A

Abacha, Sani, 2, 14 address to University of Ibadan, 4 proposal to rationalize universities, 6 repressive toward education, 11 university funding, 17fn, 19 and private universities, 17-18fn as looter of funds, 18 and tuition fees, 224 ASUU crisis,

237 Abakaliki (Nigeria), 245

Abia State University, (Imo State, Nigeria), 152,245, 246

Abeokuta, 245

Aboyade, O., 5

Abraka (Nigeria), College of Education, 246

Abubakar, A., 237
academic staff in Nigerian universities, 23, 24, 25, 95-97, 99, 117, 137, 139 freedom, 20, 22, 96-99, 105-106, 223 labour activists fired, 96-99 poor working conditions, 97, 213 poor salaries, 218 salary scale, 210-211, 235 training options, 226-227
academic staff in Africa, 210

Academic Staff Union of Universities (Nigeria) 4,6,9,10,11, 12, 13, 14 academic freedom, 20, 22, 105-106 and Abacha, 237 and government policy, 235 and university funding, 17fn Assisi-Asobie executive, 97-98 Attahiru, Jega, 1992 agreement with the fed. gov., 97, 105-106 at LAUTECH, 115, 116 conditions of service, 23, 24 Decree 17 (1986), 22 first president of, 96 joined NLC, 96 labour union activists fired, 96-99 objectives, 95-96 origins of (1978), 95 proscribed by Babangida (1988), 97, proscribed in 1996, 98,99, 100 strike 1996, 23, 98 strike under Shehu Shagari, 220 strike under Babangida, 220

Achebe, Chinua, 110

Adebayo, A., 3, 10

Adekanye, B., 14

Adeoti, J.A., 115

Adesina, S., 253

Adeyemi, J.O., 256, 261

Adetoro, J., 3

Agbonifoh, 96

Ahmadu Bello University, 4, 93, 156, 160, 163, 209-239, 253 established, 229, 244, 245, 249 salary, 210fn, 235 staff conditions, 210, 211, student/lecturer bribes, 234

Ajayi, Ade J.F., 164

Akinkugbe, O.O., 15fn

Akoka, 244

Akure, 245

Alabi, 117

Alele-Williams, Grace, 96

Amin, I., 14

Aminu, Jibril on creating more universities, 16 on autonomy and the military, 21 on funding, 222

Anambra State University [see Nnamdi Azikiwe University] 246

Anadozie, GO, 22

Anikulapo-Kuti, Fela, 108

Anisulowo, I., 23

Arendt, H., 1, 12-13

Ashby Commission, 216, 243-244

Ashby Report (1960), 216

Assie-Lumumba, Therese N'Dri, 99, 101

Assisi, Asobie, 97-99

Association of University Teachers, 218, 219

ASUU [see Academic Staff Union of Universities]

Awka, 246

Awopegba, P.O., 253

Ayu, Iyiorcha, 124

B

Babangida, I.B., 2 and ASUU agreement 1992, 23 and SAP, 105 and Decree 47, 112 and tuition fees, 224 education policy, 8-9 funding of higher education, 17, 19, 221-223 Gulf oil windfall money, 18 proscribed ASUU, 97 repressive measures toward education, 11 visitation panels, 4

Babalola, J.B., 253

Babcock University, 18fn

Balewa government, 2

Bamgbose, Ayo, 20

Banjo, Ayo, 2, 17, 20 autonomy for vice chancellors, 22fn funding of universities, 19fn on cults in the universities, 19fn, 115

Bauchi, 245

Bendel State University, 245, 246

Biobaku, Saburi, 17

Birma, Alhaji Dauda, 6 closed all satellite campuses, 100 on higher education, 102-103

Black Axe (cult), 77, 81, 110 at LAUTECH, 119. 120

Black Beret (cult), 110

Black Cats (cult), 110

Blood Suckers (cult), 110 brain drain, 93, 95, 238 from Nigerian universities, 97 Presidential Commission on Brain Drain (1987), 220-221

Brown, L.M., 290, 293

Bucaneers, 80, 81, 85, 86

Buhari, M., 11, 220

C

Christian mission education, 294 government takes over during oil boom era, 294-295
colleges of education (Nigeria), 242, 248, 249 seven new ones (1982), 245, 246 unemployed graduates, 254

Committee of Vice Chancellors, (Nigeria) 115
confraternities [see cult associations ...]

Cookey Report, 11, 221

Cross River State University, 246 [renamed University of Uyo)
cult associations in Nigerian universities 93-94, and the mass media, 110 at LAUTECH. 114, 119, 120 at the University of Ibadan, 75-90 banned in 1979 constitution, 80, 85, 89, 112, 113
Banjo's views on, 115
criminal activities of, 81, 82 initiation ceremonies, 111, 112 interrupt fights, 110, 112 names of cults in Nigerian universities:

Black Axe, 77, 81, 110

Black Beret, 110

Black Cats, 110

Blood Suckers, 110

Bucaneers, 80, 81, 85, 86

Cobra, 77

Daughters of Jezebel, 77

Eiye, 77, 89, 85, 86 violent clash at UI, 81, 110 at LAUTECH, 119, 120

Ku Klux Klan, 110

Mafia, 110

Malice, 77,

Mgbarogba brothers, 110

Pink Lady, 77

Pyrates Confraternity, 80, 85, 86 established, 75, 109 pre-independence activities, 110

Scorpion, 110

Vikings, 77, 110 number of students killed (1997), 20 regulations for expelling, 84 violence at University of Ibadan, 81

D

Daughters of Jezebel (cult), 77

Delta State University, 245, 246

Dubet, 7, 154, 157

E

Edo State University, 245, 246
education [see higher education] mission schools, 294-295 private vs public, 289-301 private schools, 289-292
education tax fund, 18

Eiye (cult), 77, 85, 86, 89 violent clash at UI, 81, 110 at LAUTECH, 119, 120

Eke, A.Y., 25

Ekpoma, 246

Elliot Commission, 215, 244
enrolment (Nigeria) figures, 242

Enugu State University of Science and Technology, 246

Eso, Kayode, 24

Etsu Nupe Committee on the Future of Higher Education, 17fn
expenditure on higher education world-wide, 228

F

Fafunwa, B., 214, 218

Farinu, GO., 116

Federal Polytechnic (Ilaro), 291, 296 cost per session, 296 established, 296

Foucault, M., 14

Fourah Bay College, 215
free education (Nigeria), 15fn
funding. 16, 17fn, 18, 19, 211 and structural adjustment, 10, 104, 147,150, 252, 289, 294 effects of underfunding, 226-229 recommendations by NUC, 222,223, 228 self-funding. 223-226

G

Gannon, T.M., 129

Garvey, Marcus, 108

Ghana, proposed university, 215

Gidado, Idris, 16

Gomwalk, Nenfort, 139

Gomwalk, Umaru sole administrator, University of Nigeria, 99

Gowon, Yakubu, 3, 10, 218, 219

Guy, Camille, 213

H

Heritage University, 18fn
higher education in Nigeria, 212

academic exodus from 23 [see brain
drain], 213, 218
academic freedom, 105-106, 233
activists fired, 96-99
admission, 153, 154, 263
admission into federal universities, 246-247
admission into state universities, 246-247, 297-298
administrative malpractices, 95
after independence, 147
as investment strategy, 150
autonomy of, 19, 97, 98
autonomy of vice-chancellors, 22, 22fn

Birma Alhaji (min. of education) closes
all satellite campuses, 100
brain drain, 93, 97, 213
bribery, 234

colonial model, 150, 159
competition for placement, 149-150, 153
conditions of service, 22, 212, [see Ahmadu Bello U., U. of Jos. U. of Ibadan, Ladoke Akintola U. I
cost of tuition, 153, 296, 297
course preferences and trends, 243, 244-248, 253, 261-262
criminal activities, 122 at Jos, 123-124, 128, 132. 133 tab., 137, 139, 140 at Lautech. 114, 119-120 at U.I., 77-88
crisis in, 148-149

cults, 93-94 [see : cult assoc....]

discriminatory colonial policies. 215

Higher education cont'd

economic crisis in, 289
early demand for, 147, 150
emoluments, 210. 218 enrolment figures (1975, 1997) 16; (1962-1963) ; (1970-71) 217, 242
ethnic sentiments, 104
exploitation of lecturers by students, 99 explosion in student population, 93, 94, 147, 150

high-handed administrative practices at University of Benin, 95-97
history of, 243-249,

identity crisis, 99-100
infrastructure decay, 93, 97, 213
Islamic education, 249

lecturers arrested/dismissed for exploiting students, 117

militarization of universities, 1-24, 94, 210-211, 236-238

number of candidates seeking admission (1997), 102

output into labour force, 242, 252,
253
out-turn figures (1984-1994), 242, 248, 250 tab.
out-turn trends by discipline, 243, 248, 251 tab., 253
overproduction of graduates, 243, 253, 262

poor staffing, 97
prestige courses, 157, 158
prestige universities, 150, 153
private education, universities, 17-18fn
privatization, 289-301, 296, 300

rapid expansion, 95, 99, 104, 150, 209, 212, 237 reclassification of 147, 148, 164-165
regional distribution of institutions, 248, 249
retrenchement, 103, 104

students per 100,000, 154
secret cults, 75-90
staff recruitment, 217-218
statistics on number of universities in Nigeria, 242, 246

total enrolment Nigeria, 242
teaching staff size, 217 tab., 218
tuition, 297, at Ilaro Federal Polyt. 296

under colonial rule, 214
underfunding, 93, 97, 226, 238, 299 violence in, 81, 94-95, 106 at LAUTECH, 114, 119-120
under military rule, 2, 10, 105-106, 122 systematic neglect, 2-3, 20 progressive hostility towards, 3-4, 10 under Abacha, 4, 11 [see Abacha] under Babangida, 4, 11, 220 [see Babangida] under Buhari, 11, 220 under Gowon, 219 under Murtala Mohammed, 219 under Obasanjo, 219 discourse with the university, 10-19 appointment of lecturers as ministers, 236

Western education, 249

Western ideology, 104

Hopkins, M., 255

Hussey Commission, 213

I

Ibadan [see: University of Ibadan]

Igbinedion University, 18fn

Ilorin, 243, 253

Imo State University (Owerri), 245

Institute of Management Technology (Enugu), 114

Institutions of higher education in Nigeria, 242-246, 247

International Monetary Fund, in Nigeria, 10 and higher education, 104

Islamic education, 249

lyayi, Festus, 96

J

JAMB [see Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]

Jefiyo, Biodun ASUU president, 96

Jega, Attahiru, 6, 94, 115-116, 238 as head of ASUU, 97, 105

Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board, 114. 153. 249 established, 247

Jos, University of, 123-142
bribery, 139

categories of deviance, 131, 133 tab.
criminal activity on campus, 123-124. levels of, 129
cult control measure, 132

economic deviance ranked, 131-133
exam malpractices, 132-135

graffiti as informal deviance control, 137, 138

low staff salaries. 139

methods of deviance control, 131, 136, 134, 135

religious affiliations on campus, 130
rules governing student demonstrations, 128

secret cults, 132
Senate Exams Misconduct Committee, 135. 136
staff disciplinary committee, 137
Students Disciplinary Committee, 128, 135
Student Information Handbook, 127-128
Student Union, 127, 128

unofficial networks of admission and hostel allocation, 139 violence. 128, 140

Jubrilu. M.. 23-24fn

K

Kano State University (Bagauda). 245

Kano. College of Education, 246

Kantian political philosophy. 12

Kant. J. 13

Ku Klux Klan (cult). 110

L

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (Ogbomoso). 94 ASUU branch. 115-116

Black Axe cult, 119, 120
bribes collected from students, 117

established. 245
Eiye (cult), 119-120

inadequate funding of, 120-121

lecturer arrested. 117

residential policy, 115

peace keeping force, 119, 120
problems with pre-degree programme. 120

sole administrator appt'd. (1997). 116
sexual harassment, 117
security on campus, 120-121 violence at, 114, 119-120

Lagos City Polytechnic, 291, established, 297-298, 299 tuition, 296
Lagos State University housing policy, 115 established, 245
Liman, M. Minister of Education (1996), 99-100. 236, 237
Longe Commission, 19fn, 221

M

Madonna University, 18fn

Mafia (cult), 110

Malice (cult), 77

Malcolm X (cult), 108

Makurdi, 245

Mannheim, K.. 13. 20, 126

Marshall, A., 221

Marwa, Colonel Buba, 15fn
Lagos State administrator, 101

Mazrui. Ali, 5, 14

Mbanefo, A, 21

Medawai, P., 125

Merton. R.K., 126

Mgbarogba brothers (cult), 110

Minna. 245
military rule and higher education. 2-25. 94. 105. 116. 210-211. 236-238
Abacha. 4-11
academic freedom. 105-106. 223 236-238
administrative malpractices. 95. 96-99

Military rule and higher educ. cont'd
appointment of lecturers to gov., 236
autonomy under, 21, 22fn
ASUU proscribed. 23, 97-100, 235.
Buhari administration. 11. 220
Decree 47, 112
funding. 17. 19fn, 221-223
hostility towards, 3-4, 10
neglect of. 2-3, 20
under Gowon, Yakubu, 3. 10, 218, 219.
under Mohammed, M.. 219
under Obasanjo, 219
sole administrators, 116.
under Babangida. 4, 8-9. 11. 220
mission schools, 294

Mohammed. Murtala, 219

Mongono. S.A., 15fn

Muhammed. U.T., 222. 225

N

National Association of Sea Dogs. 75 [see : Pyrates Confraternity]

National Board for Technical Education.

297, 298

National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), 100

National Manpower Tracer Study (1986). 254

National Parents/Teachers Association of

Nigeria. 19

National Union of Nigerian Students. 224

Nigerian Union of Teachers, 219

National Universities Commission, 4, 20. 245
funding 17fn. 18-19. 222. 223, 228
set up by (Decree 1 1974). 18-19. 216-217
and conditions of service in Nigerian universities. 23
and cult activities. 90
closure of satellite campuses. 100
reduction intake by 60 %. 101
lack of vision. 102

Nigeria [see: higher education)

adult literacy rate. 154 ASUU. 4, 6. 9-14. [see: ASUU]
autonomy. 19-20. 21
constitution decree banning cults. 80. 89. 112. 113
free education. 15
enrolment figures (1975. 1997). 16
expansion in higher education. 212. 213
funding university education. 16, 211
regulations for expelling cultists. 84
secret cults in universities. 75-90 [see: cult associations ...]

Nigerian Labour Congress. 22 ASUU joins. 96

Nigerian Youth Service Corps. 253

Njoku-Biobaku tussle. 2

Nkrumah, K., 108

Nnewi, 246

Nsukka, 216

Nyerere, J., 108

О

Obafemi Awolowo. 4

Obafemi Awolowo University, 114. 245

Obasanjo, O., 219, 224

Ogboni cult, 75

Ogunbameru. OA.111

Ogun State Polytechnic, 114

Ogun State University (Ago-Iwoye). 20.
20fn. 113, 114. 245
campus life. 161
housing policy, 115
medicine. 157-158
student admission, 152

Oguntunase, Bayo, 223

oil boom era and higher education. 294-295

Ojo, J., 22

Оке, (vice chancellor LAUTECH).115, 116

Okoroha. E.student, killed in cult clash, 81

Okoye, C.C., 221

Oladeji. S.I.. 223. 224

Omene, 96-97

Ondo College of Education. 246

Ondo State University (Ado Ekiti). housing policy. 115 established, 245

Oni, O., 18fn

Onokerhoraye, 96

Owerri College of Education, 245, 246

Oyekanmi, R., 15fn

Oyelere, B.A., 115, 116

Oyo State University of Technology, 245

P

Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), 140

Pink Lady (cult), 77

Polytechnic (Ibadan), 117

Port Harcourt College of Education, 246
private universities in Nigeria, 17-18, 17-18fn
privatization of education, 289-301, 296
state attitude towards, 295
illegal private tertiary institutions, 294-295
public morality and higher education, 291, 292, 293, 295, 298, 299

Pyrates Confraternity, 80, 85, 86 origins at University of Ibadan, 75, 109pre-independence activities, 110

R

religious affiliation and deviance, 130

Reznor, Trent (rock singer) 107-108

Rivers State University of Science and Technology, 245

S

Sagay, Itse, 96

Salau (sole administrator, LAUTECH), 116

Sanda, A.O., 1
satellite campuses, 100, 295

Scorpion (cult), 110

Scott, 13
secondary schools in Nigeria

privatization trends in, 294-295

Sellin, T, 126

Sevigne, Mme de, 14

Shagari, Shehu, 11, 18fn, 124, 220, 222

Smith, Adam, 252

Soyinka, Wole, 8fn
co-founder Pyrates Confraternity, 75, 108-109
students in Nigerian universities and cult associations, 93-94 secret nature of, 84 and non-residential policy for students, 89 intercult fights, 110, 112 and mass media, 110 initiation ceremonies, 111, 112 number of students killed (1997), 20 at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, 114, 119-121 at UNIJOS, 123-142 [see: University of Jos] at University of Ibadan, 75-90
government bans cults, 80, 85, 89, 112, 113
most common offense, 81
boys, 156
choice of university, 150-152, 153
concept of higher education, 148-149
compared to French students, 154
course preferences/trends, 243, 244-248, 253, 260, 261-262
desired course, 150, 153
female, 155-156
life on campus, 160-161
population, 154
social backgrounds, 159, 160, 165
state of origin, 152
strategies toward degree, 163-164
student enrolment, 150

structural adjustment programme in Nigeria, 10, 150, 252
and higher education in Nigeria, 104, 147
and academic freedom, 104
and academic research, 104-105
and government repression, 105
economic crisis in education, 289
and privatization of schools, 294

T

Tafawa Balewa University [Bauchi], 16tuition, 15, 153, 224, 296, 297
at Ilaro Federal Polyt., 296, 297

Tukur, Modibbo, 96

U

Uganda, 14

Umar, Ibrahim, 253

Umudike, 246
unemployment among graduates, 154, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 263
time spent looking for a job, 253, 254

United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, 241

Universal Primary Education, 294
universities in Nigeria
admission into federal, 256
of agriculture, 244
of technology, 244
private, 17-18, 17-18fn
state-owned universities, 244-245 admission into, 246
statistics on numbers of, 242

University of Abuja, 245

University of Agriculture (Umudike), 246

University of Agriculture (Abeokuta), 245

University of Agriculture (Makurdi), 245

University of Benin, 4, 96, 114

University College Ibadan, 213, 215, 216, 226, 244

University of Ibadan, 246
Abacha's address to (1995), 4
administrative response cults, 83-84
admission, 246-249
criminal activities of cults, 81-82
cult attack on Muslim students, 81
cults and the administration, 78-79
cults and student union organization, 79
Department of Economics, 257-258
extent of cult activities at UI, 83
first cult-clash in 1991, 81
first confraternity at UI, 75
origins, 244, 248
preferred institution of higher
education, 151-152
presence of secret cults, 75-90
present condition, 6-7
strategies to reduce the presence of cults on campus, 86-89, 90
student/lecturer relations, 163
student associations, 161
Student Disciplinary Committee, 82-83

University of Ife, 3, 244, 246-249

established, 248

University of Ilorin, 152, 153, 243, 253

University of Jos, [see: Jos, University of]

University of Lagos, 2, 14, 15, 114, 157- 158, 218
established, 245
ALT demands salary increase, 218 University of London, 213, 244 University of Nigeria (Nsukka), 98, 99, 151-152, 157, 246, 249
established, 244
administration requirement, 246

University of Port Harcourt, 114
universities of technology

Bauchi, Akure, Minna, Owerri, Yola, 245

Useni, J., 237

Uturu State University (Abia State), 245

Uyo College of Education, 245, 246

V

Vikings (cult) 77, 110

W

Western education, 248

World Bank, 164

Y

Yaba College of Technology, 115, origins, 214

Yakub, N.O., 223

Yesufu, T.M., 221

Yola, 245

Z

Zaria College of Education, 245, 246
establish. at ABU, 244-246, 249, 253

Zartman, I.W., 25