Index
p. 371-395
Texte intégral
A
Abacha, S., 222, 252, 319, 324, 327, 335-339, 341, 345, 357-8
and Babangida transition, 326
and Constitutional Conference, 7, 8, 18, 52, 107, 114
and ECOWAS, 52
and external debt, 50
and Interim National Government, 96
and origins of NADECO, 163 repression of NADECO members, 166
and pro-democracy movement, 103
and reigns of power, 2-5, 321,
and the independent press, 19- 21, 22
and MNCs, 334
and 5 political parties, 37, 38
anti-Yoruba, 18
as predator, 5
bans government adverts in independent press, 198
bid to become president, 7, 28
bomb scares, 19-20
confrontation with civil society, 26
creation of six administrative regions, 329
crimes against opponents, 14, 18, 22
death, 358
denies opposition, 27
dissolves Nigerian Labour Congress, 134
dismisses ING, 291
drafts some liberals into first cabinet, 191
enemies in the Niger Delta, 19, 23-24, 28
hangs ‘Ogoni Nine’, 24
hosts Nelson Mandela, 349
lucrative oil deals, 35
minister for defence, 342
National Commission for Human Rights, 211
National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON), 97-98
northern traditional rulers support, 114
number of soldiers, 217-218
off-shore banking, 35
phantom coups, 19
profile of, 9-14
regime, 1, 261, 267, 268, 274-275, 280, 281-282, 283, 286, 287, 332
repression tactics against the media, 199-203
repressive nature of regime, 98
role in Babangida’s aborted transition programme, 97-98
ruined the military, 4
sanctions imposed against regime/Nigeria, 43, 335, 338
security network, 14
sentences journalists to life in prison, 203
sovereign national conference, 161, 296-297
takes over power, 325
transition to democracy programme, 8, 18, 32-34, 96-98, 107, 165, 170, 321 decrees under, 21
vendetta against Abiola’s family, 20, 28
Abacha, Maryam
Family Support Programme, 131, 325
Abdulazeez, Yakubu, 198
Abeokuta, 187
Abiola, Doyin, 204
Abiola, Kudirat, 19
assassinated, 21, 329, 352
pushes for husband’s mandate, 20
Abiola, MKO [see also cases)
Abacha junta ethnicizes rdare, 27
and National Democratic Coalition, 165
arrest and imprisonment, 262, 263, 265, 328, 345, 346
attempts to get him to renounce June 12, 44
Concord group of newpapers publisher, 342
set up Concord Press, 188-189,
sets up 3 newspapers in local languages, 189
death, 359-360
declares self president elect, 344, 346
family infiltrated by Abacha junta, 20, 28
independent press supports, 18
opponents of, 266
pillar in Shagari government, 188
presidential flagbearer for SDP, 342
presidential mandate [see June 121, 2, 9, 10, 30, 262, 291, 319,
Social Democratic Party abandons mandate, 19
traditional/religious leaders support, 114-115
wins presidential elections, 321
Aboderin, Olu, 215
Aborisade, Femi, 199
Abubakar, Abdulsalami, 16, 342, 358, 359, 362, 363
Abacha’s bid to retire
Abubakar, 38
as head of state, 44, 358
dissolves NECON, 359
inaugurates INEC, 360
new transition programme, 30, 358
seamy deals under, 34
Abuja, 214, 212, 345, 355, 359
Abuja High Court
restrains NEC from conducting
June 12 election, 343
Abuja Newsday, 200
Abuja Times, 214
Academic Staff Union of Universities
(ASUU), 9, 127-130, 179, 331
and Babangida’s ‘hidden agenda’, 128
and June 12, 128
and military rule, 129
as popular voice against military oppression, 130
banned, 363
Academy Press, 200-201
government disrupts production, 201
Achebe, Chinua, 196
ACP group, 235, 236, 337, 339
Action Group, 59
and Afenifere, 164
and state creation, 63
Adams, Paul, 187
Adebayo, A 163
Adebayo, Cornelius, 164, 348
Adebiyi Commission of Inquiry, 89
Adedibu, Lamidi 319, 355
Adenuga, Mike, 211
Adesina, Lamidi
arrested with other activists, 357
Adisa, Abdul Karim, 38, 359
arrested for coup plot, 355
sentenced to death, 356
Afenifere,
and NADECO, 163, 164
pan-Yoruba association, 164
Afolayan, Funso, 29
on June 12, 30
Africa Today, 210
Africa Confidential Survey, 238
African Concord, 189
closed by government, 202
African Democratic Heritage, 175
African Democratic League, 167, 175
African Guardian, 196
African National Congress (ANC), 332
African Network for Democracy (AFRONET), 183-184
African Redemption Movement, 175
African Development Bank, 228, 229
expected loans by Nigeria, 229
African Pilot, 187
Agamene, Wariebe (leader, NUPENG)
freed, 351
Agbakoba, Olisa, 152, 172, 190, 191
Agbese, Dan, 190
Agip, 229, 231, 237, 238, 242, 243, 247, 277, 335
and liquid natural gas project, 231
AGIP (anygovernment in power) principle, 328
type of press, 48-49
Aguiyi-lronsi, J.T.U., 60-61
Ajaokuta Iron and Steel Complex, 245
Ajasa, Sir Kitoye, 186
Ajasin, M., 164
Ajibade, Kunle arrested, 22, 203
Aka-Basorun, 157, 158, 160, 161
Ake, Claude, 14-15
mediator in Ogoni crisis, 319
Akika,T., 160
Akilu, Halilu, 190
Akinjide, Richard, 233
Akinrinade, Alani, 19
arrested, 348
charged with treason, 354
Akintola, S.L., 60
Akinyele, Alex
head of NARECO, 351
bomb explosion at country home, 355
Akpata, Ephraim, 360
Alao, AbdulAzeez Arisekola, 356
Algeria, 223, 236, 241, 244
Alkali, Ibrahim sacked under Abacha, 16
All Peoples Congress (APC), 361
All Peoples’ Party, 19
Allen, Chris, 43
Alli, Chris, (Chief of Staff) sacked, 16
Alliance for Democracy, 19
Aluko, Akanni, 216
AM News, 197, 216, 217
Amana, (Hausa), 189
Amana, Mfon Okon (Chairman, Akwa Ibom People’s Forum), 294
Amato Law, 253
Amega, Justice Atsu-Koffi, 270fn. 8,
Amnesty International, 174
AMOCO, 280
Amuta, Chidi, 216
Analysis, theories of national development and international relations class, 283-284
group, 283-284
state-centric, 283-284
Anglican Church and early newspapers, 185
Angola, 222
Anderson, Brian (MD, Shell), 244
Ani, Michael, 68,
finance minister, 232
Annan, Kofi, 27-28, 359
asks MKO Abiola to renounce mandate, 28, 44
Ann-Walker, Judith, 25
Anyanwu, Chris
arrested journalist, 22, 203
member, Nigerian Press Council, 204
release from detention, 358
TSM editor, 217
Arewa House (Kaduna)
endorses constitutional conference, 294
Armed Forces Ruling Council, 79, 81, 83, 88, 344
Asiodu, P., 157
pro-Babangida, 161
assassinated pro-democracy leaders, 18
Association for Better Nigeria (ABN), 343
files suit to stop June 12 elections, 343
Association for Democracy and Good Governance, 174
Association of Nigerian Authors, 177
Austria, 233, 236, 239
and Nigeria debt reduction, 233
Awa, Erne, 81
Awolowo, Obafemi, 63, 64fn
sets up printing press, 187
Nigerian Tribune, 216
Awolowo, Hannah, 216
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 60,
FEDECO, 92
first nationwide newspaper, 187
Azikiwe, Nnamdi v FEDECO, 92
Aziza, Patrick (Major General)
sentences coup plotters, 351
B
Babalakin Commission, 80
Babangida, Ibrahim, 48, 222, 345
against sovereign national conference, 161
and ASUU, 91, 128
and Nigerian Union of Journalists, 125
and Nigerian Labour Congress, 132
and Dele Giwa murder, 190
and hagiography, 196 and NSO, 324
and Ogoni Bill of Rights, 154
and prebendal politics, 3-5
and student unions, 91
annuls presidential election, 86, 94, 114, 291, 321, 359
anti-Abiola/anti Yoruba propaganda, 18
Armed Forces Ruling Council, 79, 81
dissolved, 343
as Abacha’s mentor, 8-9, 10
bans all political associations, 320
bans politicians, 82, 147
bribes senators to stay in power, 191
decrees under transition programme, 78-84
democratic pressure groups under, 103
deregulated radio, 211
destroys military institution, 3
floats Citizen magazine, 209
government, 319, 331, 341
‘hidden agenda’, 148, 157, 158
implements structural adjustment, 147
intelligence organization, 87, 88
judiciary under, 93-95
local government elections, 1987, 81
palace coup, 1985, 73, 74, 146
pervasive corruption, 147
political parties, 84
press freedom under, 189
proclaimed human rights agenda, 148-149
repeals decree 4, 190
repression of opposition, 48, 77
security network, 14, 15
seizes issues of Tell, 200
sets up OMPADEC, 24
spoils of office, 6
state creation, 84
stepping aside, 3, 11, 25, 161, 321
transition programme, 46, 75-78, 292, 326
war against independent press, 199-203
Babangida, Maryam
Better Life for Rural Women, 131, 325
Bafyau, [see Nigerian Labour Congress], 134
Bagu, Chom, 162
Bailey Bridges (service company to oil sector), 244
Bakassi, 195
Balewa, Abubakar T. (Sir), 60
Balogun, Ola, 76fn
Banda, H. (Malawi), 26
Bawa, M. 355
BBC
correspondent’s wife arrested, 203
in the North, 208
Belgium,
and Nigeria’s debt, 228
trade with Nigeria, 236, 237, 239
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, 237
Benin City, 215
Bello, Ahmadu, 60, 187, 208
Bello, Sheik Nurudeen Ajani (chief imam), 31-32
Berman, Bruce, J, 31
Better Life for Rural Women, 131, 325
Biafra, 18
Bofors (Swedish Company), 241
Bokassa, (Central African Republic), 11
bomb blasts, 341, 353, 363
at Akinyele’s country home, 355
at FSP launching, Ilorin, 350
Durbar Hotel, Kaduna, 352
during Abacha years, 341, 363
Evans Square, Lagos, 356
Ibadan, 354
Ikeja Military Cantonment, 352
Ikeja Air Force Base, 352
Ile-lfe (Sabo), 356 Lagos, 354
Lagos State Secretariat, 354
Lagos mainland, 354
Main Police Station, Zaria, 352
Malam Aminu Kano Airport, Kano, 352
Murtala Muhammed International Airport, 353
Bouygues (French company)
wins contract for Forcados maritime terminal, 243
Botas (Turkish company), 243
Braithwaite, Tunji, 357
Bratten, M., 26
Brazil, 240, 241
Bretton Woods, 233
British colonial reaction to Nigerian press
anti-press laws, 186
largely ignored, 187
British Petroleum (BP), 243
Broadcasting Commission Decree no. 3 (1992), 21
Brussels Club, 242
Buhari, M., 57fn, 220, 320
coup of, 73
transition programme, 73fn
overthrown by Babangida, 73-74
repression of Nigerians, 146
promulgated decrees 2 and 4, 189
Burger, Kees, (Professor, Amsterdam Free University), 239
Business Times, 215
Bush, G.W., 8
C
Cadbury, 245
Cameroon, 194
Campaign for Democracy (CD), 48, 118, 120, 125, 157-162, 184, 262, 265, 332
advocates sovereign national conference, 126, 160-161
calls for boycott of constitutional conference, 296
calls for nationwide protest, 344
founded by Civil Liberties Organization, 151
origins, 157-158
Jos, 158
agenda, 158-160
early members, 160
pro-June 12, 161
split in 1994, 161-162
and NADECO, 163
under United Democratic Front of Nigeria, 167
Campaign for the Defence of Human Rights, 118
Campaign for Independent Unionism, 179
Campaign for Workers Alternative, 180
Canada, 44, 278
Caobico, 239
Cape Verde, 274
Carrington, William, 44
Carbomine
shares, 245
Central African Republic, 217
censorship, 186, 191
Buhari, Decrees, 2 & 4, 17, 189
government disrupts, 201
NewsWatch proscribed, 77,
editor arrested, 193
Concord closed, 202
Guardian titles banned, 202
NewBreed banned, 217
National Concord banned, 215
Tell offices raided, 217
copies seized, 200 vendors arrested, 210
Chagoury family, long-time associates of Abacha, 238
oil contracts under Abacha, 35
Champion, 200
pro-government, 215
Charles-Obi, Ben
arrested journalist, 22
Chazan, Naomi, 1, 104
Chevillard, N.. 46, 50
Chevron, 44, 229, 242, 247, 277, 280
Cheysson, Claude, 248
China, 251, 280, 336
relationship with Nigeria, 338
Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), 113, 322
against Abacha, 31
Christian Council of Nigeria, 31
Christian Democratic Party, 153
Christianity
and disempowered masses, 110-113
and early newspapers, 185-186
Catholics, 266
Catholic bishops call on Babangida to uphold June 12 election, 114
compliance with the State, 113
Protestants, 266
Christopher, Warren, 279
Chukwumerije, Uche, 18
Citizen (magazine), 197, 209
floated by Babangida, 209, 217
civic-action groups, 286
Civil Defence Corps, 122
Civil Disturbances Act, 271
Civil Liberties Organization, 118, 149, 174, 175,
and Democratic Alliance, 163
anti Abacha stand, 17, 122, 123
environmental rights Niger Delta, 152
establishment, 331
exposé of Nigerian prisons, 150
human rights violations under Babangida, 150
origins in Nigeria, 172
Ciroma, Adamu, 208
civil rights groups, 174
Civil Rights Forum, 28
Civil War, Nigerian, 63, 188
Clinton, President Bill 43, 279
and Amato Law, 253
visit to Africa (1998), 287
Coalition for Democratic Awareness, 167
Coflexip Stena Offshore, 243
COGEMAT, 245
Coleman, Janet, 4 Community Action for Popular Participation, 175
Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, 151, 175
origins, 151calls for boycott of constitutional conference, 296
campaigns to free Beko and Aborisade, 151
Victims (journal)
campaign against ECOMOG, 152
against Babangida, 152
under Beko Ransome-Kuti, 152
Committee for National Consensus (CNC), 352
Committee for Unity and Understanding, 163-164
Committee of Eight, 75-77 Commonwealth, 337, 339
and Nigerian democratization, 336
outrage over execution of Ogoni Nine, 264
sanctions against Nigeria, 264, 335, 338
summit meetings, 268, 274, 275, 286
support for Nigeria’s intervention in Sierra Leone, 276
suspends Nigeria, 268, 351
Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG), 43, 266-268, 270-271, 273, 284-285, 351
created, 266
dialogues with Nigeria, 270
lifts sanctions on Nigeria, 361
places sanctions on Nigeria, 267
Community Action for Popular Participation, 121-122
Concerned Professionals, 177
Congressional Black Caucus (USA), 43, 279
CONOCO, 280
Constitutional Conference, 291-302
agenda 295, 297-298, 300
corrupted by Abacha, 35, 299
boycott against in southwestern zone, 266, 295
boycott by pro-democracy groups, 296
inaugurated, 295
on June 12 election results, 295, 296
on end of Abacha transition.
under Abacha, 7, 8, 18, 52, 107, 114, 265, 266
Constitutional Debate Co-ordinating Committee (CDCC)
submits draft constitution, 362
Constitutional Drafting Committee, 66-68
Constitutional Review Committee, 78, 83
Constitutional Rights Project, 118, 122-123, 174
affiliated with German Christian
Democratic Party, 153
and Nigerian Press Council, 204-295
democracy and independent press, 205
origins, 152-153
on freedom on the press, 189
publications of, 153
reports fake editions of Tell, 201
survey on proliferation of news magazines, (1993), 206
Constitutional Rights Journal, 215
Coomasie, Ibrahim (Inspector-General of Police) declares NADECO illegal, 346
Corporate-international bourgeoisie, 284
Corruption, 286
Côte d’Ivoire, 222, 238
Council for Public Education, 175
coups in Nigeria, 4, 7, 8, 9
Abacha as coup plotter, 33
Diya coup, 16
history of, 59-64
January 1966, 52, 61
palace coups, 48 1975, 63 1985, 73-74
phantom coups, 1995, 16, 36, 58fn 1997, 16, 38
reporters arrested for, 22
Orkar coup, 15
court cases
Attorney Gen. Anambra State & 13 Others v Attorney Gen of the Federation & 16 Others, 57fn, 95
Bashorun MKO Abiola & Another v.National Electoral Commission & Another, 95
Awolowo v Shagari, 94fn
Azikiwe, Nnamdi v FEDECO, 92
National Electoral Commission v Nzeribe, 79
Resident Electoral Commissioner for Anambra State v Nwocha, 93
Cuba, 287
Czechoslovakia, 241
D
Dada, Idi Amin, compared to Abacha, 11-12
Daewoo Corporation, 280
Daily Mail, 207
Daily Sketch, 200, 214
Daily Star, 215
Daily Times (government press), 214
circulation, 198
cost of production, 198
origins of, 187
dan Fodio, Usman, 208fn
Danjuma, T. 35, 163-164, 293
Dardenne, Laurence (senator), 251
Dare, Olatunji, 191
Dasuki, Ahmed, 211
Dasuki, Ibrahim (Sultan of Sokoto) deposed as Sultan by government, 352
released from detention, 358
Davis, David, responsible for exploitation of British weapons, 241
debt rescheduling 220-222
of bilateral debts, 221
agreements, 221
delegation to Austria, 233
Decalo, Sam, 11-13
Decrees, 267, 272
decree 2 (1984), 17
arrest without trial
arrests under by Abacha, 17
promulagated by M. Buhari, 189
Delta, (news and background on Ogoni and Shell), 182
Democrat, The, 216
Democratic Action Committee, 175
Democratic Advance Party (DAP), 361
Democratic Alliance, 18, 121, 122
exposed illegalities of Babangida and Abacha, 124
funded by, 151
leaders of 151
under United Democratic Front of Nigeria, 167
Democratic Alternative, 162-163, 184
Democratic Forum, (Jos), 175
Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN), 353
Defence Intelligence Agency, 88
democracy in Nigeria, 40 [see also pro-democracy]
aid fatigue, 45
and traditional rulers, 114-116
and women’s associations, 130-132
Association of Staff Unions of Universities concept of, 127
business class, 109-110
failure of, 104-106
failure of political class, 106-107
Islam, 113
religious groups, 110-112
sanctions 43-45
Western interests in, 42-44
Democrat, the, 208
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 276
Denmark, 236, 239
Derycke, Erik (Belgian foreign affairs minister), 251
Directorate of Social Mobilization, 78
Diya, Oladipo, 359
coup of December 1997, 16, 37-38, 355, 356
Dogonyaro, J., 15, 74
Dokpesi, Raymond, 212
Ray Power (radio station), 212
Dosunmu, Wahab, 164
drug trafficikng, 279
Dumez (French company), 245
Dunlop, 245
Durojaiye, Olabiyi, 19
Duyile, Dayo, 196
E
Eastern and Niger Delta Consensus, 28
Eastern Europe, 117
Eastern Protectorate, 302
Ebony, 205
ECOMOG, 15, 152, 256, 275-276
peace keeping operation in Liberia, 338
sale of weapons for, 337
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 52, 275
Economist, The 205, 278, 281
Edelman, Murray, 35
Edo State riot outbreaks, 346
Egypt, 236, 282
Ekiotenne, Alex (Director, Ijaw Ethnic Rights Protection Organisation), 295
on June 12 election results, 295
Ekpu, Ray
journalist, 190, 217
joins National Commission for Human Rights, 211
Ekwueme, Alex, 299, 306, 308
against Abiola as head of government, 30
leader G-34, 357
sends letter to Abacha, 357
elections, Nigeria 1993 election, 262-263
12 June 1993, 2, 18-20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 43, 44, 86
12 June and the Press, 20, 48, 52
local govenment elections under IBB (1987), 8, 82, 86
local government elections under Abacha, 267
Shehu Shagari, 73
12 June election annulled by Babangida, 86
122/3 debate, 93
Electoral Commission of Nigeria, 252
Eleme Petrochemical Complex, Rivers State, 245
Elf Aquitaine, 229, 237, 238, 242, 243, 247, 277, 335
exploration, 230
and LNG project, 231
Enagas (Spain), 243
ENEL (Italian electricity firm), 243
Emir of Zaira, 115
EMIROAF [see Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Africa]
Enahoro, Anthony, 156, 278fn. 17, 303
and National Democratic Coalition, 164
anti-Abacha stance, 156
arrested 347-348
charged with treason, 354
released from detention, 350
Ethiopia, 218
European Union ACP beneficiary, 248
Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Africa, 178
Etiebet, Don
arrested, 354
Eugen Oil, 281
Europe, 338
demand for Nigerian oil and gas, 335
Europe Fifteen, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256
decline in exports to Nigeria, 236
Nigeria’s first trading partner, 235
Nigeria’s second largest oil client (1994), 237
European Commission
revises 73/241 directive on chocolate, 238
European Development Fund (EDP), 250, 255
European Investment Bank (EIB), 248
credit facilities, 249
loans, 248, 249, 250
European investments, 245, 248
European Parliament, 238
European Union, 45, 50, 51, 219, 226m 261m 263m 270, 356
ACP beneficiaries, 248
analysis of, 224, 225
and Africa, 336
and Nigerian democratization, 319, 336, 339
arrears owed foreign oil companies, 229
attitude of Nigeria to, 232-233
background, 219-220
debt conversion programme, 231
debt reduction, (Toronto formula), 221
debt resheduling, 220-222, 234
debt servicing, 227, 228
composition, 228
EU/ACP assembly, 337
external debt, 219-234
Nigeria’s primary trade partner, 239, 240, 242
payment arrears, 223
Paris Club debts, 224-227
rejection of strong sanctions against Nigeria, 280
sale of weapons to Nigeria, 241
sanctions on Nigeria, 250-257, 335, 337, 339
second largest donor to Nigeria, 248, 337
short-term debt, 219
structure of, 223-224
Toronto formula/conditions, 223, 234
trade with Nigeria, 236
viable propositions for EU action, 338
Eurostat, 235, 236, 239
Expansion African Newsletter, 244
Export Credit Guarantee Department (ECGD)
coverage for sale of weapons to Nigeria, 240
external human rights organizations, 182-183
Exxon, 280
Ezeife, C, 164
F
Failed Banks Tribunal, 9, 267-268
Falae, Olu, 19, 362
and NADECO, 164
charged with treason, 354
Falana, Femi 160, 162, 199
leader, Campaign for Democracy (CD), 293
calls for sovereign national conference, 294
Fame, magazine, 200
Family Support Programme (FSP), 131, 325, 350
Farrakan, Minister Louis, 279
Fasheun, F. 162
Fawehinmi, Gani, 9, 156, 157, 357
and Dele Giwa case, 190
arrested and detained, 349
Lagos press supports, 192
on constitutional conference, 292-293
The Masses, 217
Federal Capital Territory (FCT), 361
Federal Electoral Commission, 68-69
and the judiciary, 92-93
Decrees under, 70-72
enquiry into by Buhari, 74
replaced by NEC, 80
Federal Petroleum Monitoring Task Force, 34
Federation of Muslim Women Association of Nigeria (FOMWAN), 324
Federation of Southern Nigeria National State, 29
Ferreira, Dr., 160
Fiat, 245
FIDA [see International Association of Female Lawyers]
Financial Times, 187
Finland, 237, 239
Flight International, 241
Fougerolle (French company), 245
France, 41, 219, 226, 236, 239, 246, 274, 287, 335
debt arrears owed, 228
soft on Abacha, 44
supply of Panhard reconnaissance vehicles to Nigeria, 241
percentage of debt owed by Nigeria, 226
Freedom Charter International, 175
French Bureau of Economic Expansion, 230
G
G-34
and Abacha, 357
Gambia, The, 268, 287
Gani Fawehinmi Solidarity Association, 157, 175
Gaskiya Tafi Kwabo (first newspaper in Hausa language) 207
Gaz de France, 243
Gboyega, Alex, 52, 326fn. 3,
Germany, 153, 219, 226, 233, 237, 239, 241, 246
per cent of debt owed by Nigeria, 226
arrears owed, 228
Ghana, 185, 238, 268, 272
Gimbason, John, 160
Girault, Francis (Director, Elf), 242, 243
Giwa, Dele, 148, 190
founder NewsWatch, 190
Glencore (Swiss-based company), 237
outlet for Shell and Mobil’s output, 238
Gowon, Yakubu, 62
created 12 states, 63
overthrown, 63
Grassroots Democratic Movement (GDM), 37, 353
Great Britain, 219, 263, 268, 272, 274, 280, 287, 335, 338
Greece, 237, 239
gross national product, 220
growth rate, 220
per head indices, 223
Guardian (London), 205
Guardian, The (Lagos), 188, 191, 192, 213, 215
banned by government, 202, 347
guerrilla journalism, 210
and Bola Tinubu, 217
Guinness (UK), 245, 247
Gwadabe, Lawan (Brigadier)
arrested for coup plot, 350
freed from prison, 362
H
Haiti, 254
Hamburg, 233
Hamman, Sule, 272fn. 12,
Harare Declaration of 1991, 268, 269
Haruna, Mohammed, 209-210
Hausa-Fulani, 185, 266
Heritage Press, 209
Holland, 226, 233, 287
arrears owed, 228
Nigerian delegation discusses debt, 233
per cent of Nigeria’s debt owed to, 226
Holm, J.D., 27
Hong-Kong, 240
Hotline,
pro-Abacha, 208
Houphouet-Boigny, 36
human rights abuse, 14, 56, 268, 275
under Abacha, 15
Human Rights, Africa, 174
Human Rights Commission, Nigeria, 251, 272
Human Rights Committee, Justice & Peace Commission, 180
human rights groups, 174-184
and civil society, 169
developed in trade unions and churches, 173
factionalism, 169
major problems, 168
North/South divide, 169
repressed under Abacha, 170
typology of, 172
Human Rights in Retreat, (CLO book), 150
Human Rights Violation and Investigation Commission (HRVIC), 342
Human Rights Watch, Africa, 23, 55
Hundred Group, Nigeria, 174
Hurd, Douglas (British Foreign Secretary) freezes new aid to Nigeria, 344
I
Ibadan (press), 191
Ibrahim, Jibrin, 33
Ibru, Alex, 19, 188, 205-206, 215
attempted assassination of, 199, 352
Idiagbon, Tunde, 145-146
Ige, Bola, 164, 319, 357, 358
Igbo, 266
Ikimi, Tom, 272, 273
Ikoku, Sam, 64fn
Ikpeme, Bassey (Justice)
issues order restraining June 12 election, 343
Independent, 206
independent press, 3
90 journalists arrested, 22
and June 12 election, 18
closed media houses, 22
coping mechanisms, 49
decrees against press freedom, 21
hounded Babangida out of office, 24, 48
in the North underdeveloped, 207
radio more popular, 208
influenced by British and US, 205-206
NewsWatch, Tell, TheNews, 192-193
relationship with Abacha, 19, 21
scandals/sensational/gossip, 206
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), 360-61
announces election timetable, 361
provisional registration of 9 political associations, 361
India, 240
Inside Nigerian Oil (London-based newspaper), 244
Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, 174
Institute of Journalism (Abuja), 213
Interim National Government (ING), 2, 95, 162, 263, 321, 341, 344
and judicial ruling, 96
dismissed, 291, 345
opposition to, 291, 292
International Association of Female Lawyers, 174
International Cocoa Association, 239
International Financial Corporation, 244
International Monetary Fund, (IMF)220-221; 232-233, 281
and popular opposition to SAP, 147
debt rescheduling, 232
debt agreement with Nigeria, 233
US opposition to, 233
loans to Nigeria, (1970-95), 225
International Herald Tribune, 205
Iran, 253, 280, 287
Ireland, 237, 239
Iron and Steel Senior Staff Association, 180
Isa, Ismaila, 208
Ishaya, D., 160
Islam, 266
Islamic leaders and the State, 112-113
Isokan (newspaper in Yoruba language), 189
Italy, 226, 236, 239, 246, 287
per cent of debt owed by Nigeria, 226
Iwuanyanwu, E., 216
Iyayi, F., 160
J
Jackson, Jesse (Rev.)
leads US officials to talks with Abacha and Abiola, 348
Jackson, John Payne, 186
Jakande, L, 108, 319
joined Abacha’s first cabinet, 191
Lagos News, 216
Jamaica, 268, 269
Jamm’iyyar Matan Arewa (Northern Women’s Association), 131
Jega, Attahiru 15, 47, 330fn. 4,
Japan, 226, 229, 233, 240, 246, 274
arrears owed, 228
debt payments to, 229
Nigerian delegation to discuss debt, 233
per cent of Nigeria’s debt owed to, 226
Japan Gasoline Corporation, 243
Jemibewon, D., 163
Jos, 158, 187
Joseph, Richard,
prebendalism, 3, 101, 107
Journalists
arrested in 1993, 200
arrested under Abacha, 22-23
and decrees 2 and 5, 189
bribe-taking by, 195-197
broadcasting, 211, 212 [see radio stations, Nigeria]
Guardian journalists arrested, 190
guerrilla journalism, 202
set up their own magazines, 210
underpaid, 197
Judiciary
and June 12 election, 94-95
and Interim National Government, 96
declares Shagari winner, 93
independence of, 268
ouster clauses, 93
Julius Berger, 245, 247
June 12 election, 2, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28 29, 30, 43, 44, 48, 52, 86, 192, 343, 345, 359-360,
annulment, 303, 318, 319, 328, 337, 340, 341
and Abdulsalami Abubakar, 30
and Catholic Bishops, 114
and MOSOP, 155
and Ondo State rulers, 115
and Oyo State, 116
and power sharing, 30
and pro-democracy movements, 120, 296
and Radio Democrat, 212
and Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, 114
Association of Staff Unions of Universities, 128
Campaign for Democracy, 161
constitutional conference on, 295, 297-298
Democratic Alliance, 121, 123
Nigerian Bar Association, 126
Nigerian Union of Journalists, 126
Nigerian Labour Congress, 134
Movement for National Reformation, 156
National Conscience Party, 156
postponed, 343
Justice Denied (CLO book), 151
Justice Nigeria, 182
K
Kabbah, 52
Kaduna, 198, 199
newspapers, 188, 198, 199
The Reporter, 208, 2C9
Kaduna Alliance for Democracy, 176
Kaduna State, 348
Kaita, Lawal, 319
Kanza, Thomas, 42
Kano, 322, 343
Kano, N.. 164, 187
Kanu, Daniel
organizes million man march, 355
Kanuri, 266
Karibi-Whyte, Adolphus, 309
Katafs (Kaduna), 199
Katsina Arid Zone Programme, 249
Kebbi State, 306
Kellog, 243
Kenya, 337
Khadiagala, G., 32
Kilanko, Gloria, 160, 162
Kingibe, Babagana, 191
Kokori, Frank (General Secretary NUPENG), 163
arrested, 348
release ordered, 358
Kontagora, Sani 208
Hotline magazine, 208
pro-Abacha, 208
Korea, 274
Kukah, Matthew Hassan, 218 L
L
Labour and Youth Defence Committee, 176
Labour Militant, 176
Labour Party, 280
Lagos, 220, 343, 345, 346
anti-Abacha stronghold, 15, 18
Babangida flees from, 15
independent press, 191
Lagos Echo, 186
Lagos Times, 186
Lagos Weekly Record, 186
pro-democracy bastion, 151-152
Lagos State, 305
obas, 354
Lar, Solomon, 319
Latin America, 218
Argentina, 218
Chile, 218
Lawan, Gambo, 37
Law Mirror, 215
Leton, Garrick, 155
Lever Brothers, 245, 247
Lewis, Peter,
on Abacha, 3-7
Leyland, 245
Liberia, 185, 186, 256
Nigerian mediation [see ECOMOG], 275
Libya, 41, 236, 253, 287
Lomé
IV National Programme, 248
Convention, 248, 254, 337
founding father, 248
IV Protocol, 249
London, 212, 220, 233
London Club, 219, 222, 224, 225
debt servicing by Nigeria, 227
Nigeria’s debt (1970-95) 225
Nigeria’s debt (1970-95) 225
London’s Newsletter, 238
Lugard, 186
Lukman, S., 160, 162
Luxembourg, 237, 239
M
Maccido, Muhammadu replaces Dasuki, 352
Madaki, Yohanna, 164
Madunagu, E., 76fn
magazines (gossip), 200
condemned by NUJ, 206
repressed by Abacha, 200
Mahmud, Aminu, 160
Mahmud Tukur Memorial Committee, 176
Mainland Progressive Youth Movement, 178
Malawi, 26, 250
Malaysia, 268, 280, 281 Mali, 274
Mallmath, Justice V. S. 270fn. 8,
Malu, Victor tries and sentences coup plotters, 356
Mambilla Plateau, 249
Mamman, Yusuf, 293
MAMSER, 122
Mandela, Nelson, 51, 275
demands Abiola’s release, 349
on Abacha’s candidacy for presidential election, 287
quiet diplomacy & Abacha, 274
Mann, Titus, 160, 162
Maringues, Michele, 49, 325fn. 2,
Mark, David, 193, 345
Marwa, Buba (Lagos State administrator)
escapes bomb explosion, 353
Martins, K., 40
Mazrui, Ali, 6
Mbah, George
arrested journalist, 22, 203
Mbang, Sunday, 31
Media Review, 215
Media Rights Agenda, 178
Medical and Health Workers Union of Nigeria, 182
Mercedes, 245
Michelin, 245
Mid-West Region, 302
creation of, 302
Middle Belt, 266
communal clashes, 153
Misser, François, 50
military rule
and democracy, 138
and the judiciary, 92
bad for business, 109
gross mismanagement of economy, 117
opposition to 116-127
periods under, 57
stability, 110
transition programmes, 64, 73, 57fn, 74, 67-73, 78, 87-88
tribunals, 264
Mkpoko Igbo (Igbo group), 306, 308
Mobil, 44, 229, 230, 238, 242, 243, 277, 280
investment and exploration in Nigeria, 230
Mobutu (Sese Seko), 42
Mohamaed, Yakubu, 190
Mohammed, Murtala R., 63
assassinated, 67
constitution drafting committee under, 66-67
state creation, 67
transition progamme, 64-66, 88
Morocco, 236
Moroko, 152
Moroko Evacuees Committee, 178
Mosely-Braun, Carol, 279
MOSOP [see Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)
MOSOP-UK, 182, 331
Movement for Democracy and Development in Africa, 176
Movement for Democracy and Justice (MDJ), 361
Movement for National Reformation, 176, 293, 303, 306
support for sovereign national conference, 293
Movement for Popular Democracy, 176
Movement for Social and Economic Justice (MOSEJ), 176, 296
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), 24, 331, 336
boycott June 12, 155
leadership of, 155
on distribution of oil revenue, 316
origins of 153-154, 178
-UK, 331
Movement for National Reformation, 156
and NADECO, 163
leadership, 156
origins, 156
objectives, 156
pro-June 12, 156
Movement for Unity and Progress, 164, 178
Muhammed, Murtala, 303, 320, 324
Musa, Balarabe, 348
Muslim Hausa (Kaduna), 198
Mustapha, Abdullahi, 347
Mustapha, Raufu, 15, 48
Myanmar, 285
N
NADECO [see National Democratic Coalition)
NADECO-Abroad, 182, 184, 331
NALICON, [see National Liberation Council of Nigeria), 182
and Radio Democrat International, 212
Namibia, 275
National Alliance for Democracy, 167, 182
National Assembly, 342, 356
National Association of Democratic Citizens, 176
National Association of Democratic Lawyers (NADL), 118, 178, 296
National Association of Nigerian
Students (NANS), 91, 180
and the Democratic Alliance, 163
National Committee of Patriots, 176
National Concord, 188,
banned, 215
National Centre Party of Nigeria (NCPN), 353
National Conscience Party (NCP), 156-157, 177, 192, 349
National Constitutional Conference NCC)(1994-1995), 323, 326, 329, 349-350
approves three vice-presidents for Nigeria, 349
elections boycotted, 346
fixes termination date for Abacha government, 349-350
inaugurated, 348
National Consultative Forum, 157-158, 184, 292
National Council of Women’s Societies (NCWS), 131
National Defence and Security Council, 88
announces formation of ING, 344
replaces AFRC, 343
National Democratic Alliance Committee, 167, 183
plan to put Abiola as head of state, 195
National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), 11, 19, 25, 27, 49, 118, 162, 278fn. 17, 332
and June 12 election, 123, 164, 318
boycotts Abacha transition, 164-165
Democratic Alliance aligns with, 162
leaders, 164
officials arrested, 348
opposes constitutional conference, 296
origins of, 163, 345
pro-Abiola, 164
pro sovereign national conference, 164
target of repression, 165
under United Democratic Front for Nigeria, 167
National Electoral Commission (NEC), 313
party registration, 313
National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON) 20, 30, 97-98, 311, 318, 327, 338-9, 343-344, 351-353, 359
and judiciary, 94
and June 12 elections, 343
dissolved, 359
implementation of rotational power sharing, 311
inaugurated, 351
party registration, 84, 352
under Babangida, 78, 80
National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria (NIFCON), 250
National Freedom Front, 167, 183
National Human Rights Commission, 22
National Indicative Programme (NIP), 249
National Industrial Court, 89
National Intelligence Agency, 88
National Liberation Council of Nigeria, 167, 168, 278fn.l7
National Mass Media Commission, 21
National Orientation Agency, 122
National Post, 216
National Reconciliation Committee (NARECO), 351
National Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission, 315, 316-317
National Republican Convention (NRC), 320, 342, 344
National Security Council, 87-88 National Security Organization, (NSO), 324
National Solidarity Group in Defence of Democracy, 177
National Solidarity Movement (NSM), 361
National Union of Air Transport Services Employees, 182
National Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG), 181, 346, 348, 351, 360
executive council sacked, 347
National Union of Public Corporation Employees, 182
National Unity Organisation (NUO), 349
National Youth Council of the Ogoni People, 155, 179
Nation of Islam, 279
natural gas, 277-78
suppliers to Europe, 243
Netherlands, 239
NewBreed, 200, 217
banned by Obasanjo, 184
New Nigeria Forum, 167, 183
New Nigerian (Kaduna), 188, 209, 214
circulation, 198, 211
crisis in, 198
editor resigns, 198
excessive government interference, 198
origins, 207
New York Times
interviews Babangida, 359
newspapers (Nigeria)
underdeveloped in the North, 297
Newspaper decree 43, 1993, 21
Newspapers Distributors Association of Nigeria, 179
Newswatch (magazine), 345
editor arrested, 193
editor blown up [see Dele Giwa] proscribed by Babangida, 77
origins of, 190
ownership 192, 193, 210, 217
NewsWeek, 205-206
New Zealand, 268
Nguema, 11
Niger, 41, 327
Niger Delta, 151, 264
ethnic clashes, 153
oil production, 277
Nigeria,
Abacha’s foreign policy, 283
amalgamation, 302
analysis of outstanding debt, 224
and debt reduction (Toronto formula), 221, 223, 234
and sporting sanctions, 335
appointment as head of ECOWAS, 254
arrears owed Paris Club, 228
arrears owed to oil companies, 229, 230
ban on sale of weapons to, 335, 337
blacklisted by debt insurance companies, 229
categories of debts, 225
classification of Nigeria’s major clients (1995), 239
creation of states, 302-303, 322-323
crude oil production, 230, 277
debt conversion programme, 231-232
-investments under, 232
debt servicing, 227, 228
diplomatic victory against international sanctions, 283
banking sector, 246
pharmaceutical sector, 246
economic conditions and democracy, 333
embargoes from the EU, 251
European suppliers (1994), 239
EU’s second most important market and supplier in sub-Saharan Africa, 235, 337
evolution of federal structure, 302
exportation of deadly weapons to, 241
exports (1995), 236
external debt, 50, 219-234
external debt stock, 222-223
first ACP beneficiary of European aid, 248, 337
foreign investors, 334
GNP growth rate, 220
impact of European aid, 248-250
importation of European products (1995), 239
independence, 276
international policing, 276
major creditors, 219, 226
major crude oil buyers (1994), 237
major oil companies, 229
major world producer of cocoa, 238
most populous ACP state, 248
most populous country in Africa, 261
national debt, 337
natural gas production, 277-278
oil and gas sectors, 334
pariah government, 261
Paris Club debt figures, 225, 226
Paris Club financed projects, 227
position within ACP group, 235
presidential election of 1993, 262-263
press in, 325
primary companies in, 247
turnover, 247
primary foreign investor, Europe, 242
promoting democracy and human rights in, 330-333
restructuring of federation, 302
revenue allocation in, 336
sanctions, US bills on, 287
suppliers of natural gas to Europe, 243
suspended from Commonwealth, 351
trade clients (1994), 236
trade surplus, 236
Nigerian Labour Congress, 331
1994 strike, 333
activists, continued harassment, 333
calls for nationwide strike, 347
executive council sacked, 347
law banning executives abrogated, 360
Nigeria Philosophy Association, 179
Nigerian Army, 306
Nigerian Bar Association, 126, 127, 181
condemned Abacha takeover, 127
opposed Babangida, 126
supported June 12, 126
Nigerian coal mines
estimated reserves, 245
Nigeria Collective Council, 176
Nigeria Welfare and Monitoring Council, 183
Nigerian Chronicle, 215
Nigerian Citizen, 207
Nigerian crude oil
America, primary market, 237
embargo on, 251
export to Europe, 236
marketing of, 237
production of, 237
Nigerian Daily Times, 187
Nigerian Democratic Movement, 120, 167, 183
Nigerian Labour Congress, 48
Abacha dissolves executive, 134
anti SAP riots, 134
Babangida Must Go campaign, 134
joins Social Democratic Party, 125, 133
under Babangida, 132-133
pro June 12, 134
Nigerian Liberation Group, 168, 183
Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas, 242
Nigerian military, 335
and transitions, 319
Nigerianity Movement, 177
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 229, 230, 231, 237, 243, 247, 277
collaboration with Philip Petroleum, 237
joint ventures with foreign companies, 229
liquified natural gas production, 231
payments to foreign companies, 229, 230
shares in Shell, 229
Nigerian Pioneer, 186
Nigerian Police, 240, 241, 306
Nigerian Press Council Decree no. 85, (1992), 21
Babangida revives, (1992), 204
established under Gowon, 204
membership of, 204-205
opposed by independent press, 204
Nigerian Standard, 200
Nigerian Statesman, 214-215
Nigerian Tenants Association, 179
Nigerian Tribune, 216
Nigerian Union of Journalists, 125, 181
broadcasters, 211
condemns certain gossip magazines, 206
opposed to military rule, 125
pro June 12, 126
training decree, 213
Nigerian Union of Students (NUNS), 91
NITEL
European sanctions affecting, 254
non-energy sectors decline in European investments, 235
Northern Elders Forum, 28 Northern Region, 59fn, 302
and state creation, 63
Igbo mass killings, 62
Norway, 243, 338
Nujoma, Sam, 275
Nwankwo, C, 152
and CLO, 192
founder of Constitutional Rights Project, 152
Nwobodo, Jim, 319
Nwokedi, Paul, (Justice), 7, 22, 24
Nwosu, Humphrey, 81
Nzeribe, Arthur, 38, 343
ABN leader, 343
files suit to prevent June 12 elections, 343
Nzo, Alfred, 274
Nzongola-Ntalaja, G., 33
on Mobutu, 42
О
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 50, 52, 67-69, 265, 303, 324
anti-press, 189
arrested for coup plot, 350
coup of 1995, 16, 36, 350, 358
establishment of NSO, 87,
government, 319, 320
laws used to govern transition, 78
sworn in as president of Nigeria, 362
transition to democracy, 1976-1979, 68-73, 88
wins presidential election, 362
Obe, Ayo
leader, CLO, 151
Obaigbena, Nduka, 215
Obi, Charles,
arrested, 203
Observer (Nigerian), 214, 240
Odigie-Gyegun, John returns from self-exile, 361
Odinkalu, Chidi, 46, 319fn. 1
Odunfa, Shola,
BBC correspondent, 203
Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka, 266, 300, 303
calls for end of transition, 300
denounces Abiola’s mandate, 18
Ofonogoro, Walter, 27
Ogom, 320
Ogoni, 19, 198, 264, 270, 272, 278
Abacha attempts to crush, 24
anti-Abacha ethnic group, 19
Bill of Rights, 24, 153-155
central union, 153
dissidents, 278
execution of 4 chiefs, 264, 274
grievances, 278
hanging of Ogoni Nine, 24, 270, 279, 337
MOSOP, 24
power sharing demands, 30
Sinne, Jude, 201
Sunray, 216
Ogun State, 305, 359
riots, 346
oil, 264, 269, 282
boom, 276
exports, 277
Niger delta production of, 277
plan for privatization 281
sale of Nigerian assets to international oil companies, 281
sanctions, 274, 283, 339
arguments against international sanctions for Nigeria, 280, 280fn 18
in postimperialist world, 284
Oil Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC), 24, 317
Ojogbade, Dele, 160
Ojukwu, Emeka. [see Odumegwu-Ojukwu)
Okadigbo, Chuba, 294
Okoli, Chris, 217
Okoya, M.M., 156
Olanrewaju, Tajudeen
arrested under Abacha, 38, 355
sentenced to death, 355
Olashore, Oladele, 109
Olowofela, Banji, 299
Olsen, Rye, S., 40
Omasola, Shola (CSO of FAA)
killed in bomb explosion, 353
Omotehinwa, 19
Omotunde, Dele, 156
Omu Committee, 78
Omu, Paul (Major Gen), 77
Onagoruwa, Olu, 19, 156, 191, 201, 348
attorney general and minister for justice, 300-301, 348
Onanuga, Bayo, director, TheNews, 197
Ondo State, 305, 346
Oni, Ola (Comrade)
arrested for May day riots, 357
Onitsha, 187
Ono, C.C., 319
Oputa Human Rights Violation and Investigation Commission (HRVIC), 342
Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC), 51, 275
Organisation of African Unity, 52, 152, 276, 287
tolerance of non-democratic regimes, 283
views on sanctions against Nigria, 287
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 253, 276-277
Orkar coup, 15, 158
Orizu, Nwafor, 60
Osoba, Segun, 164
Osun State, 305
Ottaway, Marina, 41, 42
Oyo-1 Offshore Wells drilling (1995), 243
Oyo State, 116, 305, 346
riots, 346
P
Pace, John F., 270fn. 8
Pan African Youth Conference pan-Yoruba Conference, 348, 360
Papoutsis, Christos (European Commissioner for Energy), 253
Paris, 220, 233
Paris Club, 50, 219-228, 234
Nigeria’s debts, 224-226, 337
-figures of, 1970-95, 225
-figures of, 1996, 224
member countries, 226, 228
financed projects in Nigeria, 227
debt servicing by Nigeria, 227
arrears owed by Nigeria, 228
Partenavia, 241
PENGASSAN [see Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria]
Peoples’ Consultative Forum (PF), 163, 361
People’s Committee for liberty, 177
People’s Democratic Movement (PDM), 361
People’s Redemption Party (PRP), 361
Petrobas (Brazilian Oil Company), 243
Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria, 182, 360
executive council sacked, 347
Petroleum Special Trust Fund, 252
Petronas Berhad, 281
Peugeot, 245
PM News, 216, 217
Politburo, 76, 76fn, 114, 320
and ASUU, 127
findings published by NewsWatch, 77
on state creation, 84
on sovereign national conference, 161
women in Nigeria, 130
political parties (Nigeria), 267
Alliance for Democracy, 19
All People’s Congress, 361
All Peoples’ Party, 19
Democratic Advance Party, 361
Democratic Party of Nigeria, 353
Greater Nigerian Peoples’ Party National Conscience Party, 48
Action Group, 59, 63, 164
National Council of Nigerian Citizens, 59fn
National Party of Nigeria, 72fn, 93
National Republican Convention, 84
Nigerian National Alliance, 59fn
Northern Peoples Congress, 59fn, 59, 63
Nigerian Peoples’ Party, 72fn
People’s Consultative Forum, 361
People’s Democratic Movement, 361
People’s Redemption Party, 72 fn, 361
Social Democratic Party, 19, 84, 342
Social Progressive Party, 361
Unity Party of Nigeria, 72fn
United Progressive Grand Alliance, 59, 59fn
Political Parties (Registration & Activities) Decree 28 1996, 30
political prisoners in Nigeria, 264
Portugal, 239
Poste d’Expansion Economique, 242
post imperialism, 284
Powell, Colin opinion of Abacha, 8
Post Express, 216
prebendelism, 101, 107,
presidential elections, 320, 321
press, Nigerian [see also independent press],
earliest newspaper in West Africa, 185
earliest newspaper in Nigeria, 185
linked to Christian mission, 186
secular press, (Lagos), 186
anti-sedition decree (1909), 186
censorship, 186
government-owned newspapers, 188, 214-215
independently owned news media, 215-217
accuracy of news, 194
sensationalism, 194-195
bribe-taking, 195
hagiography, 195-196
number of Nigerian newspapers, (1986/1995), 210
circulation dairy, 214
pro-democracy organizations/groups, (see human rights] 116, 125-135, 296, 339
AD, 19
against military rule, 118
anti Abacha struggle, 26
call on Abacha to handover, 27
Campaign for Democracy, 48
categorization, 331-332
definitions of, 135-140
grassroots opposition to Abacha, 29
journals, 152
list of, 174-184
MOSOP, 48
NADECO, 11, 19, 25-29, 49
National Conscience Party, 48
repressed by military, 124
Progressive Movement for Democracy, 177
Provisional Military Council, 16
Provisional Ruling Council, 270, 301, 349, 359
approves new constitution, 362
confirms Ogoni Nine death sentence, 351
Punch, The
banned, 215
closed down, 347
cordoned off by Abacha, 202
Q
Quality (magazine), 200
R
radio stations, Nigeria
Ray Power, 212
Voice of America, 208
Deutsch Welle, 208
broadcasts in Hausa, 208
Triple Heritage, (Abuja), 211
Radio Democrat, 212
BBC,
Ransome-Kuti, Веко, 152, 160, 265
and NADECO, 164
and split up of CD, released from prison, 358
Rawlings, Jerry, 1
Razor, 206
Reporter, The, (Kaduna) 200, 208, 209, 216
Reporters Sans Frontières, 22
Republic of Benin, 327
Repsol (Spanish Company)
end user of Nigerian oil, 238
religious opposition to Abacha, 31-32
Rewane, Alfred, 19
Rich, March, 237
Rimi, Abubakar, 319
Rissars, 35
Revolutionary Movement for Hausa/Fulani and Ibru assassination, 20, 199
Robinson, Randall, 43
Rome, 233
Rotational power sharing, 265, 267, 268
Royal Dutch/Shell Group, 277
resistance against sanctions, 278
Russia, 243
Rwanda, 249
S
Sandberg, Era, 26
SANDSG, 183
sanctions against Nigeria, 43, 263, 269, 280, 282, 283, 286
NADECO supports full, 167
Saraki, Olusola, 295, 319
pro-Abacha, 38
Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 19
and CD, 160
boycotts June 12, 155
execution of, 264, 286, 351
PRC confirms death sentence, 351
sovereign national conference, 160-161
Satellite, 200
Saudi Arabia, 240, 336
Schatzburg, M, 36
SCOA Trading (France), 245, 247
Second Republic, 320-321
Secretary-General of OAU, 275
Sen, Yima, 160
Shagari, Shehu, 35, 73, 93, 220
Second Republic (1979-1983), 145
1979, courts declare him a winner, 93
and press, 188
Shagaya,
retired by Abacha, 15
Shariah Law
ongoing debate, 322
Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), 154, 229-230, 231, 237, 238, 242, 243, 335, 338
contract with Distrigaz Company, 251
execution of liquid natural gas project, 231
importation of weapons to Nigeria, 240
investments, exploration and production, 229-230
primary foreign investor to Nigeria, 244
share in liquid natural gas project, 231
Shettima, Kole, 131
Shonekan, Ernest
head, Interim National Government, 291, 321
resigns, 345
Shonekan, R., 109, 162
Siemens, 245
Sierra Leone, 185, 276, 269
Sinne, Jude (Ogoni), 201
Sketch, 200, 214
Sklar, Richard, 2, 37, 51
Snam Progetti (Italian Company), 243
Social Democratic Party (SDP), 19, 20, 291, 320, 342, 344
candidate wins elections, 321
not registered under Abacha, 21
officers boycott ING elections 291
on June 12 elections, 291
threatens to boycott elections, 321
Social Progressive Party (SPP), 361
Sokoto Environmental Programme, 249
Sorabjee, S.J. 20, 21, 56
South Africa, 51, 243, 245, 261, 268, 269, 272, 274-275, 276, 281, 282, 287, 332, 334, 337, 338
exceeds Nigeria in importation, 236
most important client of the EU in sub-Saharan Africa, 235
South Korea, 240, 280
trial of former leaders, 328
Southern African Development Community, 275
Southern Minorities Front of Nigeria (SOMIFON), 28
Southern Protectorate, 302
sovereign national conference, 126, 160-161, 164, 360
Soviet Union,
collapse of, 117
Soyinka, Kayode, 210
Soyinka, Wole
asks court to declare Abacha government illegal, 347
charged with treason, 354
in exile, 19, 278fn. 17, 349
leader of NALICON, 168
opinion of business class, 110
and Radio Democrat International, 212
Spain, 236, 237
Nigeria’s foremost European client (1995), 239
Spie Batignolles (Italian company), 245
Statoil, 243
Standard (Jos), 215
State creation, 282
State Security Service, 88,
and Dele Giwa, 1909
Steyr-Daimler Puch,
sale of armoured carriers to Nigeria, 241
structural adjustment programme, 5, 79, 152
sub-Saharan African, 219, 222,
debt stock, 222, 223
Sudan, 222, 254
Suleiman, Dan, 19
returns from exile, 361
Sultan of Sokoto, 267
Dasuki deposed, 352
Maccido installed, 352
Sunday Magazine, The 193, 202, 217
Sunday Times, 205, 215
Sunray,
pro-Ogoni, 216
Sultan of Sokoto, 115
Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (SC1A), 113, 322
on June 12, 114
Sweden, 180, 236, 239, 250
Switzerland, 228, 233, 241
arrears owed by Nigeria, 228
Nigerian delegation to discuss debt, 233
T
Tamuno, Tekena, 23
Tate & Lyle (UK), 245
Technip (French Engineering Company), 243, 245
Tecnimont, 245
Tell, 217
government seizes, 200
offices raided, 201-202
ownership, 192, 193, 195
vendors arrested, 201
wage structure, 197
Tempo, 201 217
Texaco, 229-230, 242, 277, 280
operations in Nigeria, 230
The News, 193, 195
and SSS, 201
journalists’ wife arrested, 203
salaries to journalists, 197
vendors arrested, 201
The Sunday Magazine (TSM) [also see Anyanwu], 193, 202, 217
Third Eye (Ibadan)
pro-military, 216
This Day, 213, 215
This Week, 215
Time magazine, 205-206
Tinubu, Bola, 217
returns from self-exile, 341
Tobi, Niki (Justice)
submits draft constitution, 362
Tofa, Bashir
NRC presidential flag-bearer, 342
Tokoya, Yemi, 38
Total Nigeria, 238, 247
Townsend, H., 185
trade unions and affiliations with international trade unions, 91
Association of Staff Unions of Universities, 91
disputes under Murtala/Obasanjo, 89, 90
Nigerian Labour Congress, 48
Transafrica, 278-279
Trans African Forum, 43
transnational business in Nigeria, 284, 286
Transition Implementation Committee, 351, 354
announces new election dates, 354
set up by government, 351
transition programmes, 57-98, 342, 356, 361
and failures of democracy, 101-105
and Nigerian Labour Congress, 132-133
and the judiciary, 92-102
and trade unions, 89-91
features of, 64-
general characteristics of, 58
Nigerian views on, 270-271
phantom coups, 58fn
under Abacha, 164-165, 264-265, 267
under Babangida, 73, 75, 78-86, 88, 108
under Buhari, 57fn, 73fn, 73, 74
under Gowon, 63
under Murtala Mohammed, 64, 70
under Obasanjo, O, 67-73, 78, 87-88
Transitional Council supplants ministers, 343
Transparency International, 339
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa), 342
Tshisekedi, Etienne, 42
TSM (The Sunday Magazine), 193, 202, 217
Tunisia, 236 Turkey, 280
Twadell, M. (US ambassador to Nigeria), 44
U
Ubani, Chima, 160, 162
Udoka, 189 Uganda, 218, 274, 276
Uhuru Research Centre, 177
Ukiwe, E., 163
Uma, Eleazu, 164
Umar, M.G., 160
Umuechem massacre (1990), 24
United Democratic Front of Nigeria (UDFN), 49, 184, 331-332
rejects Abacha transition programme, 168
umbrella pro-democracy group, 167-168
Unity Forum for Peace and Democracy (Kano), 177
United Action for Democracy (UAD) counters pro-Abacha rally (Ibadan), 355
protests Abacha as consensus candidate, 356
United Kingdom, 226, 236, 237, 239, 278
arrears, 228
per cent of debt owed by Nigeria, 226
sale of weapons to Nigeria, 241
United Nations, 337
United Nations Code on Transnational Corporations, 285
United Nations Commission for Human Rights, 20, 273-274
United Nations Fact-finding Mission on the Nigerian Situation, 270,-271, 283
United Nigeria People’s Convention (UNPC), 352
United People’s Party (UPP), 341
United States, 226, 233, 237, 240, 251, 261, 263, 270, 274, 278, 279, 280, 286, 337, 338, 339
American interests supporting Abacha, 279
per cent of Nigeria’s debt owed to, 226
and Nigerian democratization, 336
capital inflow, 246
demand for Nigerian oil, 335
gas reserves, 242
oil imports from Nigeria, 277
opposition to Nigeria’s debt agreement with IMF, 233
sanctions against Nigeria, 264, 279, 287, 338
Universal Defenders of Democracy, 177
Unongo, Paul, 319
Usari Marine field, 243
Usman, Ahmed (Oyo State military administrator) declares arrested May day rioters prisoners of war, 356
V
Victims, Journal of Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, 152
Vanguard, 188, 215
Vintage People, 200
Vision 2010, 355
inaugurated, 353
Volkswagen, 245
W
Warri, 187
Waziri, I., 160
Weekend Classique, 203
West Africa, 215
Western Protectorate renamed, 302
Western Region, 305
creation, 302
Williams, F.R.A.
on Abacha’s bid for self-succesion, 30
Williams, Sapara, 186
Willnick Commission, 63
Wintershall (German Company), 238
Women
status and role in Nigerian society and transition process, 324
Women in Nigeria (WIN), 130-131, 163, 179, 324, 331
World Bank, 50, 229, 248, 281
aid programmes to Nigeria, 337
World Debt Tables, 220, 227, 228
Algeria’s debts to (1970-95), 275
expected loans to Nigeria, 229
World Development Movement (WDM), 240, 241, 256
London based peace organization, 240
World War I, 186
Women Concerned, 179
Y
Yadudu, Ahmad, 272fn. 12
Yar’Adua, Shehu Musa, 319, 324
and Reporter, (daily), 208, 209, 216
arrested for coup plot (1995), 16, 36, 350
Yoruba, 265
and independent press, 18
early newspaper, 214
Iwe Irohin fun Awon Ara Egba ati Yoruba, 18
NADECO, 163
opposition to military rule, 18
persecuted by Babangida and Abacha, 18
Young, Crawford, 45
Young Democrats, 177
Young, James (cardiac pathologist) reaffirms cause of Abiola’s death, 359
Youths Earnestly Ask for Abacha [see Kanu, Daniel], 28
Yusuff, Bello Maitama, 319
Yusuf, Bilikisu, 197
Yusuf, K., 160
Yusuf, Mohammed Dikko, 337
Z
Zaire, 222
Zaka Zulu, 190
Zaria, 115, 207
Zedwe, Bahru, 42
Zimbabwe, 268, 276
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