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Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines
Préambule : repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines
Introduction
The Ritual Frame and the Limits of Spatial Enclosure in the Early Modern City
Of Aryan Origin(s), Western Canon(s), and Iranian Modernity
Les frontières de la Renaissance
Introduction
On the Modern Cult of Authenticity: Prolegomena to a Study of Berlin’s Pergamon Museum
Building Commodity: Consumption/Production of a Nineteenth Century Ottoman/British “Iron House for a Corn-Mill”
Traveling Words and Images: The Question of “Foreignness” in the History of Modern Architecture in Turkey
Spatial Structures in Colonial Latin America, New Perspectives in Urban Historiography
L’espace construit en Amérique latine coloniale. Perspectives d’étude
Indigenous Contributions to City Planning in New Spain
Settlements for the Indigenous Population in Portuguese America
Colonial Settlement Planning of the Andes in Space and Time
Colonial Settlements in the Río de la Plata: Between Transference and Development of Spanish Urban Models
Introduction
Critique of Industrialization and Non-Institutional Architecture: Architectural Exhibition by the Tallinn School in 1978
Introduction
Les grands concours internationaux (1895-1914) : vecteurs parallèles de diffusion de l’architecture française ?
Rewriting Congo’s Colonial Past: History, Memory, and Colonial Built Heritage in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Looking at Collaboration as a Key to Creative Expression: The Case of Colonial Architecture
Actors and Vectors: Towards Alternate Histories of the City-Building Process
Histoire de l’architecture contemporaine en Méditerranée : questions de méthode et d’historiographie
A Sense of Place: A Treatise on Prostitution in Seventeenth-Century Paris
Toward a Critical Historiography of Islamic Architecture
Le néoclassicisme n’est pas un classicisme. Une mutation dans les livres d’architecture
L’histoire de l’architecture et du design au XIXe siècle : avant et après l’authenticité
Introduction
Stratégies éditoriales et architectures de l’histoire : Louis Hautecœur et Gérard Van Oest, un dessein partagé
Architecture, Regionalism, and the Vernacular:Reconceptualizing Modernism in America
Phenomenology and the Rise of the Architect-Historian
Les temps de l’architecture gothique dans les Alpes occidentales : les limites impossibles
Spécialisation des disciplines et enseignement de l'Antiquité : glissements du centre de gravité entre Vienne et l'Italie
Styles et périodisation : méthodes croisées dans l’approche de l’architecture des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Méthodologie du Goût à la grecque sous Louis XV
Jacques-François Blondel à son apogée (1749-1756)
Un laboratoire des styles : les académies dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle ?
De la rupture au progrès (1840-1860)
Une option stylistique minoritaire : le néo-arabe, à travers l’architecture des halles métalliques en Espagne au XIXe siècle
L’Orientalisme, entre connaissance et réinterprétation de l’architecture islamique
Le temps n’a pas de frontières : le cas de l’histoire de l’architecture (1570-1670)
La configuration architecturale de la ville et de sa périphérie au Moyen Âge : la dynamique des limites
Le Vexin français : reflets de l’architecture défensive en milieu urbain et périurbain à la fin du Moyen Âge
Introduction
Les Français et les antiquités de la Gaule : l’émergence de la conscience antiquaire à la Renaissance
Introduction
Que faire de l’édifice-événement ?
Questioning Authenticity
Le patrimoine architectural moderne en contexte africain
L’architecture des années 60 : quand l’histoire est dépassée par le patrimoine
L’enclos comme parcelle et totalité du monde : pour une approche holistique de l’art des jardins1
L’historiographie, la réception et les restaurations de deux architectures des années 1730 : la fontaine du Gros-Horloge à Rouen et la façade de l’Ancienne Comédie à Avignon
La fortune d'une production ordinaire : les immeubles parisiens d'Albert-Joseph Sélonier (1858-1926)
Introduction
Architecture, rhétorique et création littéraire au XVIe siècle
Architecture et droit : mimesis théoriques et liaisons pratiques
L'inadaptation des limites géographiques et historiques comme reflet d'une confusion des limites disciplinaires ?
Introduction
Architecture and the Genres of History Writing in Ecclesiastical Historiography
Deconstructing the Doctrine of Disegno
The London Conceptualists: Architecture and Conceptual Art in the 1970s
Controverses autour de l’axe héliothermique : l’apport de la simulation physique à l’analyse des théories urbaines
Analyser à l’aide de modèles électroniques tridimensionnels. Les piliers de la chapelle de la Vierge de la cathédrale de Rouen
Digitalizing the Dutch. About interactivity versus boundaries and other ways to present and read architectural history
Reordering the Past: Monuments and Architectural Heritage in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Architecture, Hybridity, and Post-Apartheid Design
Introduction
Le projet de réhabilitation de Porto-Novo (Bénin) : objectifs en termes de conservation et de développement durable
Réhabilitation des centres urbains historiques : apport pour le développement local
Quelques expériences sur la gestion des centres historiques en Amérique latine
Conclusion : inventaire des questions mentionnées au cours de l'atelier à propos de la réhabilitation des centres urbains historiques dans un contexte de développement économique
Introduction
Fact and fiction: documents of the development of Parisian urban design history
The Birth of Urban Design History out of the Spirit of Multidisciplinarity
Le romantisme espagnol et l’historiographie de l’architecture
Repenser les limites de l’architecture : un acte politique
Résumés / Abstracts
- Table des matières
Préambule
Alice Thomine-Berrada et Barry BergdollPréambule : repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines
Actes du colloque qui s’est tenu à Paris, les 31 août-3 septembre 2005
Limites spatiales
Eve BlauIntroduction
Jean GuillaumeLes frontières de la Renaissance
Complexité des géographies : situer les différences en histoire de l'architecture
Belgin Turan Ozkaya et Elvan Altan ErgutIntroduction
S. M. Can BilselOn the Modern Cult of Authenticity: Prolegomena to a Study of Berlin’s Pergamon Museum
Structures territoriales des colonies d'Amérique latine : nouvelles perspectives historiographiques en architecture et urbanisme
Catherine R. Ettinger-McEnultySpatial Structures in Colonial Latin America, New Perspectives in Urban Historiography
Structures territoriales des colonies d’Amérique latine : nouvelles perspectives historiographiques en architecture et urbanisme
Guadalupe Salazar-GonzálezL’espace construit en Amérique latine coloniale. Perspectives d’étude
Eugenia María Azevedo-Salomao et Catherine R. Ettinger-McEnultyIndigenous Contributions to City Planning in New Spain
Andrey Rosenthal Schllee et Marília Maria Brasileiro Teixeira ValeSettlements for the Indigenous Population in Portuguese America
Alberto NicoliniColonial Settlement Planning of the Andes in Space and Time
Luis María Calvo, Adriana Collado et Luis Alberto MüllerColonial Settlements in the Río de la Plata: Between Transference and Development of Spanish Urban Models
Architecture socialiste, entre isolement et fascination
Carmen PopescuIntroduction
Dynamiques transnationales : nouvelles approches de la modernité et des terrains coloniaux
Mercedes VolaitIntroduction
Marie-Laure Crosnier-LeconteLes grands concours internationaux (1895-1914) : vecteurs parallèles de diffusion de l’architecture française ?
Espaces, rituels, pratiques
Limites temporelles
Nasser RabbatToward a Critical Historiography of Islamic Architecture
Jean-Philippe GarricLe néoclassicisme n’est pas un classicisme. Une mutation dans les livres d’architecture
Stefan MuthesiusL’histoire de l’architecture et du design au XIXe siècle : avant et après l’authenticité
Borders in time: 19th Century architectural history, before and after
Histoire, Historiens
Jean-Louis CohenIntroduction
Antonio BrucculeriStratégies éditoriales et architectures de l’histoire : Louis Hautecœur et Gérard Van Oest, un dessein partagé
Jorge Otero-PailosPhenomenology and the Rise of the Architect-Historian
La phénoménologie et l'émergence de l'architecte comme historien
Martine JullianLes temps de l’architecture gothique dans les Alpes occidentales : les limites impossibles
Repenser le XIXe siècle : reflets du débat européen sur l'Italie
Styles et périodisation : méthodes croisées dans l'approche de l'architecture des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Daniel Rabreau et Jean-Michel LeniaudStyles et périodisation : méthodes croisées dans l’approche de l’architecture des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Styles and periodisation : inter-related methodologies for understanding 18th and 19th Centuries Architecture
Daniel RabreauMéthodologie du Goût à la grecque sous Louis XV
Edoardo PiccoliJacques-François Blondel à son apogée (1749-1756)
Jean-Michel LeniaudDe la rupture au progrès (1840-1860)
La configuration architecturale de la ville et de sa périphérie au Moyen Âge : la dynamique des limites
Brigitte Boissavit-Camus et Panayota VoltiLa configuration architecturale de la ville et de sa périphérie au Moyen Âge : la dynamique des limites
Architectural structure of cities and their peripheries during the Middle Ages: Dynamic Boudaries
Architecture et archéologie à la Renaissance
Frédérique LemerleIntroduction
Repenser les limites temporelles : l'histoire de l'architecture et le défi du patrimoine moderne
Maristella CasciatoIntroduction
Gérard MonnierQue faire de l’édifice-événement ?
Hilde HeynenQuestioning Authenticity
Lazare EloundouLe patrimoine architectural moderne en contexte africain
Limites disciplinaires
Hervé Brunon et Monique MosserL’enclos comme parcelle et totalité du monde : pour une approche holistique de l’art des jardins
The enclosure as plot and as totality of the world: towards a holistic approach to the art of gardens
Fortune, infortune de l'architecture
Architecture, sciences, sciences humaines
David Van ZantenIntroduction
Robert Carvais et Dirk Van de VijverArchitecture et droit : mimesis théoriques et liaisons pratiques
Reconsidérer les frontières disciplinaires de l'architecture du XVIe et XVIIe siècles en Italie
Caroline Van EckIntroduction
Lionel DevliegerDeconstructing the Doctrine of Disegno
Les années 1970 : penser le futur, la communauté et la technologie en architecture et en urbanisme
Sandra Kaji-O’GradyThe London Conceptualists: Architecture and Conceptual Art in the 1970s
Amina Harzallah, Daniel Siret, Eric Monin et al.Controverses autour de l’axe héliothermique : l’apport de la simulation physique à l’analyse des théories urbaines
Markus SchlichtAnalyser à l’aide de modèles électroniques tridimensionnels. Les piliers de la chapelle de la Vierge de la cathédrale de Rouen
Margit Tamás et Ir Héctor GiróDigitalizing the Dutch. About interactivity versus boundaries and other ways to present and read architectural history
Histoire de l'architecture de l'Afrique du Sud après l'Apartheid
Sabine MarschallReordering the Past: Monuments and Architectural Heritage in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Jonathan NobleArchitecture, Hybridity, and Post-Apartheid Design
Histoire de l'architecture et mise en valeur du patrimoine : pour un dialogue entre restaurateurs et économistes
Christine MenginIntroduction
Alain GodonouLe projet de réhabilitation de Porto-Novo (Bénin) : objectifs en termes de conservation et de développement durable
L'histoire de l'urbanisme comme domaine inter-disciplinaire : franchissements de frontières dans les années de formation (1890-1940)
Wolfgang SonneIntroduction
Conclusion
- imprimer
- Citer
Référence électronique du chapitre
PERITON, Diana. Fact and fiction: documents of the development of Parisian urban design history In : Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005 [en ligne]. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, 2005 (généré le 29 mars 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/inha/1611>. ISBN : 978-2-917902-64-6. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.inha.1611.Periton, D. 2005. Fact and fiction: documents of the development of Parisian urban design history. In Thomine-Berrada, A., & Bergdol, B. (Eds.), Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art. doi :10.4000/books.inha.1611Periton, Diana. “Fact and fiction: documents of the development of Parisian urban design history”. Thomine-Berrada, Alice, et Barry Bergdol. Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, 2005. Web. <https://books.openedition.org/inha/1611>.Référence électronique du livre
THOMINE-BERRADA, Alice (dir.) ; BERGDOL, Barry (dir.). Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, 2005 (généré le 29 mars 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/inha/30>. ISBN : 978-2-917902-64-6. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.inha.30.Thomine-Berrada, A., & Bergdol, B. (Eds.) 2005. Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art. doi :10.4000/books.inha.30Thomine-Berrada, Alice, et Barry Bergdol, ed. Repenser les limites : l’architecture à travers l’espace, le temps et les disciplines : 31 août - 4 septembre 2005. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, 2005. Web. <https://books.openedition.org/inha/30>.Compatible avec Zotero - Partager URL :
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Fact and fiction: documents of the development of Parisian urban design history
Résumé
“Few things in the history of humanity are as well known to us as the history of Paris. Tens of thousands of volumes are dedicated solely to the investigation of this tiny spot on the earth’s surface” (Walter Benjamin). Marcel Poëte, when he became librarian of the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris in 1903, saw cataloging this literature as one of his main tasks. This paper investigates how, by analyzing the contents of each cataloged work, Poëte sought to give the study of the city’s history the status of a science, a discipline with its own methods that would allow its facts to be verified and classified, and generalizations to be drawn from them. The Bibliothèque historique, and its associated Service historique would make historical data available to Paris’ municipality, as well as identify patterns or laws of transformation. In this way, it would be fully implicated in the study of the development of cities, i.e., the nascent science of urbanism.
1In 1903, historian/archivist Marcel Poëte became the new librarian of the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris (BHVP). In 1917, this history library became by municipal decree the Institut d’histoire, de géographie et d’économie urbaines de la ville de Paris. By 1919 it was the main base of the new Ecole des Hautes Etudes Urbaines, directed by Poëte. This paper explores the transformation of the library from passive receptacle of historical documents to active urban institute, not through external factors, such as the need to train those who might rebuild, develop and manage the modern French city after the First World War, but through the role Poëte gave to the documents themselves, and the way he sought to use them to create a particular urban narrative.
2The extent to which Paris has continually documented its own existence is extraordinary.
“Few things in the history of humanity are as well known to us as the history of Paris,” wrote Benjamin in his Arcades Project. “Tens of thousands of volumes are dedicated solely to the investigation of this tiny spot on the earth’s surface. Authentic guides to the antiquities of the city appear as early as the 16th century. The catalogue [of Napoleon III’s] library contains nearly 100 pages under the rubric ‘Paris’, and this collection is far from complete.”1
3When he arrived at the BHVP, Poëte saw the cataloging of these volumes as one of his main tasks. The library contained (and still contains) histories and chronicles of Paris, guides, maps, monographs on neighborhoods or buildings, biographies of Parisian figures, architectural treatises, books of heraldry and genealogy, histories of art and literature, of theater and music, tableaux depicting Parisian fashions, morals and customs. It held local archives and private papers, photographs and postcards, newspapers, journals and fliers. Poëte was particularly concerned to accumulate such fleeting accounts of current events, since they would constitute the historical documents of the future.2
4The library contained knowledge but hid it. The large tomes of the existing catalog, divided into 12 separate subject areas with 160 subdivisions, had not been maintained. Poëte proposed they should be gradually replaced with a card catalog recording items alphabetically by author and subject matter. Most importantly, each item would be given a bibliographical notice, an analytical summary of its contents recorded atomistically. The previous pre-ordained topical synthesis of Parisian history would be reformulated as a vast array. It would thus allow for endless “fusion[s] of record cards”3 in interdisciplinary crossreferencing in which, for example, geological facts might be connected to legal facts, or literary movements to historical events.
5From 1895, Paul Otlet had posited the importance of the bibliographical catalog in his attempt to set up a ‘Universal Bibliographic Repertory’ in Brussels. It was intended to facilitate the advancement and propagation of knowledge. Otlet’s model for furthering knowledge was the natural sciences, in which carefully observed, analysed and catalogued facts have subsequently been integrated into sequences, the combination of [which] has naturally led to the enunciation of laws, partial at first, general later.4
6The bibliographic record would systematically render all knowledge from any field into items of information and interpretation, separating substance and padding,5 so that areas with insufficient facts might be identified, and sequences, then laws, might be deduced.
7For Poëte, the knowledge to be advanced and propagated was that of the history of Paris. Since 1898, the job of chief librarian had been combined with that of inspector of the Service historique de la ville de Paris; Poëte took this to mean that the library should no longer be simply a store of indexed information, but also a centre of historical research and history writing. Poëte hoped to turn it into a “living centre of Parisian history,”6 frequented by both amateurs and professionals. He instituted two courses, a series of public history lectures that began in 1904, and from 1906 a specialist seminar to train historiographers, librarians, and archivists of the future.
8In both, he emphasized bibliography. To study Paris’ history scientifically, an analytical list of documents relating to the subject should be drawn up. As one of Poëte’s heroes of history writing, Fustel de Coulanges, put it:
9history arrives at its goal only through the study of facts. But these facts do not present themselves directly. Because they are in the past . . . the historian is never truly in their presence; he can only grasp them through the documents that remain, the witnesses.7
10Poëte places written documentary sources into different classes, ranging from archive pieces, the “solid foundation of history,”8 its basis of facts that have not been fashioned, through histories or chronicles from which facts must be extracted and verified, to literary sources, the “least profitable” of written documents, which are primarily a source of impressions.9 To these written sources are added objects—buildings, works of art, inscriptions, etc.—also sources that need to be decoded.
11In 1906, Poëte introduced a third category of historical source, that of the “topographical document,” geological or archaeological, which provides information about the “ground” of a place. As contemporary historians and geographers were increasingly concerned to show, the history of a people could not be separated from that of a place’s concrete existence.10 To use Poëte’s words, “it is the earth which begets habitat.”11 In trying to establish a modern historiography of Paris, Poëte began his account with the emergence of a series of islands from the Seine’s primeval waters; as the river found its course, “the earth of Paris was constituted, and man appeared.”12 The Ile de la Cité marked a defensible point at which a natural route between hills to north and south met the transverse flow of the river, and thus constituted the birthplace of the cité, the collectivity, of Paris.
12As Fustel de Coulanges had so succinctly put it, a fact in itself is not history; it is at best mere anecdote. History as a method requires that hypotheses should be made about relationships between empirically derived facts.13 The relationship between the geological and geographical facts of a place and the actions of its people leads to the transformation of both—topography is physically altered, and the possibilities and expectations of its occupants change. In his lectures, Poëte established topography first, then peopled it with those whose needs and desires involved it in persistent “urban transformation.”14 To geological surveys, archaeological digs and historical maps were added archives and chronicles that documented economic and artistic activity, resulting in new urban forms. These forms, captured in mémoires, engravings, buildings, etc. then became the topographical ground for the next mutation.
13Poëte repeatedly referred to Paris, both place and people, as a “living being” whose different manifestations are like successive ages of a person.15 His continued concern to collect documentary witnesses, however incidental, of current events was necessary, he said, to link the past to the present of the “urban organism”16 that is Paris. The facts revealed by the documents would show a continuing evolution “which is the great historical law of our city, as of humanity.”17
14In 1910, the role of the library and the historians of the Service historique was made more explicit. A departmental order described them as an “office of research and documentation” for the use of the administration.18 Increasingly, processes of transformation described by the new historiography were seen as useful to the future development of the city, not simply to record its past. Although Poëte’s synthesis of documented facts did not produce deterministic rules, it did suggest patterns or sequences of the way the past contains the germ of that which is to come. Pressure was mounting on the government to require all French towns to draw up plans for development and growth, resulting eventually in the Loi Cornudet of 1919; Paris’ office of research into and documentation of the city’s transformational processes was implicated in this program.
15For Paris, plans for development and growth focused on the removal of its most recent fortifications, Thiers’ walls of the 1840s. Under the auspices of the Commission for the Extension of Paris, set up in 1911,19 Poëte assembled a Historical Sketch, not of Thiers’ fortifications themselves, but of how Paris’ successive walls repeatedly constrained and anticipated growth.20 The report opened in Poëte’s customary way with the birth of Paris, then rapidly chronicled the city’s development, sometimes apparently natural or spontaneous, sometimes methodically willed. More than half of its 240 pages were dedicated to a study of the demographic and physiognomic effects of Haussmann’s annexation of the ring of territory between the eighteenth-century walls of the Fermiers Généraux and those of Thiers, based on municipally gathered statistics and records used to summarize the conditions of the banlieues turned arrondissements, before, during and after the process of extension, when new banlieues appeared.
16With responsibilities such as these, it was a short step in 1917 to reconstitute the library and its Service historique as a teaching and research institute dedicated to the study of urban transformation, to the ingredients of the new science of urbanism: urban history, geography, and economics. In 1919, the first issue of the institute’s journal, La vie urbaine, which replaced the library’s bulletin, summed up its aims. It was to direct its program towards the urban agglomeration, seen as a living organism that evolves in both time and space. History allows us to account for the condition of this organism through its duration; geography shows its links with the earth from which it derives its existence, and the data of economics present it to us in its daily functions. . . . By linking these three sciences, the city, as it spreads out before us, can become aware of its meaning, and find its orientation towards the future.21
17Poëte’s Historical Sketch for the Extension Committee commented that the effects of Haussmannization on the Parisian “state of mind” had not been adequately studied.22 His own use of statistics as the documentary source to show population movements divulged little of the “social consequences”23 of population change. He had once complained that the library he inherited held few literary works that might help a study of the material events of the past to become a fully narrative history, animated by its inhabitants’ thoughts and feelings.24 At the same time as his official report, he was writing on Paris’s promenades and boulevards, both for the general public and for more specialist urban historians.25 They gave physical articulation to the Parisian desire to stroll, to see and be seen; the city’s walls, in their different manifestations, represented the promenade par excellence, whether as semi-rural idyll, or as décor for urban display. In these books, information from plans and chronicles is interspersed with paraphrased literary fragments and the direct description of images, in a series of verbal tableaux that give way one to the next as the reader moves through time and space. Poëte might have placed literature and visual art low on his list of sources of factual accuracy, but as descriptions of “feeling,” “shedding light on the character” of Paris’ collectivity and “bringing it to life,” they were invaluable.26
18In Poëte’s historiography of the city, the topography is the physical setting for the city’s “life.” That “life” transforms the physical framework, and is thus absorbed into the setting for the next mutation. In order for this continual synthesis to take place, Poëte gathers both topography and “life” as an array of facts to be ordered and juxtaposed. He presents them in a vast panoramic display, an infinite, receding dolly shot, in which foreground action, the exercise of free will, however “unthinkable”27 or revolutionary, is always flattened into history’s déroulement.
19This flattening recalls Benjamin’s vividly bombastic image of the “Angel of History.” who faces the past while a storm blowing from Paradise holds his wings open and drags him backwards, as history’s wreckage piles up before him.28 For Poëte, such wreckage is the carefully layered, fertile sediment of traces of urban form that generate the future. Benjamin, though, used the bibliographical card catalog and his own jeu de fiches of the Arcades Project to try to break through the dream-like continuum of informational history, by provoking material facts to “crack open natural teleology.”29 A particular piece of wreckage, unexpectedly seen in focus, might jolt one into contact not with traces of the past, but with a moment of universal experience.30
20Despite commissioning Eugène Atget to take systematic photographs of Paris’s topography31, Poëte only once used one in his own publications. Perhaps Atget’s careful mode of documentary analysis32 too often brought things into focus in such a way that they refused to sink quietly into the ever-evolving background, and threatened instead to crack open the continuum of history.
Notes de fin
Auteur
Diana Periton
Glasgow School of Art, UK