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    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral Introduction and cultural framework Introduction of new species Possible changes in livestock management strategies Changes in the exploitation of available faunal resources Discussion and final remarks Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Auteur

    Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée

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    Table des matières

    Faunal dynamics in Majorca and Minorca during the 1st millenium BC

    Damià Ramis

    p. 203-223

    Résumés

    The human communities from Majorca and Minorca maintained very stable and traditional food customs during the Bronze and beginning of the Iron Age. The first new faunal introductions are detected in the Late Bronze Age and seem to be related to the consumption of exotic goods by the local communities. The archaeological record shows a very significant change during the second half of the 1st millennium BC which involved the new exploitation patterns of different faunal species, the introduction of new taxa and the beginning of the exploitation of existing resources such as dog and fish.

    Les communautés humaines de Majorque et de Minorque ont maintenu des habitudes alimentaires très stables et traditionnelles pendant l’âge du Bronze et le début de l’âge du Fer. Les premières introductions de nouvelles espèces animales datent de la fin de l’âge du Bronze et semblent liées à la consommation de produits exotiques par les communautés locales. Les données archéologiques montrent un changement significatif au cours de la seconde moitié du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. qui se traduit par de nouveaux modes d’exploitation de certains animaux, parmi lesquels le chien et le poisson, et par l’introduction de nouvelles espèces.

    Entrées d’index

    Mots-clés : îles Baléares, talayotique, élevage, insularité, introductions fauniques

    Keywords : Balearic Islands, Talaiotic, animal husbandry, insularity, faunal introductions

    Note de l’auteur

    This work has been funded by the project PID2020-118033GB-I00 of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

    Texte intégral Introduction and cultural framework Introduction of new species Possible changes in livestock management strategies Changes in the exploitation of available faunal resources Discussion and final remarks Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Auteur

    Texte intégral

    Introduction and cultural framework

    1For a better understanding of the faunal dynamics in Majorca and Minorca during the 1st millennium BC, as well as a subsequent discussion on the elements of continuity and change, it may be useful to begin this work with a brief introduction on the geographical and cultural framework. The Balearic Islands form a heterogeneous territory within the western Mediterranean. It is made up of four main islands, grouped in two sub-archipelagos; the first group, the Gymnesic Islands which includes the two larger islands, Majorca (3,640 km²) and Minorca (702 km²) are separated by a channel of around 35 km; the second group, the Pithyusic Islands, are situated some 80 km south-west of Majorca and to which belong the two islands of Ibiza (571 km²) and Formentera (83 km²). One of the principal reasons why the Balearic Islands are considered a single territory is because of its high degree of geographical isolation. There are no other islands that can bridge to either from elsewhere or from the continent. The minimum distance to the mainland is about 80 km from the Pithyusic Islands, but sailing this route is not easy due to the dominant winds and the maritime currents. From Majorca the distance is around 200 km.

    2The Balearic Islands were first settled in the 3rd millennium BC by agropastoral groups.1 During the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1700-1200 BC), human communities were organized mainly in small villages formed by groups of a characteristic type of house called “naveta”. Around the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC, there was a gradual collapse of the “naveta” society in Minorca and Majorca,2 which coincided with the beginning of a major transformation on the Gymnesic Islands with the emergence of the Talaiotic Period,3 which did not affect the Pithyusic Islands. There is much discussion on when the Talaiotic culture began. This paper will follow an intermediate proposal which situates the beginning of the Talaiotic culture towards 1200 BC.4 The Early Talaiotic Period encompasses the Late Bronze and beginning of the Iron Age (ca. 1200-500 BC) and is characterized by the emergence of large public architectural monuments called “talaiots”. New settlements were built around these edifices.

    3When considering the development of the Talaiotic culture, the traditional diffusionist models5 have lost support in the last decades in favour of models which emphasize the role local factors played in its formation.6 In the widest sense, archaeologists have noted numerous elements that continue throughout both periods, for example the ceramic typology and funerary practices. Thus, we are far from understanding the exact causes for this change, two factors seem to be important; one a marked demographic increase and a slight rise in foreign contact.7

    4At an organizational social level, most authors suggest there was a growing situation of social inequality.8 The evidence points to an economy based on mixed agriculture and livestock.9 Furthermore, after a long period of isolation a moderate rise in contacts outside the limits of the archipelago is documented. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC, maritime networks connecting the central Mediterranean and the Iberian Peninsula probably used the Balearic Islands as stepping stones.10 Due to this, a limited number of exotic and prestigious goods arrived on the archipelago. Bronze was one of the most distinctive goods, both as raw material to be used in Talaiotic metallurgy or in the form of made objects.11 Other foreign materials such as faience beads and elephant tusks12 were introduced to the Balearic Islands and have been dated to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. These navigation routes, which were dominated by the Phoenicians from approximately the 9th or 8th c. BC,13 brought about the Phoenician colonization of Ibiza in the 7th c. BC. Even though the Phoenicians did not establish themselves on Majorca or Minorca, there is documentation referring to Phoenician imports to both islands from the 6th c. BC,14 and possibly earlier.15 At the Phoenician establishment of Sa Caleta, Ibiza, Talaiotic ceramic has been found dated to the 7th c. BC.16 Evidence of Greek trade has also been discovered in the northern part of the Balearic archipelago. It has been dated from the mid-6th to the mid-5th c. BC and linked to the Greek colonies of the north-western Mediterranean.17

    5Concerning the end of the Early Talaiotic Period, there is more of a consensus in situating it on both Majorca and Minorca in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. During the final stage of Prehistory, i.e. the Late Iron Age (ca. 5th-2nd c. BC). This stage is characterized by a combination of likely interrelated changes, within a setting of growing social hierarchy and with strong external influences. It is important to note the strong influence of the neighbouring Phoenician-Punic city of Ibiza. The mixed economy from the previous phase seems to be maintained during this new one,18 while some of the preexisting strategies probably developed and intensified.19 At the same time, this last phase of the Balearic Prehistory is marked by a considerable increase of exchanges between the autochthonous societies from Majorca and Minorca and foreign communities, principally Phoenician traders settled in Ibiza. As we have already mentioned, these exchanges are traceable to certain pottery imports dating back to the 6th c. BC but it is only in the second half of the 5th c. BC that they begin to become important, leading to a stable commercial flow during the 4th and 3rd c. BC.20

    6This phase finishes with the Roman conquest of the archipelago in the year 123 BC, according to the classical texts. The first phase of Roman dominance over Majorca and Minorca was probably represented by several Roman campsites identified near the coast and dated to the late 2nd c. BC. The general occupation of the islands under the Roman rule takes place from the middle of the following century.21 This event provoked the definite abandonment of the Talaiotic settlements between the 1st c. BC and the 1st c. AD.22

    7Almost all existing or recently—in the last couple of centuries—vanished terrestrial vertebrates from the Balearic Islands were introduced by humans, even if their arrival on the archipelago did not occur simultaneously. The archaeological record permits us to make an educated guess as to when they were introduced. At the same time, it allows us to analyse the appearance of available new exploitation strategies of faunal resources and evaluate the existence of foreign influences concerning these changes. These data are of interest for the analysis of the cultural dynamics related to the human groups who inhabited the Balearics during Prehistory. The factors that are considered here of potential interest are the following: (1) introduction of new species, (2) possible changes within animal husbandry strategies, and (3) exploitation of new faunal species. In this way, the present work will analyse these variables from the faunal record available for the Talaiotic Period of the Balearic Islands (table 1). As well as the indigenous sites, it is of interest to include the study of the faunal assemblage coming from the Punic settlement on the islet of Na Guardis. Finally, specific data coming from the sites of Cap de Forma,23 Cova des Ninot, Barranc d’Algendar and Son Olivaret, provide evidence of the early presence of different species. The geographical distribution of all these sites is found in fig. 1.

    Table 1. Faunal studies available for the Talaiotic Period included in the present work.

    IslandSite

    Period (chronology)

    References
    MajorcaCan SecEarly Talaiotic (ca. 1100-600 BC)Aramburu-Zabala – Martínez 2013
    Son FornésEarly Talaiotic (850-550 BC)Estévez 1984
    Son FerragutEarly Talaiotic (700-500 BC)Estévez – Montero 2003
    Ses Païsses (Campaigns 1999-2000)Late Talaiotic (6th c. BC-1st c. AD)Ramis 2005
    Puig de sa Morisca (Tower 1)Late Talaiotic (6th-4th c. BC)Ramis 2011
    Ses Païsses (Building 14)Late Talaiotic (4th-2nd c. BC)Martínez 2011
    Ses Païsses (Building 15)Late Talaiotic (4th-1st c. BC)Martínez – Aramburu-Zabala 2014
    S’Hospitalet Vell (Talaiot – Outdoor area)Late Talaiotic (3rd-1st c. BC)Salas – Ramis 2015

    S’Hospitalet Vell

    (Talaiot – Attached building)

    Late Talaiotic (2nd c. BC)Ramis 2016
    AlmallutxLate TalaioticRomero 1971
    Son FerrandellLate TalaioticChapman – Grant 1995
    Na GuardisPunic (3rd c. BC)Iborra 2005
    S’IllotTalaioticUerpmann 1971
    Son RealTalaioticNadal 1998
    Cas CanarTalaioticMartínez – Aramburu-Zabala n.d.
    MinorcaCova des CàrritxLate pre-Talaiotic/ Early Talaiotic (ca. 1400-800 BC)Montero 1999b
    Cova des MussolEarly Talaiotic (ca. 1200-800 BC)Montero 1999a
    Cornia Nou
    (South Building)
    Early Talaiotic (ca. 1000-600 BC)Unpublished
    MontefíEarly TalaioticValenzuela 2015
    Cornia Nou
    (East Sector)
    Late Talaiotic (4th-3rd c. BC)Unpublished
    Talaies de n’AlzinaLate Talaiotic (4th-1st c. BC)García 2004
    Torre d’en Galmés (Circle 7)Late Talaiotic (3rd c. BC)Ramis – Anglada – Quintana 2011
    Biniparratx Petit (House 1)Late Talaiotic (3rd-2nd c. BC)Morales 2004, 2009; Guerrero et al. 2007
    Talatí de DaltLate Talaiotic (3rd-1st c. BC)Morales 2005
    Torre d’en Galmés (Circle 2)Late Talaiotic (3rd-1st c. BC)Pérez-Juez et al. 2007
    MontefíLate TalaioticValenzuela 2015
    Torralba d’en SalordTalaioticFernández-Miranda – Waldren – Sanders 1995; Fernández-Miranda 2009
    Biniparratx Petit (Sector A)TalaioticGuerrero et al. 2007

    Fig. 1. Map of the Balearic Islands with the location of the sites mentioned in the text.

    1, Almallutx; 2, S’Illot; 3, Son Fornés; 4, Son Ferrandell; 5, Son Ferragut; 6, Ses Païsses; 7, Puig de sa Morisca; 8, Cas Canar; 9, Can Sec; 10, S’Hospitalet Vell; 11, Na Guardis; 12, Son Real; 13, Torralba d’en Salord; 14, Talaies de n’Alzina; 15, Biniparratx Petit; 16, Talatí de Dalt; 17, Torre d’en Galmés; 18, Montefí; 19, Cornia Nou; 20, Cova des Mussol; 21, Cova des Càrritx; 22, Cap de Forma; 23, Cova des Ninot; 24, Barranc d’Algendar; 25, Son Olivaret.

    Introduction of new species

    8The faunal composition of the Balearics before the Talaiotic Period is very limited. It mainly comprises the domestic species pertaining to the Neolithic Mediterranean: goat (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and dog (Canis familiaris) (that was not consumed). With them arrived two rodents—the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) [pl. III, 13] and the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)—, which most likely came with the first settlers, at an unspecified time within the 3rd millennium BC.24 From a faunal point of view, the situation is that of marked continuity with the past during the beginning of the Talaiotic culture, with the addition of new animals to the Balearics which starts to be detected at this time. The faunal introductions to Majorca and Minorca from the early Prehistory to the Roman times is illustrated in table 2.

    Table 2. Summary of the faunal introductions to Majorca and Minorca from the early human settlement to the Roman domination.

    Pre-Talaiotic (ca. 2500-1200 BC)Early Talaiotic (ca. 1200-500 BC)Late Talaiotic (ca. 500-100 BC)Roman (123 BC-455 AD)
    Sheep (Ovis aries)
    Goat (Capra hircus)
    Cattle (Bos taurus)
    Pig (Sus scrofa domestica)
    Dog (Canis familiaris)
    Dormouse (Eliomys quercinus)
    Field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)
    Red deer (Cervus elaphus)
    House mouse (Mus musculus) (?)
    Horse (Equus caballus)
    Chicken (Gallus gallus) (?)
    Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
    Algerian mouse (Mus spretus)
    Donkey (Equus asinus)
    Weasel (Mustela nivalis)
    Cat (Felis catus)
    European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis)
     
    LAND SNAILS
    (Helix aspersa, Eobania vermiculata, etc.)
    Fallow deer (Dama dama)
    Hare (Lepus granatensis)
    Pine marten (Martes martes)
    Black rat (Rattus rattus)
    Lesser white-toothed shrew
    (Crocidura suaveolens)
     
    REPTILES
    (Testudo sp., Natrix maura, etc.)
     
    AMPHIBIANS
    (Bufotes balearicus, Rana perezi, etc.)

    9The earliest reference to red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Balearics has been documented at the site of Cap de Forma, Minorca. These data have been presented in a preliminary way but no information on their actual location is available.25 In any case, the site’s chronology is situated between the 13th and 10th c. BC,26 which makes us realize that the deer must have existed before ca. 900 BC. Red deer are documented in Majorca at a slightly later date at the site of Son Fornés (ca. 850-550 BC) and Ses Païsses (ca. 800-500 BC), whilst they are recorded at the Talaiotic settlement of S’Illot with an imprecise dating. For the Late Talaiotic Period, the references to red deer come from both islands, being present at Torralba d’en Salord, S’Hospitalet Vell and Ses Païsses. At this last site remains appear in different contexts that embrace the entire second half of the 1st millennium BC. Finally, it should be mentioned that two bones previously identified as red deer at Puig de sa Morisca27 and Cornia Nou28 were in fact wrongly identified cattle remains. The natural distribution of red deer within the continental lands of the Mediterranean basin is very wide, therefore it is practically impossible to pin-point the exact region of origin for the Balearic red deer.

    10The oldest data of the introduction of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to the Balearics does not come from an archaeological site, but from the samples taken from the fossiliferous “breccia” of Pas d’en Revull, Minorca. Amongst the recovered fauna there were also autochthonous species and remains of introduced fauna. A C14 dated bone from a rabbit provided a date between 820-560 cal BC.29 After this date there is a gap in the record and rabbit only reappears in later Talaiotic contexts at Talatí de Dalt, Biniparratx Petit, Cornia Nou, Ses Païsses and S’Hospitalet Vell where it is interpreted as being used for human consumption. All these sites can be dated to around the 3rd and 2nd c. BC. The settlement of S’Illot has also been cited but its chronological attribution is imprecise. Geographically the natural distribution of rabbit was basically restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, with some small areas extending to the south of France and north of Morocco.

    11The first equidae recorded is the horse (Equus caballus), which is present in the Talaiotic context of Son Fornés, dated ca. 850-550 BC. Later it is found at Ses Païsses (in a 4th c. BC context), at S’Hospitalet Vell (3rd-1st c. BC) and at Talaies de n’Alzina (3rd-1st c. BC). Horse is considered to have been widely spread throughout the Mediterranean region, but there is no indication from where it was introduced into the Balearics. Donkey (Equus asinus) is also documented in Pre-Roman Period. It has been found at Talatí de Dalt (2nd c. BC) and at Talaies de n’Alzina (3rd c. BC). Unlike the horse, the donkey’s provenance is quite clear. It originated in north-east Africa and then spread to the Mediterranean from the Near East and is documented within Phoenician settlements in the south of the Iberian Peninsula from the 8th and 7th c. BC.30 The presence of equidae has also been noted at other sites—Cornia Nou (4th-3rd c. BC), Circle 7 of Torre d’en Galmés (3rd c. BC) and at Montefí—, even though in these last cases it has not been possible to distinguish between horse or donkey because of the very few and fragmented samples obtained.

    12The chicken (Gallus gallus) is mentioned as being found both in Minorca and Majorca before the mid-1st millennium at Cornia Nou31 and the necropolis of Son Real.32 But, the identification of the bone from Cornia Nou must be considered unreliable after a recent re-examination. The latter case consists of egg-shell fragments (identified as being probably from hen) found, as part of the funerary goods, in one of the tombs of the initial phase of the site. Later, consumed chicken carcasses appear at S’Hospitalet Vell (2nd c. BC) and Biniparratx Petit. Beside the indigenous sites, chicken is found at the Punic settlement of Na Guardis pertaining to a context from the 3rd c. BC.

    13As for new carnivores, weasel (Mustela nivalis) is relatively widely distributed across both islands at the end of the Talaiotic Period. It is found at Cornia Nou (4th-3rd c. BC), at Torre d’en Galmés (3rd c. BC), Talatí de Dalt (2nd c. BC), S’Hospitalet Vell (3rd-2nd c. BC) and Ses Païsses (1st c. BC). In addition, the weasel remains from Cova des Ninot were radiocarbon dated to the 4th-3rd c. BC.33 The number of weasel remains that appear at these sites is always small. Weasel is found naturally throughout Europe and in North Africa, therefore its provenance is also imprecise.

    14From the interior of the hypogeum of House 1 of Biniparratx Petit (3rd-2nd c. BC), three complete cat skeletons (Felis catus) were recovered. They were old animals that had survived some time with serious bone illnesses, which indicates they were considered domestic animals.34 Apart from this site, cat has only been documented at S’Illot and from an imprecise chronological period.

    15The pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) [pl. VI, 34] has only been documented within the debris of the cisterns at the east sector of Cornia Nou and pertaining to a context dated to the 4th-3rd c. BC. In a Roman context dating from the 1st c. BC, this species was identified at the city of Pollentia in the north of Majorca.35

    16At the end of the Talaiotic Period some species of edible snails start to be present. Helix aspersa [pl. IX, 49] has been documented in the wells of Cornia Nou, at building attached to the “talaiot” of S’Hospitalet Vell and at Ses Païsses, in contexts dated to the 4th-3rd, 2nd and 1st c. BC respectively. They appear in limited quantities which mean they were probably not eaten. It has been thought that the introduction of this gastropod came with intensifying foreign contacts. Again, its provenance is dubious because of its widespread geographical distribution.

    17As for new rodents, the genus Mus has been identified on Majorca at Son Matge36 and on Minorca at Torralba d’en Salord,37 Cova des Mussol38 and Cova des Càrritx,39 in contexts which date between late 2nd and early 1st millennia cal BC. But their identification as field mouse (Mus musculus) or Algerian mouse (Mus spretus) is unclear. On the other hand, a sample of Algerian mouse from the Son Olivaret burial monument was radiocarbon dated to around the mid-1st millennium BC.40

    Possible changes in livestock management strategies

    18The potential introduction of new varieties of pre-existing domestic animals to Majorca and Minorca has been evaluated by measuring the size of animals at different sites (table 3). Their height at the withers has been calculated by applying the corresponding coefficients41 to the measurements given by the different faunal studies cited in the table 1. It can be seen that domestic caprines of Majorca and as well Minorca underwent a significant decrease in size in pre-Talaiotic times.42 In the Early Talaiotic Period, sheep continue to be very small, with an average height at the withers of about 50 cm, or even less at some sites. This is the case of the deposits in the South Building of Cornia Nou and the older levels of Biniparratx Petit (Minorca), Can Sec, Ses Païsses and Son Fornés (Majorca).

    Table 3. Height at the withers of sheep and goats in the Talaiotic complexes of Majorca and Minorca (Average ± Standard deviation, in cm).

    IslandSitePeriod (chronology)SheepGoat
    MajorcaCan SecEarly Talaiotic
    (1000-600 BC)
    46.9 ± 1.0
    (n = 3)
    53.5 ± 0.9
    (n = 3)
    Ses PaïssesEarly Talaiotic
    (800-500 BC)
    49.0 ± 2.7
    (n = 5)
    52.0
    (n = 1)
    Son FornésEarly Talaiotic
    (850-550 BC)
    48.2 ± 3
    (n = 11)
    60.4 ± 4.4
    (n = 6)
    Cas CanarLate Talaiotic
    (600-100 BC)
    48.5
    (n = 1)
    54.7 ± 2.8
    (n = 2)
    Puig de sa MoriscaLate Talaiotic
    (6th-5th c. BC)
    52.2 ± 4.0
    (n = 3)
    –
    Puig de sa MoriscaLate Talaiotic
    (4th c. BC)
    51.5 ± 4.8
    (n = 8)
    53.1
    (n = 1)
    S’Hospitalet VellLate Talaiotic
    (3rd-1st c. BC)
    46.5 ± 6.0
    (n = 4)
    59.5
    (n = 1)
    Ses PaïssesLate Talaiotic
    (2nd-1st c. BC)
    58.4 ± 6.2
    (n = 4)
    56.9 ± 5.8
    (n = 3)
    MinorcaCornia NouEarly Talaiotic
    (1000-600 BC)
    49.0 ± 2.5
    (n = 60)
    57.0 ± 3.3
    (n = 13)
    Cornia NouLate Talaiotic
    (4th-3rd c. BC)
    61.3 ± 3.2
    (n = 8)
    54.2 ± 1.0 (n = 3)
    Biniparratx Petit (Casa 1)Late Talaiotic
    (3rd-2nd c. BC)
    58.7 ± 2.3
    (n = 17)
    59.2 ± 2.4
    (n = 18)
    Talatí de DaltLate Talaiotic
    (3rd-1st c. BC)
    58.1 ± 5.5
    (n = 11)
    –

    19This process seems to change especially in the later Minorcan contexts where sheep are 10 cm taller on average than earlier periods at Biniparratx Petit, Talatí de Dalt and Cornia Nou. The faunal study of Talatí de Dalt was the first to detect this height increase of sheep from contexts dated between the 3rd and 1st c. BC. The author of the study had already connected the introduction to these new varieties to the growing contact with the Punic world.43 As for Majorca, larger sheep have been detected at Ses Païsses, during the 2nd and 1st c. BC. The other sites in Majorca dated to the second half of the millennium continue to contain very small sheep.

    20Goats have a different dynamic. The height of this species presents certain variability within the different contexts of the 1st millennium BC, but without arriving at values as low as those of sheep. At the same time, it is impossible to identify, from the available data, the presence of new varieties of goat in the Late Iron Age.

    21The high fragmentation of the cattle remains means that size reconstruction is limited. Data have been only obtained from two Minorcan settlements. Both the cattle from the East Talaiot of Cornia Nou and that of House 1 of Biniparratx Petit, with an average height of approximately 99-104 cm, are considerably larger than those from the pre-Talaiotic site of Cala Blanca, which presented a height at the withers of approximately 86-88 cm.44 However, this height is considerably lower than that of the Phoenician site of Tharros in Sardinia, at 114 cm.45 Overall, it is possible that cattle were introduced to Minorca, although the data is both scarce and inconclusive.

    22In general, no change is observed in livestock exploitation strategies. Regarding the distribution of caprines, cattle and pigs, no significant changes have been observed in Majorca or Minorca, highlighting the absolute predominance of the caprines group. Moreover, the relative data from the kill-off profiles of goat and sheep do not show any significant changes in livestock management during the 1st millennium BC.46

    Changes in the exploitation of available faunal resources

    23During the early Talaiotic phase there is a very marked continuity in the exploitation of animal resources compared to the previous period.47 The faunal species consumed are the same as in the previous millennium. But, during the Late Talaiotic new practices can be observed. In this section, we mention two main elements that differentiate these two Talaiotic phases: the first evidence of consumption of dog, and the first evidence of fishing.

    24In the oldest Talaiotic sites, dog appears sporadically or its presence is simply inferred from gnaw marks on the bones of other animals, but its consumption as food is excluded. Even in contexts from the second half of the 1st millennium BC there is no evidence of its consumption at sites such as Son Ferrandell, Talaies de n’Alzina, Biniparratx Petit or Montefí. By contrast, the sites of S’Hospitalet Vell (3rd-1st c. BC), Ses Païsses (2nd-1st c. BC), Talatí de Dalt (2nd c. BC) and Cornia Nou (4th-3rd c. BC) begin to show butchery marks and evidence of its consumption is found in dog bones.

    25As for the exploitation of marine resources, it seems as though this is a new strategy for obtaining food and begins at the last moments of the Talaiotic culture. During the Bronze Age there is no evidence of fishing in Majorca or Minorca. At Tower 1 of the Puig de sa Morisca some fish bones were found amidst the consumption remains (5th-4th c. BC). The same kind of evidence is detected at S’Hospitalet Vell (3rd-1st c. BC), at S’Illot and at the Punic settlement of Na Guardis. In Minorca the practice of fishing can be inferred from the presence of metal fish-hooks found at the Cartailhac Circle of Torre d’en Galmés (2nd c. BC)48 and the evidence of fish-flour retrieved from the hand-mills of Talatí de Dalt.49 Lastly, the occasional presence of cetacean remains has been mentioned at Biniparratx Petit.50

    Discussion and final remarks

    26The composition of the faunal assemblages is not so varied before the Talaiotic Period, being practically limited to domestic mammals of the Neolithic Mediterranean tradition. The situation at a faunal level is marked by its continuity at the beginning of the Talaiotic culture even though during this time the first changes start to be visible. These are occasional faunal introductions, which do not appear in a generalized way throughout the archipelago, but only at some of the sites studied and in very small numbers. Significantly, only a few sites have evidence of these animals. The absence of red deer, rabbit, chicken and horse at the majority of contexts from first half of the 1st millennium BC suggests that these animals may have been introduced for their symbolic character.

    27The scarcity of bones belonging to these species in the Early Talaiotic makes us think that they were not used for food. It has been suggested that chicken was introduced into Sardinia and Etruria initially as an exotic item for ritual or prestigious exploitation.51 The remains of chicken and eggs are well represented in the Iberian necropolis.52 In Majorca, what were assumed to be chicken eggs have been identified at the necropolis of Son Real,53 dated to the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The assumed chicken remains identified at the South Building of Cornia Nou, radiocarbon dated ca. 800-600 BC.,54 must be disregarded, as mentioned above.

    28The initial introduction of the rabbit in Minorca does not seem to be related to its exploitation as a food resource. It does not appear at archaeological sites before the 4th-3rd c. BC, when the first evidence of its use as food is recorded. And, in fact, the only earlier evidence of its presence on the island comes from a sample from the paleontological site of Pas d’en Revull. The available data suggests that rabbit, and perhaps chicken, were already present in the Balearics during the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC. The spread of chicken to the Mediterranean seems to be due both to Phoenicians55 and Greeks.56 Chicken is documented very early at the West Phoenician colonies in the south of Iberian Peninsula.57 The natural distribution of the rabbit in the Iberian Peninsula leads us to connect the introduction of both species to Phoenician maritime activity between the central Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar. The introduction of red deer and horse, whose origins are less well known, could correspond to the same mechanisms. In fact, the question of a reintroduction of horse in the north-east Iberia by the Phoenicians around the 6th c. BC has been raised.58 Therefore, the presence of these animals in the Balearics before the half of the 1st millennium BC could be situated within a context of an initial incipient relation of exchanges between Phoenicians and Talaiotics.

    29From the second half of this 1st millennium the links between the Talaiotic communities and those of the animal world gradually began to intensify. New species continue to be introduced, but in some cases, they are clearly related to economic activities, such as the draught power provided by the donkey. In addition, it is likely that new populations of red deer, horse and chicken were reintroduced, but now with a different use. Chicken has been considered a food resource since the 3rd or 2nd c. BC. The same happens with old horses, which means that this animal was slaughtered when it was no longer useful as a load carrying animal. It could be speculated that deer became feral animals and their exploitation would also be through hunting. In this way, once rabbits were introduced into Minorca in the first half of the 1st millennium it is very difficult to argue that they vanished and were reintroduced; but it wasn’t until the 4th c. BC that the first evidence of rabbit as a food resource begins to be documented. Besides the introduction of new species, there starts to be faunal changes linked to the basic aspects of subsistence. This is observed through the appearance of bigger varieties of sheep to Minorca and the east of Majorca (and perhaps cattle). This fact, together with the exploitation of animal traction-force generated by the equids, must have brought about important changes in the food production of determined communities. Moreover, some available faunal resources, which had been ignored for the past two millennia, start to be exploited. One of these resources is fish and the second one, domestic dog. Even though the volume of food from such sources is little more than anecdotal, it is visible and its principal value is that it helps to document the breaking away from ancestral food traditions. Evidence from stable isotope analyses shows a slight increase in the consumption of marine resources by the Late Iron Age populations in Majorca and Minorca.59

    30Finally, mention should be made of the arrival of other new faunal species that arrived for uncertain reasons. This is the case of small carnivores such as the cat and weasel, the European pond turtle and new species of land snails. In Iron Age Sardinia, it has been suggested that the introduction of small carnivores, like weasel and mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) [pl. II, 10], was related to the elimination of rodents.60 The absence of clear evidence of the use of snails as food in the Talaiotic settlements could be interpreted as an involuntary introduction linked to an important flow of foreign boats to the islands. In the case of cats, the Biniparratx Petit specimens suggest that, at least during the latter part of their lives, they served as domestic pets. These faunal introductions have no clear economic benefit, but they demonstrate that Talaiotic society was more porous to outside contact.

    31This entire situation is framed within a general dynamic where the Balearic Islands begin to receive a greater flux of foreign products, especially from the 4th c. BC.61 This flux is materialized concretely with the arrival of Ebusitan wine, besides other complementary but less important wine imports such as Massaliot or Iberian ones. It must be understood that these novelties and faunal changes do not occur evenly throughout the local communities, but rather the result is a mosaic of diverse situations, where many of these settlements present evidence of the beginning of experimentation with one or more of the new features just described.

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    Salvà – Hernández-Gasch 2009 = B. Salvà, J. Hernández-Gasch, Los espacios domésticos en las Islas Baleares durante las Edades del Bronce y del Hierro. De la sociedad Naviforme a la Talayótica, in M.C. Belarte (ed.), L’espai domèstic i l’organització de la societat a la protohistòria de la Mediterrània occidental (Ier mil·lenni aC). Actes de la IV reunió internacional d’arqueologia de Calafell (Calafell – Tarragona, 6 al 9 de març de 2007), Barcelona, 2009, p. 299-321.

    Sanders 1979 = E.A.C. Sanders, The animals found in the cave of Son Boronat (Mallorca) and some preliminary notes on possible changes in the subrecent rodent populations of Mallorca, in Bolletí de la Societat arqueològica Lul·liana, 37, 1979, p. 51-58.

    Sanders 1984 = E.A.C. Sanders, Evidence concerning late survival and extinction of endemic Amphibia and Reptilia from the Bronze and Iron Age settlement of Torralba den Salort (Alaior, Menorca), in H. Hemmer, J.A. Alcover (eds), Història biològica del Ferreret, Palma, 1984, p. 123-128.

    Sintes – Isbert 2009 = E. Sintes, F. Isbert, Investigación arqueológica y puesta en valor del Recinto Cartailhac. Una unidad doméstica del s. II ANE en el poblado talayótico de Torre d’en Galmés, in Patrimonio cultural de España, 1, 2009, p. 251-260.

    Sykes 2012 = N. Sykes, A social perspective on the introduction of exotic animals: the case of the chicken, in WorldA, 44, 2012, p. 158-169.

    Uerpmann 1971 = H.P. Uerpmann, Die Tierknochenfunde aus der Talaiot-Siedlung von S’Illot (San Lorenzo, Mallorca), Munich, 1971.

    Valenzuela 2015 = A. Valenzuela, La gestió dels recursos animals en la integració de les Illes Balears al món romà, PhD thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015.

    Valenzuela – Alcover 2012 = A. Valenzuela, J.A. Alcover, Radiocarbon evidence for a prehistoric deliberate translocation: the weasel (Mustela nivalis) of Mallorca, in Biological invasions, 15, 2012, p. 717-722.

    Valenzuela – Cau – Alcover 2016 = A. Valenzuela, M.A. Cau, J.A. Alcover, Archaeological evidence for the introduction of Emys orbicularis (Testudines: Emydidae) in the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean, in Amphibia-Reptilia, 37, 2016, p. 229-236.

    Van Strydonck 2014 = M. Van Strydonck, From Myotragus to Metellus. A journey through the pre- and early-history of Majorca and Minorca, Hochwald, 2014.

    Van Strydonck et al. 2005 = M. Van Strydonck, M. Boudin, A. Ervynck, J. Orvay, H. Borms, Spatial and temporary habits during the prehistory of the Balearic Islands as reflected by 14C, δ15N and δ13C analyses on human and animal bones, in Mayurqa, 30, 2005, p. 523-541.

    Vives-Ferrándiz 2015 = J. Vives-Ferrándiz, Mediterranean networks and material connections: a view from Eastern Iberia and the Balearic Islands (12th-8th centuries BC), in A. Babbi, F. Bubenheimer-Erhart, B. Marín-Aguilera, S. Mühl (eds), The Mediterranean mirror. Cultural contacts in the Mediterranean Sea between 1200 and 750 B. C., Mainz, 2015, p. 279-291.

    Notes de bas de page

    1Ramis 2010.

    2Ramis – Salas 2014.

    3Van Strydonck 2014.

    4Castro et al. 1997; Gornés et al. 2004; Coll 2006; Anglada et al. 2014.

    5E.g. Castro et al. 1997; Pons 1999.

    6Fernández-Miranda 1991; Lull et al. 1999; Coll 2006.

    7Ramis 2014.

    8Hernández-Gasch 1998; Anglada et al. 2012.

    9E.g. Hernández-Gasch et al. 2002.

    10Botto 2013.

    11Delibes de Castro – Fernández-Miranda 1988; Montero et al. 2005.

    12Lull et al. 1999.

    13Vives-Ferrándiz 2015; Botto 2016.

    14Castrillo 2005; Hernández-Gasch 2009.

    15Guerrero – Calvo – Salvà 2002.

    16Ramon 2007.

    17Hernández-Gasch 2009-2010.

    18Hernández-Gasch – Ramis – Rosselló 2011.

    19Hernández-Gasch et al. 2002.

    20Hernández-Gasch 2009; Hernández-Gasch – Quintana 2013.

    21López Mullor 2015.

    22Salvà – Hernández-Gasch 2009.

    23Depalmas – Marras 2003.

    24Ramis 2014.

    25Depalmas – Marras 2003.

    26Depalmas 2014.

    27Hernández-Gasch – Ramis – Rosselló 2011.

    28Ramis 2017.

    29KIA-42770: 2575 ± 30 BP (Quintana – Ramis – Bover 2016).

    30Iborra 2004; Nadal – Albizuri – Maroto 2010.

    31Ramis et al. 2017. See, here, Masseti, D’Andrea and De Grossi Mazzorin, Minniti and Corbino.

    32Nadal 1998.

    33Valenzuela – Alcover 2012.

    34Guerrero et al. 2007.

    35Valenzuela – Cau – Alcover 2016.

    36Sanders 1979.

    37Sanders 1984.

    38Alcalde 1999a.

    39Alcalde 1999b.

    40KIA-35801: 2365 ± 35 BP (Valenzuela 2015).

    41Chaix – Méniel 1996.

    42Ramis 2014; Ramis – Anglada 2012.

    43Morales 2005.

    44Ramis – Anglada 2012.

    45Carenti – Wilkens 2006.

    46Ramis 2017.

    47Ramis 2018.

    48Sintes – Isbert 2009.

    49Juan – Pons 2005.

    50Guerrero et al. 2007.

    51De Grossi Mazzorin 2005; Sykes 2012. See, here, D’Andrea and De Grossi Mazzorin, Minniti and Corbino.

    52Iborra 2004.

    53Nadal 1998.

    54RICH-21680: 2564 ± 33 BP (Ramis et al. 2017).

    55Sykes 2012.

    56Garcia Petit 2002.

    57Hernández Carrasquilla 1992.

    58Albizuri – Font – Nadal 2016.

    59Van Strydonck et al. 2005.

    60Carenti – Wilkens 2006. Here, Wilkens.

    61Hernández-Gasch – Quintana 2013.

    Auteur

    • Damià Ramis

      Museu de Menorca

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    1Ramis 2010.

    2Ramis – Salas 2014.

    3Van Strydonck 2014.

    4Castro et al. 1997; Gornés et al. 2004; Coll 2006; Anglada et al. 2014.

    5E.g. Castro et al. 1997; Pons 1999.

    6Fernández-Miranda 1991; Lull et al. 1999; Coll 2006.

    7Ramis 2014.

    8Hernández-Gasch 1998; Anglada et al. 2012.

    9E.g. Hernández-Gasch et al. 2002.

    10Botto 2013.

    11Delibes de Castro – Fernández-Miranda 1988; Montero et al. 2005.

    12Lull et al. 1999.

    13Vives-Ferrándiz 2015; Botto 2016.

    14Castrillo 2005; Hernández-Gasch 2009.

    15Guerrero – Calvo – Salvà 2002.

    16Ramon 2007.

    17Hernández-Gasch 2009-2010.

    18Hernández-Gasch – Ramis – Rosselló 2011.

    19Hernández-Gasch et al. 2002.

    20Hernández-Gasch 2009; Hernández-Gasch – Quintana 2013.

    21López Mullor 2015.

    22Salvà – Hernández-Gasch 2009.

    23Depalmas – Marras 2003.

    24Ramis 2014.

    25Depalmas – Marras 2003.

    26Depalmas 2014.

    27Hernández-Gasch – Ramis – Rosselló 2011.

    28Ramis 2017.

    29KIA-42770: 2575 ± 30 BP (Quintana – Ramis – Bover 2016).

    30Iborra 2004; Nadal – Albizuri – Maroto 2010.

    31Ramis et al. 2017. See, here, Masseti, D’Andrea and De Grossi Mazzorin, Minniti and Corbino.

    32Nadal 1998.

    33Valenzuela – Alcover 2012.

    34Guerrero et al. 2007.

    35Valenzuela – Cau – Alcover 2016.

    36Sanders 1979.

    37Sanders 1984.

    38Alcalde 1999a.

    39Alcalde 1999b.

    40KIA-35801: 2365 ± 35 BP (Valenzuela 2015).

    41Chaix – Méniel 1996.

    42Ramis 2014; Ramis – Anglada 2012.

    43Morales 2005.

    44Ramis – Anglada 2012.

    45Carenti – Wilkens 2006.

    46Ramis 2017.

    47Ramis 2018.

    48Sintes – Isbert 2009.

    49Juan – Pons 2005.

    50Guerrero et al. 2007.

    51De Grossi Mazzorin 2005; Sykes 2012. See, here, D’Andrea and De Grossi Mazzorin, Minniti and Corbino.

    52Iborra 2004.

    53Nadal 1998.

    54RICH-21680: 2564 ± 33 BP (Ramis et al. 2017).

    55Sykes 2012.

    56Garcia Petit 2002.

    57Hernández Carrasquilla 1992.

    58Albizuri – Font – Nadal 2016.

    59Van Strydonck et al. 2005.

    60Carenti – Wilkens 2006. Here, Wilkens.

    61Hernández-Gasch – Quintana 2013.

    Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée

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    Ramis, D. (2024). Faunal dynamics in Majorca and Minorca during the 1st millenium BC. In C. Chandezon, B. D’Andrea, & A. Gardeisen (éds.), Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. https://doi.org/10.4000/12we8
    Ramis, Damià. « Faunal Dynamics in Majorca and Minorca During the 1st millenium BC ». In Circulations Animales Et zoogéographie En Méditerranée, édité par Christophe Chandezon, Bruno D’Andrea, et Armelle Gardeisen. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2024. doi:10.4000/12we8.
    Ramis, Damià. « Faunal Dynamics in Majorca and Minorca During the 1st millenium BC ». Circulations Animales Et zoogéographie En Méditerranée, édité par Christophe Chandezon et al., Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2024, https://doi.org/10.4000/12we8.

    Référence numérique du livre

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    Chandezon, C., D’Andrea, B., & Gardeisen, A. (éds.). (2024). Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. https://doi.org/10.4000/12wei
    Chandezon, Christophe, Bruno D’Andrea, et Armelle Gardeisen, éd. Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2024. doi:10.4000/12wei.
    Chandezon, Christophe, et al., éditeurs. Circulations animales et zoogéographie en Méditerranée. Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2024, https://doi.org/10.4000/12wei.
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