Table des matières
Jacques Lemoalle
The diversity of aquatic environmentsChristian Levêque
Variability of climate and hydrological systemsOlga Otero, Alison Murray, Lionel Cavin et al.
African fossil fish- Africa and fish through geological time
- The Palaeozoic
- The Mesozoic
- The Cenozoic
- Which fossils? Case study of the African characiforms
- The characiform fish fossil record in Africa
- Alestidae: the highest fossil diversity observed for an African fish family is revealed by teeth
- A few articulated skeletal remains, many further evolutionary study perspectives
- Old groups, old cradles! The case of lungfishes: a Pangean or a Gondwanan history?
- When a marine fish adapts to freshwater
- Tolerance to salt water
- Dasyatidae in the Plio-Pleistocene Turkana Basin
- Latid fishes: over 40 Myrs of history from marine to fresh waters told from the phylogeny of modern and extant taxa and the fossil distribution
- Neogene changes in the African ichthyofauna
- A main palaeogeographical event: the Afro-Asian connection
- A main palaeoenvironmental change: the Saharan extension
Christian Levêque et Didier Paugy
General characteristics of ichthyological faunaChristian Levêque et Didier Paugy
Geographical distribution and affinities of African freshwater fishesChristian Levêque et Didier Paugy
Biogeography and past history of ichthyological faunas- How do fish disperse?
- Connections between river basins
- Other means of dispersal
- Falls as zoogeographical barriers
- What do we learn with fossils?
- Biogeographical scenario for northern tropical Africa
- Biogeographical scenario for North Africa
- Biogeographical scenario for Central Africa
- Biogeographical scenario for South Africa
- Madagascar
Christian Levêque, Didier Paugy et Jean-françois Agnèse
Diversity of African fish: heritage of evolution- Review of theories of evolution
- From creationism to transformism
- The synthetic theory of evolution
- Mechanisms of speciation
- Mutations as the driver of evolution
- Mutations at the molecular level
- Chromosomal recombinations
- Speciation and environmental variability: natural selection
- Mechanisms of speciation: how do species appear?
- Allopatric speciation
- Sympatric speciation
- Speciation of cichlids in the Great Lakes of East Africa: what processes are involved?
- Fragmentation of the lacustrine system in several smaller lakes
- A great variety of diets
- Allopatric/sympatric speciation in the lake itself
- The role of predation
- How fast is speciation?
- Convergent evolution: chance or necessity?
Didier Paugy et Christian Levêque
Taxonomy and systematics- What is a species?
- The typological species concept
- The biological species concept
- Concept of specific-mate recognition system
- Sister species
- Polytypic species
- Geographical clines
- Regional scale
- West African scale: Schilbe mandibularis
- Subcontinental scale: Alestes baremoze, Brycinus macrolepidotus and Barbus bynni
- Question of hybrids
- Genetics and species concept
- Number and shape of chromosomes
- Genetic distances and morphological differences: two separate phenomena
- The rules of classification
- The genus concept
- Higher classification of African fishes
- Advances in African freshwater ichthyology
Didier Paugy, Christian Levêque et Fabrice Duponchelle
Life-history strategies- Resource allocation: constraints and compromises
- A priority: assurance of descent
- Major types of demographic strategies: theory and empiricism
- Theoretical studies and their predictions
- Fitness and variation of reproductive effort with age
- Fitness and parental investment in offspring
- Fitness and iteroparity/semelparity
- Fitness and age at first sexual maturity
- Fitness and resource availability
- Fitness and fecundity
- Phenotypical plasticity in the life history theory
- Discussion about the “r-K” selection
- Empirical models
Didier Paugy, Christian Levêque et Fabrice Duponchelle
Reproduction- Gonad maturation and fecundity
- Gonado-somatic index
- Fecundity
- Relationships between fecundity and length or weight of females
- Reproductive strategies
- Main modes of reproduction
- Synchronization between reproduction and changes in the environment
- Single spawning species
- Multiple spawning species
- Flexibility of the spawning season
- Adaptive strategies
- Parental care
- Fishes build nests
- Origin and evolution of parental care
Christian Levêque
Growth and ontogenyDidier Paugy et Christian Levêque
Diets and food webs- Diets and trophic groups
- Dominant primary consumers
- Dominant secondary consumers
- Top consumers
- Morphological adaptations to feeding behaviour
- Head and mouth morphologies
- Length of the gut
- Electric organs
- Body form and feeding types
- Prey selection
- Ontogenic shifts in feeding behaviour
- Relationship between predator size and prey size
- Variability in diet of adults
- Feeding activity patterns
- Food webs
- Phytoplanktivore communities
- Relatively simple trophic webs: pelagic fish communities of East African Great Lakes
- More complex food webs of shallow lakes
Christian Levêque et Didier Paugy
Diversity of responses to environmental constraints and extreme environmental conditions- Temperature
- Temperature preferences and thermal tolerance ranges
- Temperature and feeding
- Behavioural responses to environmental temperature changes
- Adaptations to the lack of oxygen
- Morphological and physiological adaptations
- Behavioural responses to reduced oxygen availability
- Adaptations to salinity
- Adaptations to drought
- Blind fish
- Light attenuation and darkness
Yves Fermon et Rémy Bigorne
Ethology- Functions and structure of behaviour
- Functions of behaviour
- Structure of behaviour
- Different behavioural signals – communication
- Visual signals
- Touch signals
- Chemical signals
- Sound signals
- Electrical signals
- Ecology and behaviour
- Reproductive behaviour
- Sexual selections and competitions
- From reproduction to parental care
- Social life, conflict and cooperation
- Survival: eat or be eaten
- Ontogenetic development of behaviour
- Evolution and behaviour
- Evolution of feeding mechanisms
- Phylogeny of parental care behaviour
Bernard Hugueny
Species richness of fish communities- Introduction
- Broad patterns in fish diversity
- A conceptual framework
- Patterns among rivers
- Species-area relationship
- The role of discharge
- Species-energy relationship
- Historical factors
- Global gradients
- Biological traits
- Patterns within rivers
- Local-regional richness relationship
- Upstream-downstream gradient
- Patterns among provinces
- Distance species decay
- Provincial biodiversity
Christian Levêque
Diversity of fish habitats- Habitat concept
- Spatial and temporal scales and the hierarchical system concept
- Protect itself and rest: the microhabitat
- Foraging
- Ontogenetic changes of the diet and habitat
- Strategies of research and sharing of food, and spatial segregation of species
- Trophic migrations
- Reproduction strategies and breeding sites
- Direct development and territorial behaviour
- Indirect development and breeding migrations
- Generalisation of the habitat concept
- The habitat, consequence of a phylogenetic heritage and adaptive strategies
- Ontogenetic niche and its involvements
- Typology of habitats
Christian Levêque
Role of fish in ecosystem functioning- Impact of fish predation on aquatic communities
- Prey selection
- Changes in feeding habits during ontogeny
- Cascading trophic interactions
- Role of species in ecosystem functioning
- Keystone species
- Rare species
- Recycling of nutrients
- Fish biodiversity and responses of ecosystems to perturbations
- Specific richness and fisheries production
- Fish predators
Christian Levêque et Didier Paugy
Fish communities in river systems and associated biotopesJos Snoeks, Christian Levêque, Yves Fermon et al.
Fish communities in East African rift lakes- Communities in Lake Tanganyika.
- The pelagic community
- The littoral and sub-littoral communities
- Deep-water communities
- The communities of Lake Malawi
- The pelagic community
- The littoral communities
- The deeper benthic communities
- The communities of Lake Victoria
- The other lakes in the region
- Lake Kivu
- Lake Edward/George
- Lake Albert
- Lake Turkana
- Lake Rukwa
- Lake Mweru
- Conclusion
Christian Levêque
Fish communities in shallow lakesDidier Paugy et Christian Levêque
Fish communities in small aquatic ecosystems: caves, gueltas, crater and salt lakesJean-Jacques Albaret
Fish communities in estuaries and lagoons- Introduction
- General characteristics of fish communities
- Lagoon or estuarine environments: strong biodiversity or species-poor systems?
- Factors influencing or regulating diversity
- Size of the system
- Extent, number, diversity, and permanence of interfaces
- Diversity of available habitats
- Population potential (diversity of colonization sources)
- Biogeography
- Other factors that may influence species richness
- Classification of species in ecological categories
- Different types of estuarine communities
- Organization of communities
- Factors for community structuring
- Structuring role of environmental factors
- Importance of interspecific relationships
- Stability-instability
- Biology and adaptive strategies
- Reproduction and breeding strategies
- Space occupation strategies
- Food webs and resource use strategies
- Functional role of lagoon and estuarine ecosystems
- Exportation of organic matter and energy
- Nursery
- Conclusions
Didier Paugy et Christian Levêque
Species introductions- Goals of introductions
- Sport fishing
- Fish culture
- Improvement of wild stocks
- Biological control
- Accidental introductions
- Consequences of introductions for the aquatic environment
- Interaction with native species
- Impact on the aquatic ecosystem
- Hybridizations
- Cumulative impacts of introductions on wildlife and fisheries: example of Malagasy lakes
- What can we learn from the lessons of the past?
Didier Paugy et Christian Levêque
Impacts of human activities- Changes in habitats
- Climate change and water abstraction
- System managements
- Man-made lakes (water fragmentation)
- River management
- Reduction of floodplains and wetlands
- Changes in land-use and their consequences for watershed
- Water pollution
- Eutrophication
- Pesticides
- Case study: the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP)
- Heavy metals
- Bioaccumulation
- Impact of fishing
Raymond Laë et Christian Levêque
Fisheries- The “fisheries system”
- Ecosystemic approach to fisheries and biological indicators
- State of fisheries in Africa
- Quantity of fish landings
- Major fish species caught
- Dynamic of the resource
- Relation between biological production and biomass
- Stock assessment
- Aquatic environment and fisheries
- Hydrological variability and variability of fisheries
- Types of aquatic ecosystem and fisheries production
- Effects of dams on the environment and on fisheries
- Perturbation of longitudinal migrations
- Reduction of the flooded area and the duration of the flood
- Decrease of activities during low water
- Indirect protection of the spawning stock
- Fishing gears employed and fishing practices
- Fishing gears
- Active fishing practices
- • Individual fishing
- • Collective fishing
- • Industrial fishing practices
- Passive fishing practices
- • Fixed or drift gillnets
- • Fish traps
- • Baited or unbaited longlines
- Seasonality of fishing practices
- Evolution of the practices
- Biomanipulations and improvement of the fishing production
- Biomanipulation of natural environments
- Introductions of species in aquatic ecosystems
- Marketing and processing of fish
- Empirical models for evaluating the fishing potential
- Fisheries management
- Fisheries management at the basin scale
- Fisheries models
- Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
- Social environment and fisheries management
- Case study: the Central Delta of the Niger River
- History of fisheries management in Côte d’Ivoire lagoons
- Before 1930
- From 1930 to 1960
- From 1960 to 1982
- Conclusions
Jean-françois Agnèse, Randall Brummett, Marc Legendre et al.
Fish culture- Different types of African fish culture
- Extensive aquaculture
- Artisanal farming systems
- Small and medium-scale enterprises (SME)
- Large scale commercial
- Ecological intensification and IMTA (Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture)
- Species used for intensive fish culture
- Tilapia s.l.
- Clarias
- Other indigenous species
- Alien species
- Control of reproduction
- Sex control
- Food
- Fish farming structures
- Genetic manipulations and fish culture
- Selecting high-performance genotypes
- Genetic diversity in cultured stocks
- Conservation status
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