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Aut Dedere, aut Judicare: The Extradite or Prosecute Clause in International Law

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Claire Mitchell

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Testo integrale

1. Books

Bantekas, I., and Nash, S., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), London, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2003.

Bassiouni, M.C., and Wise, E.M., Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995.

Bassiouni, M.C., International Extradition: United States Law and Practice, New York, Oceana Publications, 2002.

Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law Conventions and their Penal Provisions, New York, Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1997.

Brody, R. and Ratner, M., The Pinochet Papers: The Case of Augusto Pinochet in Spain and Britain, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2000.

Broomhall, B., International Justice and the International Criminal Court: Between Sovereignty and the Rule of Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Brownlie, I., Principles of Public International Law (6th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Burgers, J.H. and Danelius, H., The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

Cassese, A., International Law (2nd ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.

Cassese, A., International Criminal Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Crawford, J., International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Dixon, M., and McCorquodale, R., Cases and Materials on Internaitonal Law (4th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Gilbert, G., Responding to International Crime, Leiden, Koninklijke Brill NV, 2006.

Gilbert, G., Transnational Fugitive Offenders in International Law: Extradition and Other Mechanisms, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, (translation: The Law of War and Peace, Washington, Carnegie Classics of International Law, 1925), Book II, chapter XXI, §IV, 527-533.

Henckaerts, J.-M., and Doswald-Beck, L., Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume 1: Rules, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Higgins, R., Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984.

Holmström, L., Conclusions and Recommendations of the UN Committee Against Torture; Eleventh to Twenty-second Sessions (1993-1999), The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2000.

Lauterpacht, H., Oppenheim’sInternational Law: A Treatise. Vol. II: Disputes, War and Neutrality, (7th ed.), London, Longmans, 1952.

Malanczuk, Peter, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law (7th ed.), London,Routledge, 1997

Meron, T., Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.

Paust, J. et al, International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, Durham, N.C., Carolina Academic Press, 2000.

Pictet, J.S., Commentary: IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Geneva, ICRC, 1958,.

Quigley, J., The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis, Aldershot, Ashgat , 2006.

Reydams, L., Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Roht-Arriaza, N., The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.

Schabas, W.A., Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Shaw, M.N., International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Shearer, I.A., Extradition in International Law, Manchester, University of Manchester Press, 1970.

Sunga, L.S., The Emerging System of International Criminal Law, Developments in Codification and Implementation, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1de Vattel, The Law of Nations, (transl., Fenwick, Classics of International Law, Washington D.C., Carnegie Institution, 1916), Book II, chapter VI, at 136-137.

Werle, G, Principles of International Criminal Law, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005.

2. Articles and contributions to collections

Amerasinghe, C.A., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: The Canadian Experience”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 243-272.

Bassiouni, M.C., “Searching for Peace and Achieving Justice: The Need for Accountability”, 59 Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996, pp. 9-28.

Bassiouni, M.C., “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes”, 59 Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996, pp. 63-74.

Bassiouni, M.C., “Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice”, 42 Virginia Journal of International Law, pp. 81-162.

Baxter, “Multilateral Treaties as Evidence of Customary International Law”, 41 British Yearbook of International Law, 1965-1966, pp. 275-300.

Baxter, “Treaties and Custom” 129 Receuil des cours, 1970-I, 27.

Bin Cheng, “Aviation, Criminal Jurisdiction and Terrorism: The Hague Extradition/Prosecution Formula and Attacks at Airports”, in Bin Cheng and Brown, E.D. (eds), Contemporary Problems of International Law; Essays in Honour of Georg Schwarzenberger on his Eightieth Birthday, London, Stevens and Sons, 1988, pp. 25-53.

Benavides, L., “The Universal Jurisdiction Principle: Nature and Scope”, 1 Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, 2001, pp.19-96.

Blakesly, C., “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. II – Procedural and Enforcement Mechanisms, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1989, pp. 33-105.

Blewitt, G.T., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: The Australian Experience”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 301-324.

Broomhall, B., “Towards the Development of an Effective System of Universal Jurisdiction for Crimes under International Law”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 401-420.

Brown, B.S., “The Evolving Concept of Universal Jurisdiction”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 384-397.

Busuttil, J.J., “The Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism: A Non-Binding International Agreement on Aircraft Hijacking”, 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1982, pp. 474-487.

Chamberlain, K., “Collective Suspension of Air Services with States which Harbour Hijackers”, 32 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1983, pp. 616-632.

Clark, R.S., “Apartheid” in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. I – Crimes, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 643-662.

Cosnard, M., “La competence universelle en matière pénale”, in Tomuschat, C., and Thouvenin, J-M., The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, pp. 355-372.

Costello, D., “International Terrorism and the Development of the Principle of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare”, 10 Journal of International Law and Economics, 1975, pp. 483-501.

Dinstein, Y., “Criminal Jurisdiction over Aircraft Hijacking”, 7 Israel Law Review, 1972, pp. 195-206.

Dugard and van den Wyngaert, “Reconciling Extradition with Human Rights”, 92 AJIL 1998, pp. 187-212.

Enache-Brown, C. and Fried, A., “Universal Crime, Jurisdiction and Duty: The Obligation of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare in International Law”, 43McGill Law Journal, 1998, p.613-633.

Feller, S.Z., “Comment on ‘Criminal Jurisdiction over Aircraft Hijacking’”, 7 Israel Law Review, 1972, pp. 207-213.

Feller, S.Z., “The Legal Position of Israel as Requested State which Refuses Extradition”, in Goldstein, S., Israeli Reports to the XI International Congress of Comparative Law Jerusalem, The Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, 1982, pp. 329-347.

Freestone, D., “International Cooperation Against Terrorism and Development of International Law Principles of Jurisdiction”, in Higgins, R., and Flory, M., (eds), Terrorism and International Law, London, Routeledge, 1997, pp. 50-67.

Garwood-Cutler, J.L., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: The British Experience”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 325-329.

Goodwin-Gill, G.S., “Crime in International Law: Obligations Erga Omnes and the Duty to Prosecute”, in Goodwin-Gill, G.S. and Talmon, S. (eds), The Reality of International Law; Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999,pp. 198-223.

Guillaume, G., “Terrorisme et droit international”, Receuil des Cours, vol. 215, 1989, pp. 287-416.

Guillaume, G., “Terrorism and International Law”, 53 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2004, pp. 537-548.

Higgins, “The General International Law of Terrorism”, in Higgins, R., and Flory, M., (eds), Terrorism and International Law, London, Routeledge, 1997, pp. 13-29.

Jennings, R.Y., “General Course on Principles of International Law”, Receuil des Cours, (1967), vol. 121.

Joyner, C.C., “Arresting Impunity: The Case for Universal Jurisdiction in Bringing War Criminals to Accountability”, 59 Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996, pp. 153-172.

Kamminga, M.T., “Lessons Learnt from the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offenses”, 23 Human Rights Quarterly, 2001, pp. 940-974.

Keijzer, N., “Aut dedere, aut judicare”, in Ulrich, H. and D’Oliveira, J. (eds.), Netherlands Reports to the XIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Caracas 1982, Deventer, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1982, pp. 411-417.

Kelly, M.J., “Cheating Justice by Cheating Death: The Doctrinal Collision for Prosecuting Foreign Terrorists – Passage of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare into Customary Law and Refusal to Extradite Based on the Death Penalty”, 20 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2003, pp. 491-532.

Kolb, R., “The Exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction over International Terrorists”, in Bianchi, A. (ed), Enforcing International Law Norms Against Terrorism, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2004, pp. 227-281.

Larsaeus, N., “The Relationship between Safeguarding Internal Security and Complying with International Obligations of Protection: The Unresolved Issue of Excluded Asylum Seekers”, 73 Nordic Journal of International Law, 2004, pp. 69-97.

Lee, A., “International Suppression of Hijacking”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Terrorism and Political Crimes, Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1975, pp. 248-256.

Mankiewicz, R., “The 1970 Hague Convention”, 37 Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 1971, pp. 195-210.

Mann, F.A., “The Doctrine of Jurisdiction in International Law”, Receuil des Cours, 1964, vol. 111. A.W.Sithoff, Leyde (Pay-Bas), pp. 9-162.

Mann, F.A., “The Doctrine of International Jurisdiction revisited after twenty years”, Receuil des Cours, 1984, vol. III (tome 186), The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985, pp. 9-116.

Marks, S., “The Hissène Habré Case: The Law and Politics of Universal Jurisdiction”, in Macedo. S., Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law”, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, pp. 131-167.

Marong, A., “The ICTR Appeals Chamber Dismissed the Prosecutor’s Appeal to Transfer Michel Bagaragaza for Trial to Norway”, ASIL Insight, Volume 10, Issue 25, 3 October 2006.

Marong, A., “The ICTR transfer Michel Bagaragaza to the Netherlands for Trial”, ASIL Insights, Volume 12, Issue 5, 18 June 2007.

Meintjes, G., and Méndez, J.E., “Reconciling Amnesties with Universal Jurisdiction”, 2 International Law Forum, 2000, pp. 76-97.

Meron, T., “Non-Extradition of Israeli Nationals and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Reflections on Bill No. 1306”, 13 Israeli Law Review, 1978, pp.215-229.

Meselson, M. and Robinson, J.P., “A Draft Convention to Prohibit Biological and Chemical Weapons under International Criminal Law”, in Yepes-Enríquez, R. and Tabassi, L. (eds.), Treaty Enforcement and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters, with special reference to the Chemical Weapons Convention, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002, pp. 457-469.

Morris, M., “International Guidelines Against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability”, 59 Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996, pp. 29-40.

Naqvi, Y., “Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining the limits of international recognition”, 85 International Review of the Red Cross, 2003, 583-625.

Pisani, M., “Le refus de l’extradition à l’étranger et les activités juridictionnelles qui en decoulent”, Rapports nationaux italiens au XIeme Congrès International de Droit Comparé, Milano, Guiffrè Editore, 1982, pp. 549-571.

Plachta, M., “Extradition and the Principle Aut Dedere Aut Judicare in the New Polish Legislation”, 6 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 1998, pp. 94-105.

Plachta, M., “Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: An Overview of Modes of Implementation and Approaches”, 6 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 1999, pp. 332-365.

Plachta, M., “The Lockerbie Case: The Role of the Security Council in Enforcing the Principle Aut Dedere Aut Judicare”, 12 European Journal of International Law, 2001, pp. 131-140.

Randall, K.C., “Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law”, 66 Texas Law Review, 1988, pp. 785-841.

Reydams, L., “A Conundrum Posed by U.S. Anti-Terrorism Policy”, ASIL Insights, Vol, 10, Issue 26, 16 October 2006.

Roht-Arrizia, N., “The Pinochet Principle and Universal Jurisdiction”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 311-319.

Roht-Arriaza, N., “Combating Impunity: Some Thoughts on the Way Forward”, 59 Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996, pp. 93-102.

Rubin, A.P., “Actio Popularis, Jus Cogens and Offenses Erga Omnes?” 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 265-280.

Sadat, L.N., “Redefining Universal Jurisdiction”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 241-263.

Sadat Wexler, L., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: The French Experience”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 273-300.

Scharf, M.P., “Application of Treaty-Based Universal Jurisdiction to Nationals of Non-Party States”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 363-382.

Schutte, J., “Enforcement Measures in International Criminal Law”, 52 Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 1981, pp. 441-453.

Shachor-Landau, C., “Extraterritorial Penal Jurisdiction and Extradition”, 29 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1980, pp. 274-295.

Steven, L.A., “Genocide and the Duty to Extradite or Prosecute: Why the United States is in Breach of its International Obligations”, 39 Virginia Journal of International Law, 1999, pp. 425-466.

Tabassi, L., “Legal assistance under the Chemical Weapons Convention: An Optional Protocol to the Convention?”, in Yepes-Enríquez, R. and Tabassi, L. (eds.), Treaty Enforcement and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters, with special reference to the Chemical Weapons Convention, The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002, pp. 470-475.

Van den Wyngaert, C., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity – Are States Taking National Prosecutions Seriously?”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 227-341.

van Elst, R., “Implementing Universal Jurisdiction Over Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions”, 13 Leiden Journal of International Law, 2000, pp. 815-854.

White, G.M.E., “The Hague Hi-Jacking Convention”, 6 The Review International Commission of Jurists, 1971, pp. 38-45.

Wise, E., “The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute”, 27 Israel Law Review, 1993, pp. 268-287.

Wise, E., “Extradition: The Hypothesis of a Civitas Maxima and the Maxim Aut Dedere Aut Judicare”, 62 Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 1991, pp. 109-134.

Zaid, M.S., “Will or Should the United States Ever Prosecute War Criminals?: A Need For Greater Expansion in the Areas of Both Criminal and Civil Liability”, 35 New England Law Review, 2001, pp. 447-469.

Zaid, M.S., “National Prosecutions for International Crimes: The U.S. War Crimes Act of 1996”, in Bassiouni, M.C., International Criminal Law (2nd ed.), Vol. III – Enforcement, New York, Transnational Publishers Inc., 1999, pp 331-341.

Zimmermann, A., “Violations of Fundamental Norms of International Law and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters”, in Tomuschat, C., and Thouvenin, J-M., The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, pp. 335-353.

3. Caselaw

International jurisdictions

Permanent Court of International Justice

Lotuscase (1927) PCIJ, Ser. A, No. 10.

International Court of Justice

Asylum Case (Columbia v. Peru) (Haya de la Torre Case) (Judgement) ICJ Reports (1950) 266.

South West Africa Case ICJ Reports (1966) 248.

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases(Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands and Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) ICJ Reports (1969) 3.

Legal Consequences for States for the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) ICJ Reports (1971) 16.

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Case (Belgium v. Spain) ICJ Reports (1970) 3.

Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) ICJ Reports (1985) 13.

Nicaragua v. United States, ICJ Reports (1986) 14.

Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) ICJ Reports (1992) 3.

Case Concerning Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) ICJ Reports (1992) 114.

Case Concerning application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) (Indication of Provisional Measures) ICJ Reports (1993) 325.

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports (1996) 226.

Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), (Preliminary Objections) ICJ Reports (1996) (II) 616.

Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) ICJ Reports (2002) 3.

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda, judgement on the merits given 3 February 2006.

Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) judgement on the merits given 27 February 2007.

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic (Judgement on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 18 July 1997), IT-95-14-AR, 29 October 1997.

Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija, IT-95-17/-T, 10 December 1998.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Prosecutor v. Michel Bagaragaza (Decision on Prosecution Motion for Referral to the Kingdom of Norway, Rule 11bis of The Rules of Procedure and Evidence), ICTR-2005-86-11bis, 13 April 2007.

Prosecutor v. Michel Bagaragaza (Decision on Prosecutor’s Request for Referral of the Indictment to the Kingdom of The Netherlands – rule 11bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence), ICTR-2005-86-11bis, 19 May 2006.

European Court of Human Rights

Bozano v. France, 9 EHRR 297 (1986).

Municipal jurisdictions

Public Prosecutor v. Milan T ,Oberste Gerichtshof, 29 May 1958, reprinted in Oberste Gerischtshof, Serie Strafsachen XXIX, No. 32; (1963) 28 International Legal Review 341.

Fédération Nationale des Déportés et Internés Résistants et Patriotes et al v. Barbie, 78 International Law Reports 125 (1985).

Polyukhovitch v. The Commonwealth (1991) 172 C.L.R. 501.

R v. Finta 1 S.C.R. 701 (1994).

Nulyarimma v. Thompson [1999] FCA 1192; 39 ILM (2000), 20

Bartle v. the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis & Others; ex parte Pinochet (Pinochet 3) [1999] 2 All E.R. 97.

Government of The Russian Federation v. Akhmed Zakaev, Bow Street Magistrates Court (Senior District Judge Workman), 13 November 2003 (unreported).

R v. Zardad, London Central Criminal Court (Old Bailey) 18 July 2005 (unreported), case comment available at http://www.redress.org/news/Zardad Case Comment 19 July 2005.pdf (accessed 5 August 2007).

Conclusion du Ministère Public, Instance Pénale, Affaire no67/RG/2000, Dakar, 3 janvier 2001, Senegal, Cours de Cassation, (available from http://www.hrw.org/french/themes/habre-ministere_public.html (accessed 5 August 2007).

4. Treaties

International Treaties and Conventions

International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency, 20 April 1929, 112 LNTS 371.

Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs, 26 June 1936, 198 LNTS 299.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 85.

Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135.

Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287,

Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 21 March 1950, 96 UNTS 316.

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 30 March 1961, 520 UNTS 20

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 3314.

Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS, 177.

Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 21 February 1971, 1019 UNTS 175.

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS 177.

International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, 30 November 1973, 1015 UNTS 243.

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons Including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973, 1035 UNTS 167.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol I), 8 June 1977, 125 UNTS 3.

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, 7 December 1979, 1316 UNTS 205.

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 3 March 1980, 1456 UNTS 101.

UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984, 1465 UNTS 85.

Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal Convention), 24 February 1988, 1589 UNTS 474.

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 10 March 1988, 1678 UNTS 221.

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf - Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Maritime Navigation, 10 March 1988, 1678 UNTS 304.

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 20 December 1988, 38 ILM 493.

Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 22 March 1989, 1673 UNTS 126.

International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989, 2163 UNTS 75.

Convention for the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 13 January 1993, 32 ILM 800 (1993).

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, 9 December 1994, 2051 UNTS 363.

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 15 December 1997, 2149 UNTS 256.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. No. A/CONF.183/9, 17 July 1998 as corrected by process-verbaux of 10 November 1998, 12 July 1999, 30 November 1999, 8 May 2000, 17 January 2001 and 16 January 2002.

Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 26 March 1999, UNESCO Doc. HC/1999/7.

International Convention on the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism, 9 December 1999, UN Doc. No. A/RES/54/109.

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, 25 May 2000, UN Doc. No. A/RES/54/263.

UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, 15 November 2000, UN Doc. No. A/Res/55/25.

UN Convention against Corruption, 13 October 2003, UN Doc. No. A/58/422.

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 13 April 2005, UN Doc. No. A/Res/59/290.

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 20 December 2006, UN Doc. No. A/Res/61/177.

Draft Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, 16 November 1937, 19 League of Nations O.J. 23 (1938).

Regional Treaties and Conventions

Second Montevideo Convention on Extradition, 26 December 1933, 165 LNTS 46.

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277.

Arab League Extradition Agreement, 15 September 1952. 159 BFSP 606.

European Convention on Extradition, 13 December 1957, ETS No. 024.

OAS Convention to Prevent and Punish Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion that are of International Significance, 2 February 1971, 1483 UNTS 195.

European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 27 January 1977, Europ.TS No. 90

Convention of the OAU for the Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa.3 July 1977, 1490 UNTS 95.

Inter-American Convention on Extradition, 25 February 1981, OAS Treaty Series, No.60.

Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, 9 December, 1985, OAS Treaty Series No.67.

SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism, 4 November 1987, available at http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp (accessed 5 August 2007).

Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, 30 January 1991, 2102 UNTS 242.

Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors, 18 March 1994, OAS Treaty Series, No.79.

Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, 9 June 1994, Inter-American Treaty No. A-60.

Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, 29 March 1996, Inter-American Treaty No. B-58.

Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials, 14 November 1997, Inter-American Treaty No. A-63.

Arab Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 22 April 1998, available at http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp (accessed 18 June 2007).

Convention of the Organization of the Islamic Conference on Combating International Terrorism, 1 July 1999, available at http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp (accessed 5 August 2007).

OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, 14 July 1999, 2219 UNTS 208.

Council of Europe’s Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, 27 January 1999, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 173.

Council of Europe’s Convention on Cyber-crime, 23 November 2001, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 185

African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, 11 July 2003, available at http://www.africa-union.org (accessed 5 August 2007).

Additional Protocol to the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism, 6 January 2004.

Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, 16 May 2005, Council of Europe Treaty Series No.196.

Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings, 16 May 2005, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 197.

Bilateral Treaties

US-UK Extradition Treaty, signed 31 March 2003.

5. Other agreements

The Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism, (1978) 17 International Legal Materials 1285.

6. United Nations Documents

Foundation documents and Statutes

Charter of the United Nations.

Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 25 May 1993, UN Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).

Statute of the International Law Commission, 1947, adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 174 (II) of 21 November 1947, as amended by resolution 485 (V) of 12 December 1950, 985 (X) of 3 December 1955 and 36/39 of 18 November 1981.

Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, 8 November 1994, UN Doc. No. S/RES/955 (1994).

Security Council Resolutions

S/RES/748 (1992), 31 March 1992.

S/RES/1054 (1996), 26 April 1996.

S/RES/1267 (1999), 15 October 1999.

S/RES/1269 (1999), 19 October 1999.

S/RES/1333 (2000), 19 December 2000.

S/RES/1373, 12 November 2001.

S/RES/1456 (2003), 20 January 2003.

S/RES/1502 (2003), 26 August 2003.

S/RES/1566 (2004), 8 April 2004.

S/RES/1624 (2005), 14 September 2005.

S/RES/1674 (2006), 28 April 2006.

S/RES/1738 (2006), 23 December 2006.

General Assembly Resolutions

GA Resol. 2840 (XXVI), 18 December 1971.

GA Resol. 3074 (XXVIII), 3 December 1973.

A/RES/34/145, 17 December 1979.

A/RES/38/130, 19 December 1983.

A/RES/40/61, 9 December 1985.

A/RES/42/159, 7 December 1987.

A/RES/44/29, 4 December 1989.

A/RES/46/51, 9 December 1991.

A/RES/47/133, 18 December 1992.

A/RES/49/60, 17 February 1995.

A/RES/51/210, 16 January 1997.

A/RES/51/60, 28 January 1997.

A/RES/54/164, 24 February 2000.

A/RES/56/160, 13 February 2002.

A/RES/60/147, 21 March 2006.

A/RES/60/288, 20 September 2006.

A/RES/61/34, 18 December 2006.

International Law Commission documents

Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1949, Vol. I, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/13 and Corr 1-3.

Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1972, vol. II,, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/L.182.

Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its 46th Session, 2 May-22 July 1994, UN Doc. No. A/49/10, 1 September 1994.

Preliminary Report on the Law and Practice Relating to Reservations to Treaties, UN Doc. No. A/C.N.4/470, 30 May 1995.

Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-eighth session”, May 26 July 1996, Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first session, Supplement No.10, UN Doc. No. A/51/10.

Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Fifty-third Session, Official Records of the General Assembly, AOR, 56th Sess., Supp. No. 10, at 43, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001).

Galicki, Z., Preliminary report on the obligation to extradite or prosecute (“aut dedere aut judicare”), 7 June 2006, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/571.

Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-eighth session (2006), UN Doc. No. A/61/10.

The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare) Comments and information received from Governments, 5 March 2007, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/579, and the Addendums thereto, 30 April 2007, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/579/Add.1; 5 June 2007, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/579/Add.2; 2 July 2007, UN Doc. No. A/CN.4/579/Add.3; 11 July 2007, A/CN.4/579/Add.4.

Galicki, Z., Second report on the obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare), 11 June 2007, A/CN.4/585

Other documents

Yearbook of the United Nations, 1948-49, New York, Columbia University Press, 1950.

Third periodic report of Egypt to the Committee against Torture, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/34/Add.11, 28 January 1999.

Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime on the work of its first to eleventh sessions: Interpretative notes for the official records (travaux préparatoires) of the negotiation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto, UN Doc. No. A/55/383/Add.1, 30 November 2000.

Supplementary report by Italy to the Counter-Terrorism Committee pursuant to Security Council resolution 1373 (2001), S/2003/724, 18 July 2003.

Report by the Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the Problems Encountered in the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), S/2004/70, 26 January 2004.

Report of the intersessional open-ended working group to elaborate a draft legally binding normative instrument for the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance, UN Doc. No. E/CN.4/2004/59, 24 February 2004.

Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 10, UN Doc. No. A/59/10, 16 September 2004.

Decision of the Committee Against Torture under Article 22 of the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment, Communication 18/2001, 19 May 2006, UN Doc. No. CAT/C/36/D/181/2001.

Note by the Secretary General: Ensuring the accountability of United Nations staff and experts on mission with respect to criminal acts committed in peacekeeping operations, UN Doc.No. A/60/980, 16 August 2006.

Process Verbale of 5338th meeting of the Security Council, 28 September 2006, UN Doc. No. S/PV.5538.

Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council”: Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak, UN Doc. No. A/HRC/33, 15 January 2007.

7. Other Reports or Documents

Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states, Report of the Council of Europe’s Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Doc. 10957, 12 June 2006.

Canada’s Program on Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes: Eighth Annual Report, 2004-2005, Canada Border Services Agency, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Department of Justice, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, available at http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/security-securite/wc-cg/wc-cg2005-eng.html (accessed 5 August 2007).

Canada’s Program on Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes: Ninth Annual Report, 2005-2006, Canada Border Services Agency, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Department of Justice, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, available at http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/security-securite/wc-cg/wc-cg2006-eng.html (accessed 5 August 2007).

Crimes Against Humanity: Pinochet Faces Justice, International Commission of Jurists, Châteleine, July 1999.

Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European Arrest Warrant and Surrender Procedures Between Member States, Official Journal of European Communities L. 190/1, 18 July 2002.

Limits to National Jurisdiction: Documents and Judicial Resolutions on the Alvarez Machain case, published by the Mexican Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (1993).

Letter from John B. Bellinger III and William J Haynes to Dr Jakob Kellenberger, President, International Committee of the Red Cross, 9 November 2006, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/home/pdf/Customary_International_Humanitiarian_Law.pdf (accessed 5 August 2007).

The relationship between safeguarding internal security and complying with international protection obligations and instruments”, European Commission Working Paper, 5 December 2001, COM(2001) 743.

Report of the Committee of Eminent African Jurists on the case of Hissène Habré, African Union, July 2006, available at http://hrw.org/justice/habre/, (accessed 5 August 2007).

Report on Concerns in Europe, July to December 1998, 1 April 1999, AI Index: EUR 01/001/1999.

Resolution 1507(2006): Alleged Secret Detentions and Unlawful Inter-state Transfers of Detainees involving Council of Europe Member States, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 27 June 2006.

Universal Jurisdiction in Europe: Criminal Prosecutions in Europe since 1990 for war crimes, crimes against humanity, torture and genocide, Redress, 30 June 1999, available at http://www.redress.org/Universal_jurisdiction.html (accessed 5 August 2007).

Universal Jurisdiction in Europe: State of the Art, Human Rights Watch, June 2006, available at http://hrw.org/reports/2006/ij0606/index.htm (accessed 5 August 2007).

Universal Jurisdiction: The Duty of States to Enact and Implement Legislation, Amnesty International, September 2001, AI Index No. IOR53/002/2001, available at http://web.amnesty.org/pages/legal_memorandum (accessed 5 August 2007).

8. Websites and databases

Human Rights Watch, L’affaire Habré, available at http://www.hrw.org/french/themes/habre.htm, (accessed 5 August 2007).  

International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law Database of National Implementation, available at http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.nsf/WebALL!OpenView, (accessed 5 August 2007).

Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library, available at http://www.aph.gov.au/index.htm, (accessed 5 August 2007).

T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law, Website of International Humanitarian Law, available at http://www.wihl.nl/, (accessed 5 August 2007).

9. Newspaper articles

Benn, “PM to UK: Enact law prohibiting IDF officers’ arrest in Britain”, Haaretz, 8 February 2007.

“Chechen Envoy Granted UK Asylum”, BBC News, 29 November 2003, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3249474.stm (accessed 5 August 2007).

“City was Home to a Terrorist with $25m Price on his Head”, Times (London), 16 January 2003.

“Denmark frees tops Chechen envoy”, BBC NewsWebsite, 3 December 2002, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2539567.stm, (accessed 5 August 2007).

“UK Accused of Hypocrisy on Terror”, BBC News, 13 November 2003, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3269385.stm (accessed 5 August 2007).

Kampschror, “Bosnian Serbs deported by US are indicted for war-crimes”, Christian Science Monitor”, 29 December 2006, p.25.

“Bosnian Serbs ‘lied about past’”, BBC News, 16 December 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6185309.stm (accessed 5 August 2007).

Lelyveld, J., “South Africa to try mercenaries in hijacking”, New York Times, 6 January 1982

McAllister, “Detainee suspected in massacre”, Newsday (New York), 18 December 2006, p. A05.

“Norwegian police arrest second Bosnian war crimes suspect in two weeks”, International Herald Tribune, 8 May 2007.

Rwanda genocide accused remanded”, BBC News Website, 29 December 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6215865.stm (accessed 5 August 2007).

Swain, J., “UK genocide suspect face Rwanda trial”, The Sunday Times, 12 November 2006.

Tayler, Is he a terrorist or a freedom fighter?; Ex-CIA agent some call anti-Castro hero is about to go free but kin of man killed in bombing demands he be retried”, Newsday (New York), 3 January 2007.

Weaver and Chardy, “Judge drops charges against Posada”, Miami Herald, 8 May 2007.

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