Table des matières

Part A:‎ The Notion and Beginning of Belligerent Occupation

• 1. The Lieber Code of 1863
• 1.1 The Lieber Code of 1863
• 1.2 The Notion and Beginning of Belligerent Occupation in the Lieber Code
• 2. Brussels Conference of 1874: Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (Brussels Project)
• 2.1 Historical Background
• 2.2 The Notion of Belligerent Occupation in the Brussels Project
• 3. The Oxford Manual of 1880
• 3.1 Historical Background
• 3.2 The Notion of Belligerent Occupation in the Oxford Manual

• 1. Historical Background
• 2. The Notion of Belligerent Occupation in the 1907 Hague Regulations
• 3. The Beginning of Belligerent Occupation according to the 1907 Hague Regulations
• 3.1 Elements of Belligerent Occupation
• a) Effective Control
• b) Military Authority
• 3.2 Distinction between invasion and belligerent occupation

• 1. Historical Background
• 2. Application of the Fourth Geneva Convention to Occupied Territories
• 2.1 Application ratione materiae
• 2.2 Application ratione personae
• a) General Aspects
• b) Definition of Protected Persons
• 2.3 Application ratione temporis - Does the Fourth Geneva Convention redefine the beginning of belligerent occupation?
• a) Reliance upon the 1907 Hague Regulations?
• b) The functional beginning of belligerent occupation theory
• 3. The Relationship between the Fourth Geneva Convention and the 1907 Hague Regulations

• 1. ICJ, Armed Activities Case (2005)
• 2. ICTY, Naletilić Case (2003)
• 3. Permanent Court of Arbitration, Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (2004)

Part B: Feasibility of the Application of the Functional Beginning of Belligerent Occupation Theory

• 1. Responsibilities - Article 29 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 2. Inviolability of rights - Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 3. Definition of protected persons - Article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention

• 1. Treatment: General observations - Article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 2. Danger zones - Article 28 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 3. Prohibition of coercion - Article 31 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 4. Prohibition of measures causing physical suffering or extermination - Article 32 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 5. Principle of individual responsibility and prohibition of collective penalties - First paragraph of Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 6. The prohibition of pillage - Second paragraph of Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 7. Reprisals - Third paragraph of Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 8. Hostages - Article 34 of the Fourth Geneva Convention

• 1. Deportations, transfers, evacuations - Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 2. Labour - Paragraphs two to four of Article 51 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 3. Measures aiming at creating unemployment - Article 52(2) of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 4. Prohibited destructions - Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 5. Requisition of hospitals - Article 57 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 6. National Red Cross organisations and other relief societies - Article 63 of the Fourth Geneva Convention

• 1. Legislative competences - Articles 64 to 75 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 2. Judicial system
• 2.1 Judges and public officials - Article 54 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 2.2 Occupation courts - Articles 64(1) and 66 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 3. Assigned residence and internment - Article 78 of the Fourth Geneva Convention

• 1. Maintaining law and order - Article 43 of the 1907 Hague Regulations
• 2. Special cases of repatriation - Article 48 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 3. Children - Article 50 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 4. Enlistment - Article 51(1) of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 5. Food and medical supplies for the population - Article 55 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 6. Hygiene and public health - Article 56 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 7. Spiritual assistance - Article 58 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 8. Collective Relief: Articles 59 to 61 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
• 9. Individual Relief: Article 62 of the Fourth Geneva Convention