Glossary1
p. 305-323
Texte intégral
A
1Abangan (J) [red]: usually designates in Indonesia Javanese inclined towards mysticism or kejawen, that is less inclined to Islamic orthodoxy than the santri.
2Adat (A) [habit]: by extension custom; as a source of law, adat or custom is different from hukm (pl. ahkam), rules revealed in the Qu’ran or the Traditions.
3‘Âlim (pl. ‘ulamâ’ ) (A): see Ulama.
4Al-Irsyad: Reformist movement founded at the beginning of the twentieth century by Ahmad bin Soorkati, a Sudanese, specialising in education for the Hadrami community.
5Aliyah (A): madrasah aliyah is an Islamic school at senior secondary school/high school level.
6Amir (A): military leader of a community; designates by extension the political head of an organisation or a party that claims to be Islamic. In Indonesia, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir held the title amir ul-mujahidin of his governing council (Halli wal ‘Aqdi) in the Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI).
7Asas tunggal [sole principle]: President Soeharto’s policy of ideological uniformisation. He imposed the national ideology of Pancasila in 1985 as the sole foundation for political parties and social organisations. Pancasila itself consists of five principles, including the belief in one God.
B
8Badan Komunikasi Pemuda Masjid Indonesia (BKPMI, Coordinating Body of Indonesian Mosque Youth): organisation founded in 1976. Known as BKPM at the regional level.
9Badan Koordinasi Inteligen Negara (BAKIN): coordinating agency of the Indonesian secret services under Soeharto.
10Baraka, barokah (A): religious charisma transmitted by a saint to his descendants and followers.
11Barisan Nasional (National Front): ‘nationalist-secularist’ group of retired generals and nationalist personalities created as a bulwark against the ‘greening’ of the state apparatus in the 1990s.
C
12Center for Information and Development Studies (CIDES): a think tank close to ICMI.
13Center for Policy and Development Studies (CPDS): a think tank close to the army and political Islam in the 1990s.
D
14Dâ‘, dai (A): Muslim preacher.
15Dakwah (A) [invitation]: invitation to accept the word of God, Islam. In the twentieth century, the term is used in the sense of proselytisation and preaching activities.
16Darul Islam (DI, Abode of Islam) (A): name given to the Muslim movement led by Kartosoewiryo in West Java that declared an Indonesian Islamic State (Negara Islam Indonesia) on 7 August 1949, and by extension, to the ensuing rebellion in Aceh, South Sulawesi and Kalimantan.
17Darul Islam-Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI-TII, Abode of Islam, NII army): Darul Islam rebel army.
18Daulah islamiyah (A): Islamic territory, Islamic state. Term used by the Jemaah Islamiyah, different from the Negara Islam of Kartosoewiryo, which recognised the existence of frontiers.
19Daurah (A): circle of usroh cadres in which members participate in lessons and discussions on religious and political themes.
20Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII, Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council): large predication movement founded in 1967 by the reformist Muslims of Masyumi. DDII is a conservative Islamist movement. Its press organ, Media Dakwah, emphasises the superiority of Islam and the threats surrounding it in a world dominated by undercover anti-Islamic forces. Headed by Mohammad Natsir until his death in 1993.
21Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR): Parliament that votes in laws. Composed of 560 members from political parties elected through legislative elections every five years. There are local parliaments at the provincial level (DPRD I) and district level (DPRD II).
22Dhimmî (A), dhimmi: member of non-Muslim communities ‘inferiorised’ but ‘protected’ by the Islamic state.
23Dwifungsi: after 1965, the armed forces institutionalized the theory of dwifungsi (dual function), which replaced the ‘Middle Way’ of General Nasution such that officers may occupy civil posts. Non-military positions for members of the armed forces have been recognised by the Assembly since 1966 and were subsequently legalised. The abolition of dwifungsi was one of the clarion calls of the Reformasi.
F
24Fatwa (pl. fatâwâ) (A): a jurist’s pronouncement on a point of Muslim law (see mufti). In Indonesia, fatwas are pronounced by various religious organisations but have no legal authority.
25Fiqh (A):jurisprudence in Islam. Legal prescriptions pertaining to civil law and the family, inheritance, property, criminal and constitutional law.
26Forum Demokrasi (Group for Democracy):founded in 1991, presided by Abdurrahman Wahid.
27Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jama‘ah (FKAWJ, Followers of the Sunna and the Community of the Prophet): religious group formed by Ja’far Umar Thalib in Yogyakarta, foundation for the militia of Laskar Jihad.
28Forum Ummat Islam Penegak Keadilan dan Konstitusi (FURKON, Forum of the Islamic Community for the Defence of Justice and the Constitution): a new organisation officially created at the Istiqlal Mosque under the patronage of the Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI), which actively supported President Habibie in 1998.
29Front Pembela Islam (FPI, Islamic Defenders Front): militia (vigilante group) founded in 1998 by Habib Rizieq Shihab, its president.
G
30Gabungan Usaha Perbaikan Pendidikan Islam (Guppi, Associaton for the Improvement of Islamic Education): Islamic organisation under the influence of Golkar since the start of the New Order.
31Gerakan Pemuda Ansor/ Ansor: name of the traditionalist Islamic youth movement linked to the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU).
32Gerakan Pemuda Islam Indonesia (GPII, Youth Movement of Masyumi): former youth organisation of Masyumi whose legacy DDII circles try to maintain. After the ban on Masyumi, it survived under the name of Gerakan Pemuda Indonesia (GPI).
33Golongan Karya (Golkar, Functional Groups): governmental party formed under the New Order. It obtained 60–70 per cent of the votes in the legislative elections between 1971 and 1998. After Reformasi, its share dropped to 22 per cent in the first free elections of 1999. It rebounded to become the main political party in the elections of 2004 with 21.6 per cent of the votes, descending again to 14.5 per cent in 2009, second after President Susilo’s Partai Demokrat.
H
34Hadith (A): traditions recounting the actions or words of the Prophet or his tacit approval of words or acts effected in his presence.
35Haji (A): title of one who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
36Hajj (A): the pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam.
37Halaqah (A): literally ‘circle’. Meetings for religious and sometimes political debates.
38Hidayatullah: network of pesantren, founded in East Kalimantan at the beginning of the 1970s.
39Himpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia (HMI, Association of Muslim Students): influential modernist Muslim student association. Himpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia-Majelis Penyelamat Organisasi (HMI-MPO, Association of Muslim Students-Council to Save the Organisation): a scission of HMI as MPO rejected Soeharto’s 1985 policy of ideological uniformisation.
40Hizbullah (A): Muslim militia formed during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia, armed wing of the Masyumi party during the fight for independence.
41Hizb-ut Tahrir, Hizbut Tahrir (Liberation Party): appeared in Indonesia in the early 1980s. While not officially the Indonesian branch of the international organisation with the same name based in Jordan, it shares a common central objective: the establishment of a new caliphate uniting the entire Muslim world. Operating underground for more than 20 years, Hizb-ut Tahrir developed within the tarbiyah movement, especially in the universities and institutes of technology. Since 1998, it has organised regular mass demonstrations and was particularly active in the mobilisation against the war in Iraq. It has retained a certain penchant for covertness, no doubt out of fear of the suppression that several homonymous movements in the Muslim world have faced.
42Hudud (sg. hadd ) (A) [limit]: punishment laid out by Islamic law for specific crimes considered as offences against Allah, such as for fornication (flagellation) or for theft (chopping off of the hand).
I
43‘Îd al-fitr, idulfitri (A): celebration to mark the end of Ramadan.
44Ijmâ‘ (A) [consensus]: the third source of Muslim law after the Qu’ran and the Sunna. Consists traditionally of the consensus of the ulama.
45Ijtihad (A): in Islamic law, the use of individual reasoning; use of the method of reasoning by analogy. The scholar qualified to do so is the mudjtahid. It was al-Shafi’i (d. 820) who rejected the use of discretionary reasoning in religious law and who identified the legitimate function of ijtihad with the use of qiyas, which consists of drawing conclusions by the analogy method or by systematic reasoning based on the Qu’ran and the Sunna of the Prophet. Towards the middle of the ninth century AD, the idea that only the scholars of the past had the right to practise ijtihad was instilled.
46Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim se-Indonesia (ICMI, Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals): founded in 1990 by B.J. Habibie, President of the Republic of Indonesia from May 1998– October 1999.
47Ikhwan Muslimin (A) (Muslim Brotherhood): Islamist transnational organisation founded in Egypt.
48Ikhwânî: an organisation close to or similar to the Muslim Brotherhood.
49Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN, State Institute of Islamic Studies): Tertiary-level institution of higher Islamic learning dependent on the Ministry of Religions and where teachers are civil servants. The first IAIN was created in 1952. The four largest IAIN have been transformed to State Islamic Universities (Universitas Islam Negeri, UIN).
50International Crisis Group (ICG): independent organisation based in Brussels, working towards conflict resolution in the world with analysts present in more than 30 countries. ICG has offices in more than 12 countries including Jakarta. It is financed by many governments and humanitarian organisations throughout the world.
51Islam Liberal (Islib): See Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL).
J
52Jâhiliyya (A): state of ‘ignorance’ prior to conversion to Islam.
53Jakarta Charter [Piagam Jakarta]: controversial accord of the 1945 Constitution between representatives of secularist nationalism and leaders of political Islam. Suppressed at the last minute on 18 August 1945, it carried mention of the obligation for Indonesian Muslims to obey the sharia, with no other specification other than “in accordance with the principles of a just and civilised humanity”.
54Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL, Liberal Islam Network): a liberal Islam network grouped around the intellectual Ulil Abshar-Abdalla, amongst others.
55Jemaah Islamiyah (A): 1) term designating in general a community of Muslims; 2) terrorist organisation responsible for several bombings in Bali and in Jakarta (the JW Marriott, the Australian Embassy) between 2002 and 2005. The bombing in 2009 of the JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels in Jakarta was organised by a JI splinter group.
56Jilbab (A): veil covering the head clasped under the chin, an innovation of the late 1970s.
K
57Kafir (A) [ingrate, miscreant]: term applied to non-Muslims, but sometimes also to Muslims considered too liberal by Indonesian radical Islam.
58Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA): Office of Religious Affairs.
59Kejawen (J): from jawi (Javanese), the essence of Javanese culture, all Javanese conceptions and attitudes. For lack of a better alternative, often translated as ‘Javanese philosophy’ (Lombard) or merely ‘Javanism’.
60Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia (KAMI, Indonesian Student Action Front): anti-communist organisation active after 1965, supported the army during the change in power.
61Kharijite: an Islamic sect that emerged in the late seventh century AD contesting the succession of the caliphate.
62Kiai (J): title given to Muslim scholars or Sufi sheikhs in Java, or to respected personalities with religious charisma. Use of the term was recently expanded to include charismatic Muslim persons not necessarily with religious knowledge.
63Kitab kuning (A) [yellow books]: classical texts of the various Islamic disciplines, literally ‘yellow books’, from the colour of the paper of the first editions that reached Indonesia from the Middle East.
64Komando Jihad [commando of holy war]: small groups formed in the 1970s by ex- militants of Darul Islam attempting to revive the ideology of an Islamic Indonesian state. Infiltrated by the Indonesian secret services.
65Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus): elite troops in the Indonesian army.
66Komite Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia (KAMMI, Indonesian Muslim Students’ Action Committee): student organisation formed after the fall of President Soeharto that found political expression via Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS).
67Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas dengan Dunia Islam (KISDI, Indonesian Committee for Solidarity with the Muslim World): founded in 1987 by militants from the most conservative wing of DDII and of Muhammadiyah.
68Kompilasi Hukum Islam: term designating the codification of Muslim law (concerning mainly the family) undertaken during the 1980s in Indonesia and implemented in 1991.
L
69Laskar Jihad: FKAWJ militia led by Ja’far Umar Thalib, especially active in the Moluccas conflict from 2000–2002.
70Laskar Mujahidin: general term designating militias other than Laskar Jihad that fought in the Moluccas from 2000–2002.
71Latihan Mujahid Dakwah (LMD): training for preachers implemented in the 1970s by Imaduddin Abdurrahmin at the Salman Mosque of the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), one of the bastions of militant Islamic revival. The three-day training was called ‘training of preacher combatants’.
72Lembaga Dakwah Kampus (LDK): dakwah centres on campus where political Islam re-emerged in the 1980s. As of 1994, these new dakwah cadres succeeded in being elected to senates representing students at the University of Indonesia.
73Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI, Indonesian Institute of Sciences): National Research Centre of Indonesia.
74Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dan Arab (LIPIA, Jakarta Institute of Islamic and Arabic Studies): institute of learning linked to the Al-Irsyad Indonesian reformist movement and to Saudi Arabia.
75M
76Madhhab, mazhab (A): school of Islamic law. There are four schools in Sunni Islam: Shafi’i, Hanafi, Maliki and Hanbali.
77Madrasah (pl. madaris) (A) [seminary]: in the Muslim world, institution of learning in theology and law catering to many levels and training various types of staff for judicial and religious institutions of Muslim communities. In Indonesia, a Muslim school (public or private). After 1975, most have adopted the syllabus of non-religious public schools with, in addition, religious education mostly accounting for 30 per cent of the syllabus.
78Majelis Dakwah Islamiyah (MDI, Council of Islamic Predication): predication body created in 1978 and supported by the government.
79Majelis Islam A’laa Indonesia (MIAI, Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia): federation of Muslim organisations formed in 1937 which subsequently became Masyumi.
80Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI, Indonesian Council of Mujahidins): organisation of Indonesian Islamist militants who came together in August 2000 to struggle for the implementation of Islamic law in Indonesia. It was headed by Abu Bakar Ba’asyir.
81Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR, People’s Consultative Assembly): assembly tasked with electing the president and vice-president and voting the main policy outlines for the Executive and the Parliament (DPR). Under normal circumstances, it is convened every five years.
82Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS, Provisional People’s Consultative Assembly): name given to MPR assemblies held during the post-1965 period of transition.
83Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia (Masyumi Muslims of Indonesia): created in 1943, it became the political party of modernist Muslims until its ban by Soeharto in 1960.
84Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, Council of Indonesian Ulama): semi-official Council of Indonesian Ulama.
85Malapetaka lima belas januari (Malari, the Catastrophe of 15 January 1974): term designating the violent demonstrations that broke out on this date in Jakarta against corruption, abuses of authority by the government and Japanese control over the Indonesian economy.
86Malino: accords that ended — or at least considerably reduced — the conflict in the Moluccas (1999–2002).
87Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF): armed group fighting for independence and an Islamic state in the south of the Philippines.
88Mufti (A) [jurist]: one authorised to deliver fatwas (fatâwâ).
89Muhammadiyah: Muslim organisation founded in 1912 with a ‘reformist’ dimension — purifying the practice of Islam in Indonesia (of customs and Sufism) in line with Wahhabism — and also a ‘modernist’ dimension, multiplying its schools and according more importance to non-religious subjects, thus contributing to the integration of strict Muslim milieux into the national education system. Muhammadiyah’s vote is divided between Islamic parties such as PAN, PPP, PBB and PKS, as well as Golkar.
90Mushrik (A): polytheist.
N
91Nahdlatul Ulama (NU): association of ulama formed in 1926 in East Java to defend traditionalist Islam practices, initially in Arabia where Wahhabism exerted its influence, but also in Indonesia where new reformist Muslim movements tried to cleanse Islam of Sufi practices and challenged the traditionalist’s authority over text interpretations. NU was not resistant to the modernisation of education. One of the co-founders of NU was Hasyim Asy’ari, grandfather of Abdurrahman Wahid who became President of Indonesia from October 1999–July 2001. The political party closest to NU was PKB in 1999, 2004 nd 2009, but NU members also vote for PPP and Golkar, amongst others.
92Negara Islam Indonesia (NII, Islamic State of Indonesia): declared by Kartosoewiryo in 1949. After the execution of its founder in 1962, this Darul Islam movement re-formed covertly under the New Order. In the 1990s the term NII or N sebelas (N eleven) referred to an Islamist grouping.
93Ngruki: name also given to Abu Bakir Ba’asyir’s pesantren Al-Mukmin, after the village where it is located on the periphery of Solo (Central Java).
94Normalisasi Kehidupan Kampus (NKK, Normalisation of Campus Life): designates the increased control over political expression on Indonesian campuses after 1978.
O
95Orde baru [New Order]: regime under Soeharto that progressively replaced the ‘Guided Democracy’ under Soekarno, Orde lama (Old Order) from 1965 to 1968, and which ended with the fall of Soeharto in May 1998.
P
96Padri: designates the Muslim Reformists involved in the war of Minangkabau in West Sumatra in the first half of the nineteenth century. The term comes from the expression ‘orang Pidari ’ or ‘men of Pidari’, in reference to the port of Pidie from where pilgrims left for Mecca.
97Pam Swakarsa Umat Islam (or Pamswakarsa, abbreviation of Pasukan Pengamanan Swakarsa Umat Islam, private security groups of the Muslim community): militias put in place during President Habibie’s rule and which were particularly active in November 1998, during the convening of the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR).
98Pancasila (S): national ideology since 1945, from the Sanskrit panca (five) and sila (principles). The latest version of Pancasila comprises: 1) belief in one God, 2) just and civilised humanity, 3) Indonesian unity, 4) democracy conducted with wisdom in accord and representation, 5) social justice.
99Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN, National Mandate Party): close to Muhammadiyah in the post-Soeharto period.
100Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB, Crescent Star Party): close to DDII, calls for the implementation of the sharia. A very minor but vocal party.
101Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI, Indonesian Democratic Party) and Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P, Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle): one of the political parties that pushed for Reformasi. Minority party under the New Order and heir of nationalist, secular and Christian parties forced to merge in 1973, it gained in strength after the election of Megawati Soekarnoputri as its leader in 1993. Megawati’s PDI later took on the name of PDI-P, adding the P for Perjuangan (Struggle).
102Partai Demokrat (PD, Democratic Party): new party created before the elections of 2004 under the guidance of General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who became elected Indonesia’s President in 2004 and 2009.
103Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS, Prosperous Justice Party): new name of Partai Keadilan (PK, Justice Party). Emerged from the usroh/tarbiyah movement. Its share of votes (then PK) went from 1.3 per cent in 1999 to more than 7 per cent in 2004 and 2009.
104Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Parmusi, Indonesian Muslim Party): modernist Islamic party founded in 1968 after the government refused to rehabilitate Masyumi, which was banned by Soekarno in 1960. Muhammadiyah disengaged itself from Parmusi in 1970.
105Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP, United Development Party): sole Muslim party authorised under the Soeharto regime.
106Partai Rakyat Demokratik (PRD, Democratic People’s Party): small leftist party in 1999.
107Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (PSII, Indonesian Islamic Association Party): heir of Sarekat Islam (SI, Islamic Association), the first and largest mass Muslim nationalist organisation. In 1973, it had to integrate with PPP and took up its old name, Sarekat Islam.
108Pelajar Islam Indonesia (PII, Association of Muslim High School Students): Muslim high school and college students’ association.
109Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI, Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia): opposition government that arose against Soekarno and the rising Communist Party in 1958 in West Sumatra. It was suppressed within a few months.
110Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia (PMII, Muslim Students of Indonesia Movement): student organisation of Nahdlatul Ulama.
111Pesantren (J): Islamic boarding school founded by a kiai, initially in villages far from the cities. The students, santri, are boarders and used to take charge of the housekeeping and cooking themselves.
112Pesantren kilat (J): intensive religious class dispensed over a short period, often during the month of Ramadan.
113Persatuan Islam (Persis, Islamic Union): created in 1923 in Bandung, this radical reformist movement to which Mohammad Natsir, Prime Minister in 1950, belonged, wielded an important influence on Indonesian Islam.
114Piagam Jakarta: see Jakarta Charter.
115Piagam Madinah: Medina Charter, concept proposed in 2002 by PKS to replace the Jakarta Charter, which accords each religion equal treatment and allows it to implement its own religious law, including the sharia for Muslims.
116President of the Republic: the 1945 Constitution introduced a presidential regime but the president’s powers have been considerably reduced since 1999. The MPR has the power to strip the president of his powers — as it did on 23 July 2001 when it cut short Abdurrahman Wahid’s mandate.
117Pribumi (J): ‘son of the soil’ or native Indonesian, used in particular to discriminate against Chinese Indonesians.
R
118Reformasi: name given to the ‘reform’ movement that arose in 1998 in Indonesia, encompassing not only a change in government but also a long-term reform of institutions, moving towards greater democracy.
119Remaja masjid [youth of the mosques]: groups of youths rallied around a mosque.
120Rois aam (A): supreme leader, the highest position within Nahdlatul Ulama.
S
121Salaf (A) [old]: in Indonesia, older type of pesantren where non-religious education is absent or minimal.
122Salafiyya (A): movement of the modern era born in the nineteenth century that aimed to reconcile Islam and modernity and advocated a return to Islam of the beginnings — that of the Prophet and his companions (salâf ). It was highly critical of theologians and Sufi practices. In the past decades, the term ‘Salafism’ or ‘Salafist’ denotes rather the most strictly puritanical Salafists.
123Santri (J): student of pesantren, Islamic boarding schools in Java; praticising Muslims (as opposed to abangan).
124Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association): nationalist movement created in 1912 in Surabaya, evolving from Sarekat Dagang Islam, an association of Muslim merchants and traders. It later became a political party and merged with other parties within PPP in 1973. See Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (PSII).
125Shafi’i school of law: according to the jurist Shafii’i, one of the four major theological and law schools of Sunni Islam, largely the majority in Indonesia and present in all of Southeast Asia and in the Northern Caucasus (Daghestan). Characterised by a certain literalism and puritanism. Also called Shafi’i School.
126Sharia (A): Islamic law, that is, the rules revealed in the Qu’ran and the Traditions forming the basis of Islamic law, thus a general term to designate divine law in its entirety. Islamists sometimes use it in the narrow sense of ‘punishments’ (hudûd ).
127Sheikh (A): in Sufism, spiritual authority heading a mystic Muslim order or one of its branches.
128Shirk (A): associationism or association of God with other divinities or with Man, condemned by Islam as being contrary to the principle of monotheism (tauhid ).
129Shûrâ (A): the principle of consultation.
130Sunna (A): normative custom or precedent based on the example of the Prophet Muhammad, consigned by the traditionists after the death of the Prophet. Imam al-Shafi’i introduced its acceptation as the basis of Islam after the Qu’ran.
131Syuriah (A): supreme council of Nahdlatul Ulama, composed exclusively of ulama with recognised religious knowledge.
T
132Tafsir (A): commentary of the Qu’ran.
133Tahlilan (A): prayers recited for the deceased.
134Tanfidziyah (A): executive body of some Muslim organisations (NU, MMI).
135Tarekat (A): 1) ‘path’ that leads to God through mystic knowledge; 2) religious brotherhood or mystic order.
136Tasawwuf (A): the act of devoting oneself to the mystic life, of becoming a Sufi.
137Tauhid, tawhid (A): uniqueness of God, monotheism.
138Transmigrasi [Transmigration]: government programme to displace populations from overpopulated islands such as Java to less densely populated islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, etc.).
U
139Ulama: Muslim scholar mastering Islamic religious sciences. sing. ‘âlim. In Indonesian, ‘ulama’ is both singular and plural.
140Umma : the entire Muslim community (in Indonesian, umat islam).
141Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN, State Islamic University): name given after 1998 to major institutes of higher Islamic learning, previously called IAIN.
142Usroh (A) [family]: organisation concept based on the Muslim Brotherhood model where militants learn to live fully in accordance with the rules of Islam in small groups of 10–15 persons.
143Ustad (A): religious teacher, title often given to non-Javanese ulama or to new religious preachers or teachers trained outside of a traditional pesantren.
W
144Wakaf, waqqf (A): property donated for religious purposes, which cannot be sold or transferred.
145Wali (A): designates a saint in Islam. One who is ‘close to God’.
Z
146Zakat (A): religious tax due annually at a rate of 2.5 per cent of the disposable income.
147Zinâ (A): sexual relations considered illicit by Islamic law, including adultery, fornication, prostitution, homosexuality and all extra-marital sexual relations.
148Ziarah, ziyârâ, (A): (non-canonical) pilgrimage, generally to the tomb of a saint.
Notes de bas de page
1The etymology of the terms cited in this glossary is indicated in parentheses: J = Javanese, A = Arab, S = Sanskrit.
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Licence OpenEdition Books. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
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