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    Plan détaillé Texte intégral IntroductionThe chronology and the pattern of representation of Zeus on Greek coinsThe contribution of Zeus’ coin types from Olympia to the development of Zeus’ visual representationthe eagle and the ThunderboltThe Olympian Zeus of PheidiasThe Peloponnese: a centre of innovation in Zeus’ iconography and the dissemination of a characteristic pattern to the Western Poleis Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Notes de fin Auteur

    La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse

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    Table des matières

    The coins of Olympia and the development of Zeus’ iconography in Classical Greece1

    Les monnaies d’Olympie et l’établissement de l’iconographie de Zeus en Grèce classique

    Τα νομίσματα της Ολυμπίας και η εγκαθίδρυση της εικονογραφίας του Δία στην Κλασσική Ελλάδα

    Lilian de Angelo Laky

    p. 259-268

    Résumés

    L’objet de cette recherche est d’étudier l’iconographie des monnaies émises par les cités qui contrôlent le sanctuaire d’Olympie aux ve s. et ive s. av. J.-C., afin de comprendre comment ces monnaies ont contribué à élaborer une image de Zeus. Nous avons à cet effet comparé les représentations du dieu et de ses attributs sur les monnaies d’Olympie avec celles d’autres cités, ainsi que dans la sculpture (ronde-bosse et reliefs). Il apparaît qu’à cet égard le Péloponnèse a été au cœur des innovations, en répandant un schéma caractéristique, en particulier vers les cités occidentales. L’élaboration progressive de l’image de Zeus dans la ronde-bosse et les reliefs fixe des jalons pour dater les images monétaires et révèle un contexte historique très clair pour le culte du dieu.

    The aim of this research is to present a study of the monetary iconography on the coins minted by the poleis that controlled the sanctuary of Olympia during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. My intention is to understand how these coins can contribute to the development of Zeus’ visual representation. For this purpose, I compare the images of Zeus and his attributes on these coins with similar images of the deity on coins issued by other poleis and on sculptures and reliefs. I conclude that the Peloponnese was the centre of innovation for Zeus’ iconography and the source of a characteristic pattern, particularly for the western poleis. The systematization of the pattern of Zeus’ representation on sculptures and reliefs allows the definition of a chronology for the representation of Zeus on Greek coins and reveals a well-defined historical context for the cult of the god.

    Σε αυτή τη μελέτη παρουσιάζεται η νομισματική εικονογραφία των πόλεων που είχαν στον έλεγχό τους το ιερό της Ολυμπίας κατά τη διάρκεια του 5ου αι. και 4ου αι. π.Χ. Στόχος μας είναι να αντιληφθούμε πως αυτές οι κοπές μπορούν να συμβάλουν στην εδραίωση της εικόνας του Δία. Για το σκοπό αυτό συγκρίναμε την παράσταση του Δία και τα χαρακτηριστικά του με αντίστοιχες παραστάσεις του θεού σε νομίσματα άλλων πόλεων, καθώς και σε αγαλματικούς τύπους και ανάγλυφα. Συμπεραίνουμε ότι η Πελοπόννησος ήταν το κέντρο των νεωτερισμών στην εικονογραφία του Δία, διαδίδοντας μια χαρακτηριστική εικόνα, ιδιαίτερα στις πόλεις της δυτικής Πελοποννήσου. Η συστηματικοποίηση της εικονογραφίας του Δία, όπως παρουσιάζεται στα αγάλματα και ανάγλυφα επιτρέπουν την δημιουργία ενός πλαισίου χρονολόγησης της στα ελληνικά νομίσματα και αποκαλύπτουν ένα καλά προσδιορισμένο ιστορικό πλαίσιο για τη λατρεία του θεού.

    Dédicace

    To Professor Beatriz Florenzano

    Texte intégral IntroductionThe chronology and the pattern of representation of Zeus on Greek coinsThe 5th century BC – The beginning of representation of Zeus on Greek coinsZeus coin types of the 5th century BCThe seated typeThe striding typeThe head typeThe 4th century BC – The growth in the number of regions using the image of Zeus on Greek coinsZeus coin types of the 4th century BCThe head typeThe seated typeThe striding typeThe contribution of Zeus’ coin types from Olympia to the development of Zeus’ visual representationThe olive wreaththe eagle and the ThunderboltThe Olympian Zeus of PheidiasThe Peloponnese: a centre of innovation in Zeus’ iconography and the dissemination of a characteristic pattern to the Western Poleis Bibliographie Bibliographical abbreviations Notes de bas de page Notes de fin Auteur

    Texte intégral

    Introduction

    1The innovations undertaken at the sanctuary at Olympia with regard to the cult of Zeus in the 5th century BC – the construction of the Doric temple of the deity between 470 and 456 BC and the cult statue of Olympian Zeus made by Pheidias for the temple c. 430 BC – also encompassed his representation in the visual arts. The first evidence for this innovation was certainly the statue of Olympian Zeus, whose features, sculpted by Pheidias, of which several had never before been used in a representation of Zeus, were maintained as an example to be followed in the representation of the deity until the Roman period.

    2Inter-state sanctuaries, like Olympia, promulgated a variety of contacts among different states, promoting the diffusion of similar institutions and cultural traits throughout a very extensive area1. The search for these similar cultural traits, in this case the image of Zeus, in the numismatic record, can have implications for the understanding of the appropriation of such images by other poleis. As we know, the coins circulated in near and distant places, through several poleis, and also outside the Greek world. The images that these small artifacts carried were copied many times by these other localities. The traits found on the coins were apt to be seen and rearranged and used to compose new images. In this way, an image that initially represented the identity of its place of origin, when readapted by another place, could provide evidence for the phenomenon of Panhellenism. Therefore the import of numismatic images may have signalled for the ancient Greeks the idea of belonging to a wider world2.

    3I believe that this process of innovation and, consequently, of transformation of the representation of Zeus surpassed the sphere of the Olympic Games and was appropriated by other localities in the Greek world. Accordingly I chose to look at the numismatic images of Zeus minted in Olympia – by the poleis of Elis and Pisa, which were responsible for the organization of the games in different periods – in search of answers about the influence of the sanctuary on the visual representation of the most important Greek deity.

    4The intention of this study is, therefore, to understand how the numismatic type of Zeus, pertaining to Olympia, contributed to the development of a specific representation of this deity in the Greek world. For this investigation, I systematically surveyed all the numismatic types from Olympia minted in the 5th and 4th centuries BC and, also, all the numismatic images of Zeus issued in the Greek world, as well as some important examples of sculptures and reliefs of the deity made in this period3. From the constitution of the documentary corpus, I could then compare the numismatic images of Zeus, created in Olympia, with comparandum A (numismatic types from the Greek world) and comparandum B (sculptures and reliefs), while I examined and “dismantled” the images into several elements: hairstyle, head adornment, associated attributes, position (seated, hurling the thunderbolt, etc.), in order to structure a repertoire of individual components and analyze the reassembling of these elements in the other evidence4.

    5In the following pages, I present the three main results regarding Zeus’ iconography on Classical Greek coins.

    The chronology and the pattern of representation of Zeus on Greek coins

    The 5th century BC – The beginning of representation of Zeus on Greek coins

    6The first image of Zeus minted on a Greek coin was struck in the beginning of the fifth century BC, around the year 490 BC, in the Peloponnese region and by cities that formed the Arcadian League. Although some scholars have dated this specimen to c. 480 BC, I have situated it within a temporal framework that goes from the beginning of the representation of Zeus on Greek coins to the transition between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC. Thinking back to the invention of the coin in Asia Minor, which occurred at the end of the 7th century BC, and its subsequent adoption by Greek cities at the beginning of the 6th century BC, I have traced a historical context for the beginning of figurative representations on coins in ancient Greece as follows.

    7In the Greek world, the first images to be represented on a coin were not images of gods or goddesses, nymphs or heroes, but animals. The choice of deities as the symbol of the polis occurred in a somewhat later period. According to a brief survey in the catalogue in Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (1976), by Colin Kraay, one of the oldest such images was found in Sicily: the figure of the head of Dionysos, issued by the polis of Naxos in c. 530 BC. We know that the dating of these coins was, in several cases, done approximately and without a well-determined historical context. However, other numismatic images of deities are known from c. 525 BC: the figure of Apollo minted by Caulonia and the image of Poseidon issued in Poseidonia, in Magna Graecia. It is interesting to note that the oldest numismatic representations of gods in the Greek world were found in colonial areas.

    8In the context of the oldest representations of deities on Greek coins, the image of Zeus was chosen as a numismatic type approximately half a century later. Certainly, the temporal contrast between the adoption of the images of other gods and that of Zeus, in the period of transition, may point to characteristics specific to the cult of Zeus that have remained unknown until now, as they have not been studied in the context of the cult of the deity.

    9A survey of the numismatic types of Zeus issued in the Classical period in the Greek world has revealed that the 5th century BC was the first moment at which there was interest in the representation of Zeus’ image on coins, as is attested by the quantity of issues with the image of the deity from the period. It is interesting to note that there was a gap between the Archaic period and the first date that we have for a numismatic type of Zeus in the fifth century BC. The only explanation for this phenomenon that I can find pertains to the development of the Panhellenic character of Zeus that occurred from the end of the 6th century onwards and reached its acme in the 5th century BC5. In this sense, we believe that the acme of the ideal of Greek identity in the 5th century BC may have stimulated the representation of Zeus on Greek coins.

    Image 100000000000006C0000007C9EE37559B9495D4C.jpg

    Fig. 1. Arcadian League (Kleitor). Obverse type. Hemidrachm, AR, 2.86 g, diameter: 14 mm (BCD Peloponnesos: 1393).

    Image 10000000000000BE000000A638F65881A44F08B0.jpg

    Fig. 2. Elis-Olympia. Reverse type. Stater, AR, 10.79 g, diameter: 28 mm (BCD Olympia: 25).

    Image 10000000000000A4000000B03838D818E1BC0976.jpg

    Fig. 3. Elis-Olympia. Obverse type. Stater, AR, 12.08 g, diameter: 23 mm (BCD Olympia: 67).

    Zeus coin types of the 5th century BC

    The seated type

    10The oldest representations of this pattern can be dated to c. 490 BC and were minted by the city of Kleitor for the Arcadian League, in the Peloponnese. These specimens correspond to the oldest numismatic types of Zeus and are important because they allow us to understand the cult of Zeus during the beginning of the 5th century BC. In Olympia this pattern can be found on coins from two different issues dated to between 452 and 432 BC6. On the reverse, Zeus is represented on a throne on the left, holding a sceptre in his left hand, with an eagle flying around his right arm (fig. 1).

    The striding type

    11Analysis of the survey of the numismatic types in the Greek world in connection with the types minted in Olympia reveals that this pattern of images of Zeus is typical of the 5th century BC and was used only in the Peloponnese and in Sicily. In the Peloponnese, the image of Zeus striding was used by Elis on the reverse of the coins from Olympia; these specimens correspond to the first numismatic issue with the image of Zeus issued in the sanctuary, which is dated from c. 470-450 BC, the first date that we have for a numismatic type of Zeus minted at Olympia, according to Seltman’s chronology (fig. 2).

    The head type

    12Surveying the numismatic types of Zeus minted at Olympia and the types minted in the Greek world generally has shown that the first heads of Zeus were represented on the coinage from Elis to Olympia (fig. 3), and on the coins from the Arcadian League, in the second half of the 5th century BC. So these are thus the only two known cases of this pattern of representation in the 5th century BC, which characterize these places as responsible for the oldest representations of the god’s head on Greek coins.

    The 4th century BC – The growth in the number of regions using the image of Zeus on Greek coins

    13In the 4th century BC, growth in the number of the regions starting to use the image of Zeus on coins occurred. The poleis in the Peloponnese and in Sicily kept the issues of numismatic images of the god, but Magna Graecia, Thessaly, Macedonia and Crete started to issue their numismatic issues with the type of the god in this period.

    Zeus coin types of the 4th century BC

    The head type

    14According to the dating of the specimens, the first numismatic image of the head of Zeus minted in the 4th century BC that does not belong amongst the issues of Elis for Olympia was issued by Megalopolis in the Peloponnese for the Arcadian League, in the period of the latter’s foundation (fig. 4). In a word, the representation of the head of Zeus was an invention of the 5th century, but it was adopted in the 4th century as a model for the representation of Zeus on Greek coins, being developed as a pattern of representation in the Hellenistic period.

    The seated type

    15This pattern of representation of Zeus is the second type that is more prominent in the 4th century BC, and occurs only on coins from Crete (Knossos, Praisos, Olous) and in Macedonia (royal issues of Alexander the Great), and in one isolated case in the Peloponnese (the Achaean League).

    The striding type

    16This is a typical pattern of representation of the 5th century BC and was used in the 4th century only by the polis of Messenia when minting types of Zeus Ithomates. The pattern of Zeus striding and hurling the thunderbolt, known in statuary as Zeus Keraunios, ceased to be the predominant pattern of representation on coins as well as on sculptures and reliefs from the second half of the 5th century BC onwards.

    The contribution of Zeus’ coin types from Olympia to the development of Zeus’ visual representation

    The olive wreath

    17This iconographic element is a representation peculiar to the sanctuary of Olympia. The oldest specimen of the head of Zeus minted by the Arcadian League between 428-418 BC does not include the image of the wreath made with the shoots of the tree. The numismatic representation of a head of Zeus with a wreath of olive leaves was found in Olympia and is dated to 416 BC (see fig. 3). This element can be seen in all 4th century BC representations of the head of Zeus in Sicily (fig. 5), Magna Graecia (fig. 6) and on the island of Crete. The diffusion of this element was limited to coins, for I have not found it in the representations of the deity on sculptures and reliefs from the Classical period7.

    Image 1000000000000098000000B095CEBF1A5B3DFD1D.jpg

    Fig. 4. Arcadian League (Megalopolis). Obverse type. Stater, AR, 12.09 g, diameter: 22 mm (BCD Peloponnesos: 1511).

    Image 10000000000000A2000000AEE4444683A7B23C9F.jpg

    Fig. 5. Agyrion, Sicily. Obverse type. No weight, AE, diameter: 24.5 mm (BMC Sicily, Agyrium, no. 9).

    Image 100000000000008E00000096A79FBCC7B44A5450.jpg

    Fig. 6. Lokroi Epizephyrioi, Magna Graecia. Obverse type. Stater, AR, diameter: 19 mm (N.K. Rutter, Historia Numorum Italy [2001], pll. 38, 2310; provenance of the image: U. Zanotti-Bianco, La Magna Grecia [1964]: fig. 123, Museo Archaeologico Nazionale di Napoli).

    18In order to differentiate olive wreaths from laurel wreaths I had recourse to the drawings in Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen encyclopedia (figs. 7-8)8.

    19As we can see, the leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea) are more thin and pointed than laurel leaves (Laurus nobilis), which are more voluminous. This, therefore, was the criterion of differentiation in the classification of the wreaths present in the drawings of the head of Zeus on the coins. It should be said, first, that the worn state of the numismatic image and the indeterminate nature of the picture in some cases made classifying the wreath leaves difficult.

    20Therefore, within these parameters we can identify clearly the presence of a wreath of olive leaves on the heads of Zeus minted at Olympia. In all the images of the heads of Zeus with short or long hair issued in the sanctuary, I have noted the existence of a wreath of olive leaves, which is not found in the images of the head of Zeus minted by the Arcadian League in the 5th century BC. Thus, we can state that the wreath of olive leaves may have been an innovation of the sanctuary of Olympia in the iconography of Zeus on Greek coins. Among the numismatic types from Olympia, we can highlight the obverse of the specimen dating from c. 360 BC, which I consider to be the best defined image of the leaves of the olive tree (fig. 9). In this case, I believe that the close resemblance of the drawings of the leaves on the coin to the natural leaves of the olive tree shows that the artist responsible for the engraving intended to differentiate the leaves of the olive tree from other plants. This numismatic type of Zeus also leads me to think that in fact there are differences in the representation of the wreaths in the image of the head of Zeus on coins, which may force us to review the classification of “laureate” in numismatic catalogues in cases where there is a wreath on the head of the god.

    Image 10000000000002900000019A4DA82764DA3C7817.jpg

    Fig. 7-8. Olea europea and Laurus nobilis (F. E. Köhler, G. Pabst [n. 8], vol. II, pl. 109; vol. I, pl. 1).

    the eagle and the Thunderbolt

    21The use of the eagle seems to have been an invention of the Arcadians. According to Mylonas9, the eagle was not mentioned in Homeric texts (n.b. Iliad 11.184, 12.237) and in Pindar’s Odes (Pythian I) as an attribute of Zeus, but was mentioned as a bird that could bring about an omen. The author relates these ancient literary traditions from the Greek north to the absence of the eagle on the statuettes of Zeus Keraunios that were found in Dodona, in Epirus. The representation of Zeus hurling a thunderbolt with his right hand and holding the eagle in his left hand first appeared in the Peloponnesus in the 7th century BC. For that reason, the author suggests that perhaps this representation could have emerged in Arcadia and in the sanctuary of Mount Lykaion, a place where the figure of the eagle seems to have been represented on the statues of the god that were found there. Mylonas concludes that from Mount Lykaion the use of the eagle as an attribute of Zeus could perhaps have migrated to Olympia10.

    Image 10000000000000A3000000A82D0AF009580193A1.jpg

    Fig. 9. Elis-Olympia. Obverse type. Stater, AR, 11.41 g, diameter: 23 mm (BCD Olympia: 118).

    Image 100000000000006100000072DC4A1A295D92E9E6.jpg

    Fig. 10. Kroton, Magna Graecia. Reverse type. c. 400-350 BC, triobol, AR, 0.95 g, diameter: 13 mm (sng ans 3: 416).

    Image 10000000000000BC000000A978218399E3C7E710.jpg

    Fig. 11. Akragas, Sicily. Obverse type. c. 465-446 BC, tetradrachm, AR, 17.19 g, diameter: 28 mm (sng ans 3: 973).

    22Although the eagle was not a contribution peculiar to Olympia, as I believe is the case with the wreath of olive leaves, I see the use of this bird as an attribute of Zeus sometimes represented near the god on one image and sometimes represented alone on the obverse or reverse of the coins from the sanctuary at Olympia. I have also found the image of the bird on the numismatic images of the god in cities from the western regions of the Greek world, Sicily and Magna Graecia. I believe that the use of the eagle, as well as the thunderbolt11, as an attribute of Zeus on coins and on sculptures and reliefs was diffused from Olympia to other areas, under the influence of the most important Doric and western centre of the Greek world (figs. 10, 11).

    The Olympian Zeus of Pheidias

    23Tiverios12 claims that the cult statue of Olympian Zeus would have inevitably influenced artists contemporary with Pheidias’ work, as well as artists who worked after the creation of the statue. This statue of Zeus seated on a throne unfortunately has not come down to us, and we know of its existence from narratives such as that of Pausanias (5.11.2-5). Other statues of the seated deity, used for cult inside temples, were made in the 5th century BC, and we know of them from textual sources, as is the case with the statue of Olympian Zeus at Megara (Pausanias 1.40.2-4).

    24In this sense, the statue made by Pheidias in c. 430 BC still remains the greatest contribution from the sanctuary at Olympia to the shaping of Zeus’ iconography in ancient Greece. The seated position of the huge god, as represented in this statue, may indicate that the cult of Zeus as the highest god was fixed among the Greeks. That work has influenced the representation of the god on sculptures as well as on later coins13.

    The Peloponnese: a centre of innovation in Zeus’ iconography and the dissemination of a characteristic pattern to the Western Poleis

    25Systematic surveying of the numismatic types of Zeus minted in the Classical period has produced a map of the several different regions of the Greek world that were responsible for the issues. As we may observe, the Peloponnese, Sicily, Magna Graecia, Thessaly, Macedonia and the island of Crete were distinguished as the places that chose Zeus as the image to be represented on their coins.

    26Among these regions, we can distinguish the Peloponnese and Sicily as the only places to issue numismatic types of Zeus in the 5th century BC. We believe that the coincidence between these two regions as the places responsible for the oldest issues with images of the deity is due to the intimate relationships that the two regions maintained. We know that it was from several areas of the Peloponnese that the founders of the Greek cities in Sicily and Magna Graecia came. But we also know that since the beginning of the colonization of Sicily and Magna Graecia, the region kept up its relationships with the Peloponnese, due to the participation of athletes from the western Greek cities in the Olympic Games. For that reason, Olympia is considered by the scholars as the most notable Doric and western centre of the Greek world14.

    27Finally, I also identified two main centres in the Peloponnese that were responsible for innovation in Zeus’ iconography on coins: the cities responsible for the Arcadian League issues, and the sanctuary of Olympia. From both places come the oldest representations of Zeus on coins as well as the first numismatic representations of the god’s head.

    Bibliographie

    Bibliographical abbreviations

    Kraay 1976 = C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (1976).

    Seltman 1921 = C. T. Seltman, The Temple Coins of Olympia (1921).

    Williams 1965 = R. T. Williams, The Confederate Coinage of the Arcadians in the Fifth Century B.C. (1965).

    Notes de bas de page

    1 C. Morgan, Athletes and Oracles. The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eighth Century BC (1994), p. 2.

    2 M. B. Florenzano, Entre reciprocidade e Mercado. A moeda na Grécia antiga (2000), p. 222.

    3 In this study I did not consider the numismatic types of Zeus Ammon, a cult in which Zeus was associated with Ammon, an Egyptian god from Thebes who was considered as God of the Sun and of Fertility. According to Parke, as a ram-god Ammon was represented in Egyptian art with the body of a man and the head of an animal. Thus on coins Zeus Ammon is shown with the horns of a ram. Zeus Ammon was used from the 5th century BC onwards first on coins of Cyrene – it was in Cyrenaica that the oracle of the god was located, in the Siwa Oasis – and throughout the 4th century on islands in the Aegean. The type of the god was used, above all, in the Hellenistic era, during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt (H. W. Parke, The Oracles of Zeus. Dodona, Olympia, Ammon [1967], p. 194).

    4 C. Bérard, J.-L. Durand, “Entrer en imagerie”, in J.-P. Vernant (ed.), La cité des images. Religion et société en Grèce antique (1984), pp. 19-33, at 19.

    5 In my Master’s research, I investigated the connection between Zeus, Olympia and the formation of ancient Greek identity in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. See L. A. Laky, Olímpia e os Olimpieia. A origem e difusão do culto de Zeus Olimpico na Grécia dos séculos IV e V a.C., Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Suplemento 16 (2013), n. 16.

    6 See Seltman 1921, pll. III, XI, AZ.

    7 Many images of Zeus on reliefs are worn, which makes the search for certain patterns, such as the wreath of olive leaves, difficult.

    8 F. E. Köhler, G. Pabst, Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen (1887): a rare German guide to European pharmacopeia published in three volumes.

    9 G. Mylonas, “The Bronze Statue from Artemision”, Hesperia 48 (1944), pp. 143-160, at 151-152.

    10 Ibid., p. 152.

    11 The representation of the thunderbolt on the coins from Olympia appeared for the first time on the reverse along with the eagle on the obverse. These representations were deemed by Seltman to be the first issues of the sanctuary, dated to around 471 BC (Group A, Series I-IV). Probably the representation of the thunderbolt without Zeus was another important innovation created by Elis for Olympia. This idea was investigated during my PhD research: L. A. Laky, The Appropriation and Consolidation of the Cult of Zeus by the Greek City: Coins and Sanctuaries, Politics and Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods. São Paulo: MAE-USP (2016).

    12 M. Tiverios, LIMC VIII (1997), s.v. “Zeus”, p. 334.

    13 On the influence of the Pheidian Olympian Zeus in the visual arts, see L. Lacroix, Les reproductions de statues sur les monnaies grecques (1949), G. M. A. Richter, “The Pheidian Zeus at Olympia”, Hesperia 35 (1966), pp. 166-170, and more recently J. Mcwilliam, R. Taraporewalla (eds), The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. New Approaches (2011).

    14 N. Marinatos, R. Hägg, Greek Sanctuaries. New Approaches (1993), p. 180.

    Notes de fin

    1 This research was conducted between 2005 and 2007 under the supervision of Professor M. Beatriz Florenzano and supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). All results were published in Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 18 (2008), pp. 211-237. I thank Professor Aliki Moustaka, the co-supervisor of my PhD, for the opportunity to take part in the conference at Argos.

    Auteur

    • Lilian de Angelo Laky

      PhD in Classical Archaeology, Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

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    1 C. Morgan, Athletes and Oracles. The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eighth Century BC (1994), p. 2.

    2 M. B. Florenzano, Entre reciprocidade e Mercado. A moeda na Grécia antiga (2000), p. 222.

    3 In this study I did not consider the numismatic types of Zeus Ammon, a cult in which Zeus was associated with Ammon, an Egyptian god from Thebes who was considered as God of the Sun and of Fertility. According to Parke, as a ram-god Ammon was represented in Egyptian art with the body of a man and the head of an animal. Thus on coins Zeus Ammon is shown with the horns of a ram. Zeus Ammon was used from the 5th century BC onwards first on coins of Cyrene – it was in Cyrenaica that the oracle of the god was located, in the Siwa Oasis – and throughout the 4th century on islands in the Aegean. The type of the god was used, above all, in the Hellenistic era, during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt (H. W. Parke, The Oracles of Zeus. Dodona, Olympia, Ammon [1967], p. 194).

    4 C. Bérard, J.-L. Durand, “Entrer en imagerie”, in J.-P. Vernant (ed.), La cité des images. Religion et société en Grèce antique (1984), pp. 19-33, at 19.

    5 In my Master’s research, I investigated the connection between Zeus, Olympia and the formation of ancient Greek identity in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. See L. A. Laky, Olímpia e os Olimpieia. A origem e difusão do culto de Zeus Olimpico na Grécia dos séculos IV e V a.C., Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Suplemento 16 (2013), n. 16.

    6 See Seltman 1921, pll. III, XI, AZ.

    7 Many images of Zeus on reliefs are worn, which makes the search for certain patterns, such as the wreath of olive leaves, difficult.

    8 F. E. Köhler, G. Pabst, Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen (1887): a rare German guide to European pharmacopeia published in three volumes.

    9 G. Mylonas, “The Bronze Statue from Artemision”, Hesperia 48 (1944), pp. 143-160, at 151-152.

    10 Ibid., p. 152.

    11 The representation of the thunderbolt on the coins from Olympia appeared for the first time on the reverse along with the eagle on the obverse. These representations were deemed by Seltman to be the first issues of the sanctuary, dated to around 471 BC (Group A, Series I-IV). Probably the representation of the thunderbolt without Zeus was another important innovation created by Elis for Olympia. This idea was investigated during my PhD research: L. A. Laky, The Appropriation and Consolidation of the Cult of Zeus by the Greek City: Coins and Sanctuaries, Politics and Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods. São Paulo: MAE-USP (2016).

    12 M. Tiverios, LIMC VIII (1997), s.v. “Zeus”, p. 334.

    13 On the influence of the Pheidian Olympian Zeus in the visual arts, see L. Lacroix, Les reproductions de statues sur les monnaies grecques (1949), G. M. A. Richter, “The Pheidian Zeus at Olympia”, Hesperia 35 (1966), pp. 166-170, and more recently J. Mcwilliam, R. Taraporewalla (eds), The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. New Approaches (2011).

    14 N. Marinatos, R. Hägg, Greek Sanctuaries. New Approaches (1993), p. 180.

    1 This research was conducted between 2005 and 2007 under the supervision of Professor M. Beatriz Florenzano and supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). All results were published in Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 18 (2008), pp. 211-237. I thank Professor Aliki Moustaka, the co-supervisor of my PhD, for the opportunity to take part in the conference at Argos.

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    Laky, L. (2018). The coins of Olympia and the development of Zeus’ iconography in Classical Greece. In C. Doyen & E. Apostolou (éds.), La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse. Athènes: École française d’Athènes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efa.7932
    Laky, Lilian de Angelo. « The Coins of Olympia and the Development of Zeus’ Iconography in Classical Greece ». In La Monnaie Dans Le Péloponnèse, édité par Charles Doyen et Eva Apostolou. Athènes: École française d’Athènes, 2018. doi:10.4000/books.efa.7932.
    Laky, Lilian de Angelo. « The Coins of Olympia and the Development of Zeus’ Iconography in Classical Greece ». La Monnaie Dans Le Péloponnèse, édité par Charles Doyen et Eva Apostolou, École française d’Athènes, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efa.7932.

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    Doyen, C., & Apostolou, E. (éds.). (2018). La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse. Athènes: École française d’Athènes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efa.7437
    Doyen, Charles, et Eva Apostolou, éd. La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse. Athènes: École française d’Athènes, 2018. doi:10.4000/books.efa.7437.
    Doyen, Charles, et Eva Apostolou, éditeurs. La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse. École française d’Athènes, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efa.7437.
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