canteens. The first such actions could be organised in connection with the French "flavour week" held each October, and/or with schemes under the National Health Nutrition Plan, which also involves schools.

    110The specific goals for these strategic options, the limitations involved and the resources to achieving whichever is chosen are beyond the scope of the expert group's review. They can only be worked out in consultation with stakeholders in Martinique, decision makers and economic players in the organic product chains, taking all viewpoints into account. The data gathered in the course of this review provides the general framework that should be taken into account in the process.

    Notes de bas de page

    1 GIS: Groupement d'intérêt scientifique.

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    François, M., Moreau, R., & Sylvander, B. (éds.). (2005). Question 5. What objectives can be set for developing organic farming in Martinique?. In Agriculture biologique en Martinique. Marseille: IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.2787
    François, Martine, Roland Moreau, et Bertil Sylvander, éd. « Question 5. What Objectives Can Be Set for Developing Organic Farming in Martinique? ». In Agriculture Biologique En Martinique. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2005. doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.2787.
    François, Martine, et al., éditeurs. « Question 5. What Objectives Can Be Set for Developing Organic Farming in Martinique? ». Agriculture Biologique En Martinique, IRD Éditions, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.2787.

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    François, M., Moreau, R., & Sylvander, B. (éds.). (2005). Agriculture biologique en Martinique. Marseille: IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.2746
    François, Martine, Roland Moreau, et Bertil Sylvander, éd. Agriculture biologique en Martinique. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2005. doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.2746.
    François, Martine, et al., éditeurs. Agriculture biologique en Martinique. IRD Éditions, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.2746.
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