Biographies
p. 291-304
Texte intégral
1These are selected biographies of the main personalities of Indonesian radical Islam. It includes jihadists charged with various bombings that shook Indonesia between 2000 and 2009, and men wanted for suspected involvement in crimes committed by jihadists and still on the run. Also included are some of the founders of Darul Islam from 1940–1950, with or without connection to the Jemaah Islamiyah, as well as activists who merely militate for the implementation of the sharia by constitutional means.
Abdul Aziz alias Imam Samudra
2The brains behind the Bali bombings of October 2002 (202 casualties) and coordinator of the operation, Abdul Aziz was born on 14 January 1970 in Serang, in the region of Banten, West Java. His parents were fervent activists with Persis (Persatuan Islam), an organisation promoting a rationalist but also ‘purifying’ Islam of Wahhabi inspiration. Educated in religious schools (madrasahs), he was a good student and graduated from the Aliyah Negeri madrasah (an Islamic public high school) with honours in 1990. Subsequently he led a madrasah association in Banten (West Java) and came under the influence of the radical Kiai Saleh As’ad, a former Darul Islam militant. He was also influenced at the age of 16 by Abdullah Azzam’s book on the jihad in Afghanistan. He went there via Malaysia in 1990, where he participated in combats and met Osama bin Laden, as he declared during his trial. He was also indicted for the four church bombings of Christmas 2000 in Batam, south of Singapore. According to the International Crisis Group, he was simultaneously a member of Jemaah Islamiyah and of Ring Banten, another group linked to the Indonesian Darul Islam. Arrested shortly after the Bali bombings, he was sentenced to death on 10 September 2003. He expressed no regrets for his actions, which he considered as noble and a pathway to paradise. He managed to publish a book legitimising his ideological path to jihad during his time in prison. He was executed on 9 November 2008.
Abdul Qadir Baraja
3He was a member of the inner circle of Ngruki and a religious teacher in the pesantren. Hailing from the island of Sumbawa, he is said to have been active in the Darul Islam of Lampung (Sumatra), where he lived during the 1970s. He wrote a book entitled Jihad dan Hijrah, inciting Muslims to wage war against the “enemies of Islam” who resisted the application of Islamic law. He was arrested for his participation in the group Teror Warman and was imprisoned for three years. Upon his release, he returned to Lampung where he was re-arrested in 1985 after the bombings of the Buddhist monuments of Borobudur (Central Java) and of Malang (East Java). He was accused of having supplied explosives to Hussein Ali Al-Habsyi (Baraja had sent a letter informing Al-Habsyi of the price of explosives in Lampung). Baraja defended himself by saying that he was only responding to Al-Habsyi’s request and was not aware of the latter’s intentions. He was condemned to 13 years’ imprisonment, increased to 15 years after appeal. His son was supposedly one of the members of the Warsidi group killed in Lampung in 1989. Baraja reappeared in Yogyakarta at the First Congress of Mujahidin in 2000, during which he recounted the efforts of Kartosuwiryo to restablish the caliphate, which had been destroyed in 1924, he said, by a “Western conspiracy”. Since then, Baraja has been in charge of the fatwa department at the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (Majelis Mujahidi Indonesia, MMI).
Abdullah Sungkar
4Co-founder of the Islamic boarding school of Ngruki (pesantren Al-Mukmin), situated in the vicinity of Solo (Central Java), as well as the Pesantren Luqmanul Hakiem in Johor, Malaysia. Born in 1937 to a family of Yemeni origins, important batik merchants based in Solo, he is said to have joined Darul Islam in 1976. He was briefly imprisoned in 1977, then again in 1978, with Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, for his involvement in the violence committed by Komando Jihad and Darul Islam. He started some usroh — small Islamic circles formed along the lines of the Muslim Brotherhood and devoted to the cause of the Islamic state or law — in Jakarta in 1983, but fled to Malaysia in 1985. In 1987 he took charge of international relations for Darul Islam, then founded Jemaah Islamiyah in 1993. He died a month after his return to Indonesia in 1999.
Abdullah Umar
5Religious teacher born in Lamahala (Flores) in 1949. Educated in the pesantren of Gontor (East Java), he started out in the Komando Jihad in Sumatra between 1976 and 1977. He took refuge in Ngruki at the time of the multiple arrests of 1977. He was arrested in 1979 after the murders carried out in Solo by the group Teror Warman and was executed in 1989.
Abu Bakar Ba’asyir
6Without a doubt the most emblematic — and the most controversial — figure of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia after Abdullah Sungkar. Of Yemeni origins, he was born on 17 August 1938 in Jombang (East Java). He lost his father at the age of ten and interrupted his studies two years before graduating from high school. Like Sungkar, he was an activist of Gerakan Pemuda Islam Indonesia (GPII), a youth organisation close to Masyumi, the large Muslim party banned in 1960. Ba’asyir was equally active in the Al-Irsyad organisation, an Islamic structure that draws mainly the Indonesian Arab community. In 1959 he entered the big ‘modernist’ pesantren Gontor, where he studied until 1963. Then he pursued — but did not complete — his studies in the preaching field (dakwah) of the religious university Al-Irsyad in Solo. It was during his stay in this city in the 1960s that he became close to Abdullah Sungkar. In 1967 the two men created a religious radio station, Radio Dakwah Islamiyah Surakarta, then in 1971, the pesantren Al-Mukmin, which moved to Ngruki, at the periphery of the city in 1973. In 1975 the radio station was banned by the authorities. Ba’asyir was arrested along with Sungkar in 1978 for his links with Komando Jihad and Darul Islam, arrests that sparked off a wave of violence including the murder of the vice-rector of the University of Solo and break-ins justified by the Islamic concept of fa’i (robberies authorised for the cause of jihad). Ba’asyir was condemned to nine years of prison for subversion, but in 1982 his sentence was reduced to three years and ten months, the equivalent of the time he had spent in detention. He was thus free until the Supreme Court overturned the ruling of the Court of Appeals. Before he could be re-arrested, however, he fled to Malaysia in 1985, staying for 13 years and only returning to Solo in 1999, after the fall of Suharto. In Malaysia he organised a Darul Islam structure. Ba’asyir was apparently involved in the creation of the International Association of Mujahidins (Robitatul Mujahidin, RM) at the end of 1999. Upon Sungkar’s death, the task of leading Jemaah Islamiyah reportedly fell to him. He subsequently became the emir of the Council of Mujahidins in Indonesia in August 2000. Abu Bakar Ba’asyir was arrested in mid-October 2002 after the Bali bombings. After his first trial, which started in April 2003, he was condemned to four years of imprisonment for “subversion, with the intention of overturning the government” and not “as the leader of a subversive movement, nor for starting a subversive project”. The court recognised his membership in JI but considered the evidence of his involvement as “head” of JI insufficient. In November 2003 his sentence was reduced, upon appeal, to three years, which retained the legal offence of immigration and the falsification of administrative documents. In March 2004 the Supreme Court further reduced the sentence to 18 months. Upon his release, he was re-arrested immediately by the police on the strength of a new dossier built on numerous investigations carried out since the Bali bombings. However, the Constitutional High Court rejected the retroactivity of the new anti-terrorist law, which meant that it could not be applied to the Bali bombings. Unable to act on the evidence gathered for Bali, the police had to fall back on the more recent Marriott bombing. He was sentenced to 30 months of imprisonment and was released in June 2006. He has been giving well-attended public religious lectures ever since but was finally re-arrested in August 2010 for his implication in the creation of a terrorist training camp in Aceh through his new organisation, Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT).
Abu Dujana alias Ainul Bahri
7Born in Cianjur, West Java, on 20 August 1969. He attended state schools and went to Afghanistan in 1989. He is said to have led the Torkham camp until 1995 and in 1999 became instructor in Mindanao. It is believed that he became a JI military leader after the arrest of Abu Rusdan, from 2005 until June 2007. He was arrested in June 2007, accused of heading JI special forces and of providing arms to Poso. He was condemned to 15 years in jail in April 2008.
Abu Rusdan (Rusydan) alias Thoriqudin alias Hamzah
8An important figure in JI and an Afghanistan veteran. During his trial he declared that he had been asked in April 2002 to replace Abu Bakar Ba’asyir as the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia but only stood in for him during a very short period in October 2002, thus implying that Ba’asyir is indeed the emir of Jemaah Islamiyah. However, he denies any link between the organisation and terrorist activities. Born in Kudus (Central Java), son of an ex-fighter of Darul Islam and Hizbullah, Haji Moh. Saleh, he was arrested in the 1980s for his involvement in Komando Jihad. According to ICG, he was in charge of military affairs for Mantiqi II. After his arrest, Hambali apparently declared that Abu Rusdan had obtained the green light from Ba’asyir to carry out the Bali bombings. He was arrested in August 2003 and sentenced to three-and-a-half years’ imprisonment on 25 February 2004.
Agus Dwikarna
9Businessman active within the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI). He was arrested in the Philippines in March 2002 for illegal possession of bombs and suspected participation in the bomb attacks of Jakarta and Manila — based on the information provided by Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi, also arrested in the Philippines. Dwikarna was an activist of HMI-MPO, the association of Muslim students most vehemently opposed to Soeharto on the Pancasila issue. After the fall of Soeharto, he became an active member of PAN, Amien Rais’ Islamic party with a modernist reputation. In 2000 he became the secretary of MMI. He was also in charge of the KOMPAK branch in Makassar, an Islamic charity whose office in Solo financed the Mujahidin KOMPAK which fought in Ambon and Poso. It also produced videos of atrocities (committed, they allege, by Christians) in Poso and Ambon, used for recruitment purposes.
Ali Imron bin Nurhasyim
10One of the three brothers (together with Amrozi and Ali Gufron) involved in the Bali bombings. Born in 1970 and educated in the Muhammadiyah madrasah, he went to Pakistan in 1991 for six months, then to an Abu Sayyaf camp in Afghanistan in 1992. He is a graduate of the Luqman al-Hakiem pesantren. He drove the car used in the bombing and rigged up the bombs in the car with Azahari, as well as Iqbal’s explosive vest. Unlike his brothers, however, he expressed regrets and pleaded for mercy from then President Megawati. He received a life sentence in September 2003.
Amrozi bin Nurhasyim
11Known as the ‘smiling bomber’, he was arrested in November 2002, less than a month after the Bali bombings. Brother of Ali Imron and Ali Ghufron, he was one of the first suspects arrested after the attacks, thanks to the identification of the car used. Born in 1962 in Tenggulun (East Java), Amrozi bin Nurhasyim did not finish his studies at an Islamic high school and left to work in Malaysia for six months. He returned to Malaysia in 1992, where he studied in the Luqman al-Hakiem pesantren in Johor, then returned to Indonesia in 1997. Abdul Azis alias Imam Samudra contacted him in 2000 to assemble the bombs, which he did with chemicals bought using the haul from the break-in of a jewellery shop in Serang. He also supplied the vehicle that was used in Bali. Amrozi made a full confession during his trial. He was sentenced to death in August 2003 and executed in November 2008.
Azahari Husin alias Adam
12The maker of explosive engines used in the bombings of Bali and Jakarta and known for their devastating effects, he was nicknamed ‘the demolition man’. A Malaysian citizen, he studied mechanical engineering in Adelaide University, Australia then furthered his studies at University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) from 1979 to 1984. In 1990 he obtained a doctorate (in property valuation) from Reading University, UK. He returned to Malaysia in 1991 and taught at UTM. In 1996 he lived in Jakarta, then returned to Malaysia, where he was part of the management of the Lukmanul Hakiem pesantren (Johor). He became a military trainer in Mindanao in 1999 and specialised in the fabrication of bombs in Afghanistan in 2000. He was wanted by the police for his involvement in the Christmas 2000 bombings in Batam, the Bali bombings of 2002, the Marriott bombings in 2003 and the bombings in Australia in 2004. Ali Imron testified at the trial that Azahari had assembled the explosive engines in Denpasar (Bali). In May 2003 he was interrogated for hours in Sumatra, but the police did not recognise him and released him shortly after. Topping the list of wanted persons by CIA and security forces in Southeast Asia, he was tracked down by Indonesian police in November 2005 and was killed in a shootout in Batu, Malang, East-Java.
Danu Muhammad Hasan
13Kartosuwiryo’s partner in Darul Islam in the 1950s, he was one of the DI commanders for Tasikmalaya (West Java). He was part of the group of combatants who surrendered to the Indonesian authorities in 1962 and who signed the oath of loyalty to the non-Islamic republic. Accused of being involved in Komando Jihad in the 1970s, he apparently also had links with the Indonesian secret services (BAKIN), whose facilities he shrewdly used to reunite the veterans of Darul Islam, the difficult political context notwithstanding. Imprisoned for his involvement in Komando Jihad, he died under mysterious circumstances after leaving prison.
Daud Beureueh
14Leader of Darul Islam in Aceh in the 1950s. After Kartosuwiryo’s execution in 1962, he is said to have taken over the leadership of Darul Islam and to have been inducted as imam in 1974. He was arrested in May 1978 and placed under house arrest. He died of old age in Aceh in 1993.
Dulmatin alias Joko Pitono, alias Ahmad Noval
15Ex-student of Ngruki, born in 1970 and trained in Afghanistan, he went to Malaysia in 1992 and returned to Indonesia in 1995. Wanted for his participation in the Bali and Marriott bombings, he was also involved in the Christmas bombings of 2000 and, according to Amrozi, in the attack against the ambassador of the Philippines in Jakarta in 2000. After Hambali’s arrest in Thailand, he is said to have become one of Jemaah Islamiyah’s leaders. The Afghan veteran was killed in a raid in Pamulang, south of Jakarta in March 2010. According to the police, Pamulang was a meeting point for an alliance of terror cells from Banten, West Java and Aceh, formed by Dulmatin.
Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi
16Son of a former militant of Indonesian Darul Islam and born in Madiun (East Java), this ex-student of the Ngruki pesantren received military training in Afghanistan in 1990 and was a member of Jemaah Islamiyah, tasked with setting up a military training camp for JI in Mindanao in 1995. He was also an instructor at the Hubaibiyah camp in Mindanao from this period. He was arrested in Manila in January 2002 for the illegal possession of arms and for complicity in the Rizal Day violence in the Philippines on 30 December 2000. He was also involved in the assassination attempt of the Philippines ambassador in Jakarta in 2000 that killed two Indonesians and injured 20 people, including the ambassador. Ghozi is said to have named Abu Bakar Ba’asyir as the head of JI. His father, Zaenuri, had served time for his involvement in Komando Jihad, then went on to work in Malaysia, near the Lukmanul Hakiem pesantren in Johor. His younger brother, Muhajir, also an Afghanistan veteran, is said to be involved in the Christmas 2000 bombings in Mojokerto. Ghozi was sentenced to 17 years in prison, but his sentence was commuted to 6 years and he escaped on 14 July 2003. He was caught and killed by the Philippines army in October 2003, three months after his escape.
Fikiruddin alias Abu Jibril
17Hailing from Lombok, this preacher well known in Yogyakarta in the 1980s is the elder brother of Irfan Awwas Suryahadi. Born in 1957, he is thought to have worked for Ring Condet of Darul Islam in Jakarta between 1984 and 1985. In 1985 he fled to Malaysia and from there, to Afghanistan. Supporter of a specifically Indonesian Darul Islam, Abu Jibril was initially opposed to the idea of an international caliphate but is believed to have come round to the idea after his passage to Afghanistan. He made many trips in and out of Indonesia. A video clip shows him recruiting volunteers to fight in the Moluccas. He has been a member of the executive organ of the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI) since its inception in 2000. Abu Jibril was arrested in Malaysia in 2001. He is accused of trying to establish a Daulah Islamiyah Nusantara, of destabilising Malaysia by preaching jihad and martyrdom, of having led into jihad Malaysian militants who went on to receive military training in the Moluccas. He was released in August 2003 but was detained again for violating immigration laws. Deported to Indonesia in May 2004, he was sentenced to five-and-a-half months in prison and was subsequently freed. Operating under the name Abu Muhammad Jibril Abdurrahman, he is in charge of the department of increasing resources for mujahidins (Departemen Peningkatan Sumber Daya Mujahid) at MMI. His son, Mohammad Jibril, was arrested in August 2009 on suspicion of having helped fund the 17 July 2009 Jakarta bombing.
Hambali alias Riduan Isamuddin
18Considered as the operator of Al Qaeda in Southeast Asia, Hambali is purportedly the key figure in the Jemaah Islamiyah network. He was born in the village of Kapung Pabuaran (West Java) on 4 April 1964. The second in a family of 11 children, he completed his studies in a madrasah in Cianjur in 1984. He became active in GPI, a Muslim youth group in Cianjur, then left for Malaysia where he met Abdullah Sungkar and became his protégé. He spent the years 1987–1989 in Afghanistan. He was supposedly at the helm of Jemaah Islamiyah in Singapore and Malaysia as well as Mantiqi I, but was replaced by Muchlas alias Ali Gufron in this capacity at the end of 2002. Hambali then purportedly became head of operations of Al Qaeda for Southeast Asia. He was arrested in Thailand in August 2003, then detained by the United States. He declared to the American services that he had received 30,000 USD from Al Qaeda to finance the Bali bombings. After its ‘success’, he claimed to have received a donation of 100,000 USD from Al Qaeda: 54,000 USD for JI, 15,000 USD for the families of prisoners and 35,000 USD to finance future terror operations. He is allegedly responsible for 38 bombings in Indonesia in 2000. The police also consider him as the Al Qaeda-linked mastermind of the Bali bombings.
Hispran (acronym for Haji Ismail Pranoto)
19A Darul Islam combatant right till the end, he never surrendered and became one of the most active DI veterans in the reactivation of the movement starting from the late 1960s. Born in Brebes (East Java), he initiated the rebuilding of links between the DI of West Java and Daud Beureueh in Aceh, then recruited new members between 1975 and 1977 in Central Java and East Java, amongst whom were Abu Bakar Ba’asyir and Abdullah Sungkar in 1976, according to the ICG. He was arrested one year later and sentenced to death in 1978 for subversive activities within Komando Jihad. He died in prison in Cipinang, Jakarta before his execution.
Irfan Awwas Suryahardy
20One of the most active militants for the implementation of the sharia in Indonesia, he was one of the co-founders of the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI). Born on 4 April 1960 in the village of Tirpas-Selong, on the eastern side of the island of Lombok, Irfan Awwas studied at the prestigious pesantren of Gontor. Brother of Fikiruddin alias Abu Jibril, he created in Yogyakarta, at the start of the New Order, the Coordinating Body of Indonesian Mosque Youth (Badan Koordinasi Pemuda Masjid, BKPM), one of the most active dakwah groups, which soon adopted the organisational model of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1981 he published a journal, Ar-Risalah (The Bulletin), which was distributed at the Sudirman mosque of Yogyakarta and combined acerbic criticism of Soeharto with interviews of ex-leaders of Darul Islam and citations from Ayatollah Khomeini. Also published were minutes of the trials of Ba’asyir and Sungkar alongside commentaries by human rights activists. His audacity made him a hero amongst the ‘anti-Soehartoist’ students. He was arrested in 1984 and sentenced in 1986 to 13 years of prison for subversion, but he would only serve 9 in all. He was thus in prison when his brother Fikiruddin left fi rst for Malaysia then Afghanistan. He has been the president of the executive committee of the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI) since 2000.
Kahar Muzakkar
21Leader of the Darul Islam rebellion in South Sulawesi in the 1950s, he was born in La Domeng, Luwu (South Sulawesi) on 24 March 1921. Son of a wealthy farmer from the middle aristocracy class, he graduated from a training school for religious teachers run by Muhammadiyah in Solo (Central Java) in 1940. He then returned to Luwu to teach in a Muhammadiyah school but was rejected by the traditional leaders he had accused of feudalism and exiled on an island. An orator who has been compared to Soekarno, he returned to Java in 1943 and engaged in the anti-colonial struggle. He was sent to South Sulawesi in June 1950 to negotiate with the guerrillas but ended up joining them. Having failed in his efforts to incorporate the entire guerrilla in the army (Korps Cadangan Nasional) in 1951, he then led the rebellion and proclaimed Sulawesi as part of the Republik Islam Indonesia in 1952, thus associating with Kartosuwiryo’s Darul Islam but in the name of a ‘Republic’. It was only in August 1953 that he declared his movement as an integral part of the movement for an Islamic State of Indonesia (Negara Islam Indonesia, NII). He was killed in 1965 in a raid led by Mohamad Yusuf, also from Sulawesi and who later became Soeharto’s defence minister. Kahar Muzakkar’s legacy is alive in Sulawesi: his son, Abdul Aziz Muzakkar, is active in Makassar, where he has created the Committee for the Implementation of the sharia (Komite Persiapan Penegakan Syariat Islam, KPPSI), whose objective is to continue Darul Islam’s fights by constitutional means. The young Muzakkar also runs a pesantren in Makassar, an important branch of the Hidayatullah network.
Kartosuwiryo alias Sekarmadji Maridjan
22Founder of the very first rebellion movement in support of an Islamic State of Indonesia (Negara Islam Indonesia, NII), which he proclaimed in 1949, Kartosuwiryo was born on 7 February 1907 in Cepu (Central Java). His father was a civil servant in the Dutch colonial government, which enabled him to attend a Dutch school reserved for the elite. He embarked on medical studies but was expelled because of his political activities. Like Soekarno before him, he lived in Surabaya under the roof of Omar Said Tjokroaminoto, leader of Sarekat Islam (SI), whom he served as private secretary from 1927 to 1929. It was a period when SI was very much weakened by the departure of communist militants and a secularist national movement was emerging under the guidance of Soekarno. Kartosuwiryo was thus somewhat a casualty of the great unfulfilled hopes of SI, whose influence was further reduced by the rise of religious organisations such as Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama. He entered Jong Islamieten Bond, a splinter organisation of Jong Java, as he rejected the latter’s rootedness in Javanese culture and tradition. He was therefore active in SI from a very early period and separated from the Party of the Islamic Association of Indonesia (PSII) of Agus Salim, when the latter accepted integration into the system of representation proposed by the Dutch in 1935. He displayed the same intransigence in 1939 when PSII, led this time by Abikusno Tjokrosujoso, joined an association of Indonesian political parties (Gabungan Politik Indonesia, Gapi). He was expelled and founded a second PSII. But the political situation in Europe was already rendering any political organisation a delicate matter. While he received a Dutch education, his religious education was provided by the founder of SI, Tjokroaminoto, then by two very conservative minor ulama with tendencies towards mysticism in Malangbong, in the Sunda region. It was there that he trained political cadres in his Institut Suffah and led the Hizbullah militia, which was created during the Japanese Occupation. Member of the central committee of the Association of Muslim Organisations (MIAI), he was in the important position of collecting legal alms (zakat) up to October 1945. At the time of agreements between Indonesia and the Netherlands in 1948, Kartosuwiryo decided to pursue the struggle against the Dutch and subsequently against the Indonesian Republic. He proclaimed the Negara Islam Indonesia (NII) in 1949: Muslims must follow Islamic law and the supreme authority must be the Qu’ran and the Hadith. His movement extended not only to West Java but also to Aceh, South Sulawesi and South Kalimantan. Efforts by Mohammad Natsir and Ahmad Hassan, leaders of Masyumi and Persis respectively, to bring Kartosuwiryo round to the cause of the non-Islamic republic were in vain, and the bloody rebellion was a serious obstacle for the young republic for 14 years. Kartosuwiryo was captured and executed in 1962.
Muchlas/Muklas alias Ali Gufron, alias Huda bin Abdul Haq
23One of the perpetrators of the Bali bombings and eldest brother of Ali Imron and Amrozi, he was the leader of Mantiqi I of Jemaah Islamiyah at the time of the Bali bombings and was arrested on 3 December 2002. Born in Tenggulun (East Java) in 1960, he graduated from Ngruki in 1982. He was apparently fluent in Arabic and more pious than most students, going so far as to pray even at night and fast every Monday and Thursday. Muchlas hardly spoke during his interrogations, unlike Imam Samudra and Amrozi. He left early for Malaysia (some time after 1983) and joined the jihad in Afghanistan, returning to Indonesia only after the fall of Soeharto. According to an interview given in 2000 before his arrest, he was in full battle in Afghanistan for four years (1985–1989), fighting for a longer period and more ardently than many others. He might even have led foreign troops against Iranian Shiite incursions in Afghanistan and became quite rich from his share of the spoils of jihad. He took over the leadership of Mantiqi I of Jemaah Islamiyah from Hambali, covering Malaysia and Singapore. He was found guilty of raising the funds for the Bali bombings, of receiving USD 30 500 from Hambali, via the Malaysian Wan Min Bin Wan Mat, of recruiting commando members, and finally of persuading Iqbal to die as a martyr in Bali. He was sentenced to death on 2 October 2003 and executed on 9 November 2008.
Muchliansyah alias Solihin, alias Muklis
24A very active preacher close to Ba’asyir in the 1980s in Yogyakarta, he participated in the creation of the journal Ar-Risalah. He assisted Abdullah Sungkar in the creation of some usroh in Jakarta. He fled to Malaysia with Sungkar and Ba’asyir in 1985–1986 and did not return until 1999. Arrested in 2003 for violating immigration laws, he was released and went on to manage a pesantren in Pulau Baru (South Kalimantan). He has headed the department of financial resources of mujahidins (Departemen Peningkatan Sumber Daya Mujahid) at the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI) since 2000.
Noordin Mohammad Top
25Malaysian member of Jemaah Islamiyah born in 1968 in Johor, he is ac-cused of being the mastermind of the suicide bombings in 2003 (Mariott), 2004 (the Australian Embassy), 2005 (Bali II) and 2009 (Mariott). A graduate of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 1995, he became the director of the Luqmanul Hakiem pesantren. A bombs expert, Noordin Mohammad Top became the head of a violent wing of Jemaah Islamiyah. He was killed in a police raid in Solo on 17 September 2009, following the July 2009 suicide bomb attacks in Jakarta, in which 11 people were killed, including the suicide bombers, and 53 were wounded.
Omar al-Faruq alias Mohamad Assegaf
26A Kuwaiti citizen, he was arrested in Indonesia in June 2002 by the Indonesian authorities on the basis of tapped telephone conversations between him and Agus Dwikarna, an Indonesian citizen who was himself arrested in Manila. Omar al-Faruq was handed over to the American authorities shortly after his arrest. He apparently confessed to the existence of an Islamist network in Southeast Asia, Jemaah Islamiyah, connections to Al Qaeda, as well as to the central role played by Abu Bakar Ba’asyir. He also named JI as being behind the series of bombings in several Indonesian cities during the Christmas of 2000. His accusations have been refuted by the Indonesian Islamists, who claim in turn that al-Faruq is an agent of the American secret services. He also maintained that JI’s operations in Southeast Asia are financed by the al-Haramain foundation, headquartered in Saudi Arabia.
(Habib) Rizieq Shihab
27Leader of Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam, FPI), a militia active in Jakarta specialising in anti-vice (anti-maksiat) raids targeting bars, massage salons, gambling joints, cafes and billiard parlours.
Timsar Zubil
28This former militant of Komando Jihad in Sumatra, Medan and Padang was born in Payakumbuh (West Sumatra). Arrested in 1977 bombs in a Methodist church and a cinema in Medan (West Sumatra). Handed a life sentence, he was freed in 1999 and resurfaced in August 2000 at the Congress of Mujahidin in Yogyakarta. He is supposedly active in the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI) in North Sumatra. bombs in a Methodist church and a cinema in Medan (West Sumatra). Handed a life sentence, he was freed in 1999 and resurfaced in August 2000 at the Congress of Mujahidin in Yogyakarta. He is supposedly active in the Indonesian Council of Mujahidins (MMI) in North Sumatra.
Ja’far Umar Thalib
29Founder and leader of the militia Laskar Jihad active in the Moluccas conflict in 2000–2002. He was born in Malang on 29 December 1961 and is of Yemeni origins. After two years of studies at the Persis pesantren in Bangil (East Java), he ventured to the capital where he studied Arabic at LIPIA, a foundation financed by Saudi Arabia. He took part in the combat in Afghanistan at the end of the 1980s, where he supposedly met Osama bin Laden. He returned to Indonesia at the start of the 1990s and taught at the pesantren of Al-Irsyad in Salatiga, an organisation run by Indonesians of Arab origins. Al-Irsyad reportedly found Ja’far too radical. After many stays in Yemen and Pakistan, he settled down in Indonesia and founded his own Islamic boarding school near to Yogyakarta (Central Java), followed by FKAWJ (Forum Komunikas Ahlu Summah wal-Jama’ah, Followers of the Sunna and the Community of the Prophet). In 1999 he created a militia called Laskar Jihad, whose combatants left for the Moluccas in April to fight the Christians. Arrested in 2001 for organising the whipping of a Laskar Jihad member who had raped a woman, he was released a few weeks later and acquitted in 2003. Since the disbanding of Laskar Jihad in October 2002, Ja’far Thalib has taught in his pesantren in Yogyakarta. After the Bali bombings, he categorically distanced himself from Osama, whom he accuses of being a khariijite (member of an extremist group in early Islam).
Umar Patek
30One of the masterminds of the 2002 Bali bombings, this Jemaah Islamiyah member worked with Dulmatin in Mindanao where he sought refuge with the Abu Sayaf group in 2003. The U.S. government has placed a bounty of USD 1 million on his capture. From their experience in Mindanao, he and Dulmatin have gained extensive knowledge of setting up camps in the middle of the jungle. He has survived intense manhunts by the Filipino security forces and the US military.
Warman Musa
31Darul Islam militant active at the end of the 1970s, he was born in 1929 in Garut (West Java). This ex-soldier sought refuge in Lampung, southern Sumatra in the 1950s, where he was recruited for Komando Jihad operations, including burglaries in the name of jihad (fa’i ). His group was nicknamed ‘Teror Warman’ and he was responsible for several crimes, including the murder of the vice-rector of the University of Solo, who was supposedly behind the arrest of Abu Bakar Ba’asyir and Abdullah Sungkar. He was captured and killed in 1981.
Warsidi
32Leader of the first Islamic community created after the usroh model of the Muslim Brotherhood, an autarky operating out of a hamlet in the province of Lampung (South Sumatra) and associated with the Darul Islam of Jakarta. Warsidi was a key figure in the tragedy of Lampung. After the assassination of the local military commandant by the group in 1989, the hamlet was attacked and destroyed by the army, causing a dozen deaths or more depending on sources.
Zulkarnaen alias Daud, alias Aris Sumarsono
33Some witnesses at the Bali bombings trials have claimed that this Afghanistan veteran was involved in the conception of the Bali bombings and played an important role in Jemaah Islamiyah. Born in 1963, he attended the Ngruki pesantren in 1975. He was a member of the first Indonesian mujahidin groups sent to the Saddah camp in Afghanistan in 1985, led by Abu Sayyaf, where he took over the training of recruits from Southeast Asia. Zulkarnaen is thought to have participated in battles in Afghanistan in 1987. Upon his return to Malaysia, he apparently took over the leadership of the armed section of JI in this zone. Together with Upik Lawangga and Umar Patek, Zulkarnaen is one of the three suspects still at large. Some analysts believe that he is now the highest ranking leader of Jemaah Islamiyah and heads a squad of militants called Laskar Khos, a special force made of Indonesian militants trained in Afghanistan and the Philippines.
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