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    Plan détaillé Texte intégral Introduction: context and challenges Strengthening conformity assessment systems Ensuring the reliability of controls Integrating quality and metrology in higher education and agricultural research Conclusion and perspectives Bibliographie Auteurs

    The Mediterranean region under climate change

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    Table des matières

    Sub-chapter 3.2.1. Metrology and quality management

    Abderafi Charki, Vincent Dollé, Luc Martin et Marc Himbert

    p. 461-466

    Texte intégral Introduction: context and challenges Strengthening conformity assessment systems Ensuring the reliability of controls Integrating quality and metrology in higher education and agricultural research Conclusion and perspectives Bibliographie References Auteurs

    Texte intégral

    Introduction: context and challenges

    1Demographic growth in countries south of the Mediterranean, combined with the recent migratory upheaval emanating from conflicts in the Middle East, accelerates the urban growth and the spatial concentration of populations on coastlines and estuary zones. According to consistent findings from several foresight studies conducted by the Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), the National Research Agency of France (ANR) and the Mediterranean World Economic Foresight Institute (IPEMED), these areas concentrate significant fertile agricultural land but will host 50 million more inhabitants within the coming 25 years.

    2Both urban demand for food and the pressure on natural resources are rising fast. Local agricultural production of cereals, meat and dairy products is increasingly inadequate to satisfy population requirements. Growing imports of food staples are resulting in food dependency and insecurity for the majority of southern and eastern Mediterranean countries.

    3The political, economic and social crisis of the 2011 Arab revolutions brought significant difficulties for resource access and management to the fore, leading for example to water shortages, in spite of water availability (less than 500 m3 per inhabitant each year). In conflict situations, competition for resources involves a deregulation of the distribution systems which have long been operating and are the result of complex negotiations between actors to measure consumed quantities and delineate their usage. Under these conditions, the use of fossil vs renewable energy affects not only the quality of agricultural products but also the quality and safety of marketed and processed products.

    4In order to address these problems, issues which need to be taken quickly into consideration include reducing the negative impact of agriculture, livestock breeding and forestry on the environment, and enhancing positive effects such as carbon storage, soil and plant cover stabilization, or the reduction of runoff and erosion. In other words, agricultural practices which are adapted to changing climate conditions need to be initiated. This requires developing qualitative and quantitative measurement mechanisms negotiated between relevant stakeholders in order to ensure sustainability. Reliable metrics will allow for the efficient measurement of the impact of agriculture and help design agricultural policies targetting environmental protection. At the same time, better management of food waste, consumption and nutritional habits may contribute to adapting agriculture to climatic change over the medium to long term.

    5All these expected (or existing) disruptions involve strengthening people’s capabilities to control agricultural products in order to meet present and future needs. To avoid possible failures against security as well as environmental, social and economic interests, it is necessary to enforce robust conformity assessment systems adapted to the new climate conditions and the growing demand for qualitative products.

    6The reliability of quality controls of agricultural products is strongly correlated to the availability of skills in the evaluation system. For instance, testing and calibration laboratories should carry out measurements according to well-proven technical prescriptions and produce results leading to the granting of conformity assessments (Lewis and Cooke, 2013).

    7The strengthening of capacities to control agricultural products needs to be linked to an assessment system harmonized across countries south of the Mediterranean. This system should be based on reliable, long-lasting measurements (Himbert, 2009). Quality and metrology (the science of measurements) will therefore both contribute to the assessment of climate change impact on agriculture. The European project “Quality in agricultural higher education in the Mediterranean area” (QESAMED) highlights the importance of integrating these two domains into higher education and research in order to develop the necessary skills. It is being implemented by the network of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM, Paris, www.cnam.fr) and the Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD, Montpellier, France, www.cirad.fr).

    Strengthening conformity assessment systems

    8There are numerous common social, economic and security interests across countries south of the Mediterranean. Quality control is a great challenge everywhere (Osseni et al. 2015). It will help minimize the risks of product characteristics failing to meet the security, standards or regulatory requirements applying to consumers’ health and to the environment. Strengthening capacities for the control of agricultural products is a key component in terms of quality and measurement, which should be coordinated and agreed upon across concerned countries. Skills and means related to the process of quality control have thus to be established and harmonized in the region.

    9The accreditation of conformity assessment institutions (calibration and testing laboratories, inspection and certification agencies) is essential. It serves to validate practices and skills (organizational and technical) for quality checking. As illustrated in Figure 1, laboratories play a key role in the reliability of controls. They are called upon at all levels and must ensure ethical, impartial and independent outcomes. Therefore, the accreditation of these laboratories must be considered as a precondition.

    10Control cannot be properly implemented unless the product quality measurement system is itself controlled. Additional resources are necessary for countries to carry out regular and reliable controls.

    Image

    Figure 1
    Links between inspection, certification, producers/industrials and testing and calibration laboratories.

    Ensuring the reliability of controls

    11The ISO\IEC 17025 standard clearly defines the technical requirements relative to testing, analysis and calibration laboratories. In particular, it requires the evaluation of result uncertainty (e.g. samples of an agricultural product) (Charki and Gerasimo, 2012; Charki and Louvel, 2012). To ensure reliable results, it is also important to control all the factors which may influence results (Fig. 2), i.e. equipment, method, product, environment and manpower.

    Image

    Figure 2
    Detailed and up-graded diagram of Ishikawa: 5 basic tools of quality management

    12The following quality requirements are listed in standards ISO/IEC 17025 (2005) and ISO/IEC 17020 (2012) and need to be checked:

    • Traceability requirements
    • Maintenance of the equipment used for the analysis
    • Control of the calibration or verification for measuring instruments
    • Evaluation of uncertainty
    • Assessment of the conformity of samples and equipment, etc.

    13Metrology and quality are thus both joint key factors for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change. They comply with customs’ regulations and considerably decrease sanitary risks linked to the consumption of agricultural products.

    14The equipment used for result reliability (“critical” equipment) needs also to be checked through metrological control. For example, equipment used to analyze pesticide residues or organic contaminants (dioxin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, melamine, anisole, acrylamide, etc.) or for the dosage of mycotoxins and phytotoxyns in foodstuffs for humans and animals (LAB GTA 21 and LAB GTA 26), such as chromatographic columns (liquid or gas, whether coupled or not with mass spectrometry), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, robots of extraction and purification, volumetric instruments and climate chambers.

    Integrating quality and metrology in higher education and agricultural research

    15Since 2005, two associations have promoted awareness-raising activities in their field of expertise in the Euro-Mediterranean region: Quality Association in Research and Higher Education (QUARES, www.quares.fr) and the African Committee of Metrology (CAFMET, www.cafmet.com). The project “Quality in Agricultural Higher Education in the Mediterranean area” (QESAMED, www.qesamed.eu), selected in the 6th call for proposals of the European Tempus IV program, was developed in conjunction with the meetings organized by these groups.

    16Launched in 2014, the QESAMED project has conducted quality and metrology activities in the Mediterranean area over a three-year period (2014-2016). The main objective was to develop capacities of higher and vocational education systems in French-speaking Maghreb and Middle East countries: Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. The project focuses largely on agriculture, including the food industry, and aims to professionalize quality and metrology training in higher education.

    17The QESAMED project relies on the skills of 23 organizations from 7 different countries, with a threefold purpose:

    1. Ensure the initial training in quality and metrology for agronomy students in the Mediterranean area, including distance-learning training adapted to the context of professionals;
    2. Raise awareness on quality and metrology challenges underlining competitiveness in the agricultural production sector;
    3. Take into account quality and metrology requirements by institutions through research and technology transfer as well as training certification.

    18The project also supports research transfer initiatives for quality procedures and metrology processes. For instance, the Centre for Analysis and Characterization of Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakech is working towards accreditation and benefits from dedicated support (training courses, evaluations, etc.) by European experts.

    19The development of a regional network of expertise on quality and metrology in higher education and research is also necessary. It will support mainstreaming quality control in applied research and production units, and as such contribute to the economic development of Mediterranean countries.

    Conclusion and perspectives

    20Mediterranean countries will be affected by the current ongoing climate changes, and vulnerable populations (e.g. in terms of food security, access to water and energy, etc.), especially in urban areas, will be impacted first.

    21The need for rapid adaptation of the agricultural sector is a vital challenge for sustainable development in the Mediterranean Basin countries. The awareness of managers and decision-makers of the importance of quality and metrology to sustain progress is essential. Skills improvement is necessary, both for strengthening the autonomous control capabilities and for enforcing the efficiency of innovation and applied research. These skills will contribute to the new paradigm of the ecological transition and ensure the development of a new, more efficient and environmentally friendly agriculture.

    22By coordinating the efforts of French-speaking countries of the Mediterranean Basin, the European QESAMED project contributes to the development of regional skills on quality and metrology applied to agriculture. Good research practices will enable the development of innovative solutions to best adapt agricultural practices to the challenge of climate change.

    Bibliographie

    References

    Charki A., Gerasimo P., 2012
    Uncertainties of measurement – Concrete applications for tests–Tome 2, EDP Sciences.

    Charki A., Louvel D., 2012
    Uncertainties of measurement – Concrete applications for calibrations–Tome 1, EDP Sciences.

    Himbert M., 2009
    A brief history of measurement, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172, 25-35.

    ISO/IEC 17020, 2012
    Conformity assessment–Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection.

    ISO/IEC 17025, 2005
    General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.

    LAB GTA 21
    Accreditation technical guide for dosage of phycotoxins and mycotoxins in food for humans or animals. French accreditation committee (COFRAC) www.cofrac.fr.

    LAB GTA 26
    Accreditation technical guide for analyses of pesticide residues and organic contaminants in foodstuffs for humans or animals and organic animal matrices. French accreditation committee (COFRAC) www.cofrac.fr.

    Lewis P., Cooke G., 2013
    Developing a lean measurement system to enhance process improvement, International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering, Vol. 4, issue 3.

    Osseni L., Charki A., Kebe F., Calchera G., Martin L. 2015
    Quality management: the challenges of regional governance in West Africa, International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering, Vol. 6, issue 4.

    Auteurs

    • Abderafi Charki

      CAFMET, University of Angers, France
      African Committee of Metrology (CAFMET), University of Angers, Angers, France
      abderafi.charki@univ-angers.fr

    • Vincent Dollé

      CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier, France
      vincent.dolle@yahoo.fr

    • Luc Martin

      CIRAD, Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech, Morocco
      luc.martin@cirad.fr

    • Marc Himbert

      CNAM, France
      marc.himbert@cnam.fr

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    Table des matières

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    Charki, A., Dollé, V., Martin, L., & Himbert, M. (2016). Sub-chapter 3.2.1. Metrology and quality management. In J.-P. Moatti & S. Thiébault (éds.), The Mediterranean region under climate change (1‑). IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.23754
    Charki, Abderafi, Vincent Dollé, Luc Martin, et Marc Himbert. « Sub-Chapter 3.2.1. Metrology and Quality Management ». In The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change, édité par Jean-Paul Moatti et Stéphane Thiébault. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.23754.
    Charki, Abderafi, et al. « Sub-Chapter 3.2.1. Metrology and Quality Management ». The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change, édité par Jean-Paul Moatti et Stéphane Thiébault, IRD Éditions, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.23754.

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    Moatti, J.-P., & Thiébault, S. (éds.). (2016). The Mediterranean region under climate change (1‑). IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.22908
    Moatti, Jean-Paul, et Stéphane Thiébault, éd. The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. Marseille: IRD Éditions, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.22908.
    Moatti, Jean-Paul, et Stéphane Thiébault, éditeurs. The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. IRD Éditions, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.22908.
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