Table des matières

Foreword

Jean-Luc Racine

Introduction

Of Food, Farmers, Trade and States. An Indo-French Dialogue on Agriculture and the WTO

• Forms of market, prices, subsidies, competition, equity
• Liberalisation and globalisation: an opportunity or the modern form of an unequal world?
• Intellectual property rights and bio-technology. Is research caught between profit and ethics? The status of science
• Indian positions: differences and consensus
• The new French agriculture
• Agriculture and the world order: Europe and the appeal for a global food security fund
• Seattle and after: commonality and divergences

I. The national legacies in India and in France

G.S. Bhalla

1. The National Legacy in India: Evolution of Agricultural Policy since the Sixties

• Introduction
• Agricultural policy in India prior to liberalisation in 1991
• Critical assessment of agricultural policies during the planning period
• Land reforms and changes in production relations
• Nature of agricultural growth and transformation
• Regional patterns of agricultural growth
• Increased food security
• Dent on poverty
• Growth transmission to other sectors
• Some limitations of plan performance
• New economic policy and critique of planning framework
• The critique of planning framework
• Critical examination of arguments for agricultural liberalisation
• Challenges and opportunities of agricultural liberalisation

Christophe Blanc

2. Thirty-five Years of Common Agriculture Policy. Consequences on French Agriculture

• Modernisation of French agriculture in the 1960’s and its consequences
• The common agricultural policy (CAP)
• The “guidance laws” of 1960-1962
• Structural and modernisation policy
• The economic organisation of agriculture
• Development
• Consequences
• The problems of the 1970’s and 1980’s
• Milk quotas
• Cereals, oilseeds and protein crops
• Internal criticism of the CAP
• The GATT negotiations
• The CAP reform of 1992 and its consequences
• The CAP reform
• Consequences of the reform
• Consequences on EAGGF expenditures
• Consequences on farm incomes
• Arable crops
• Beef and dairy farms
• Conclusion

II. Market and regulation: the national scenarios

Bibek Debroy

3. The Uruguay Round, Indian Agriculture and the WTO

• Preliminaries
• The agriculture agreement
• The implications
• Indian agriculture

Jacques Loyat

4. The Common Agricultural Policy Reform Within Agenda 2000. A French Identity in the Framework of a Supranational Policy

• Introduction
• The CAP and French identity in the past: two major steps
• The original CAP and the modernisation of agricultural holdings
• The 1992 reform: a EU-US confrontation for main crops
• The present context: internal and external pressures
• The impact of the 1992 reform and the prospects for European agriculture
• Cereals
• Meat
• Milk products
• Environment and rural development
• The EU’s enlargement to Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs)
• External pressure: the US Fair Act and the Millennium Round
• Agenda 2000 and the future for European agriculture
• The European model of agriculture
• The need for reforming the CAP
• The proposals
• Pre-accession regulation: special accession programme for agriculture and rural development (SAPARD)
• National interests and supranational compromises
• Financial perspective and EU discrepancies
• A new loi d’orientation agricole in France calls for modulation and conditionality of payments
• The negotiation for a revision of the Common market organisations and the final agreement
• Arable crops
• Bovine meat
• Dairy products
• Horizontal regulation

Bhupat M. Desai

5. WTO and Indian Agriculture: Beyond Trade Related Policies

• Introduction
• Positive but “misconceived” policies
• Positive and “rightly” conceived policies
• Positive but “inappropriate and ill-conceived” policies
• Product-specific MPS
• Defining farm input subsidies
• Trade related intellectual property rights
• Concluding observations

Jean-Paul Charvet

6. Common Agricultural Policy and Regional Changes in France

• The emergence and strengthening of highly specialised production basins
• The zonings in favour of less favoured agricultural areas
• Particular agro-environmental steps
• Conclusion

III. Food security and food safety

S.S. Acharya

7. Food Security and New International Trade Agreement: Perspectives from India

• Concept of food security
• Agricultural and food policy in India
• Current status of food security or insecurity in India
• Some emerging issues in food security
• Emerging demand and supply scenario
• Approach to agricultural reforms
• Withdrawal of input subsidies
• Unilateral liberalization of trade
• Price support
• Food management system
• Market structure, costs and margins
• Some implications of new international trade agreement for food security
• Market access commitment
• Aggregate measure of support (AMS)
• Level of export subsidies
• Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures
• Global food security and food prices
• Concluding observations

Jean-Christophe Bureau et Stephan Marette

8. Food Safety, Consumers’Preferences and International Trade Rules

• Sanitary and technical barriers
• National regulations as trade barriers
• International effects of national regulations
• Technical and cultural differences and domestic regulations
• Disagreement on quality attributes
• Different conceptions of risk
• Technical regulations and local conditions
• Legal differences
• Cultural differences
• Ethical concerns
• Mistrust in science
• Accounting for consumers concerns
• Consumers’values matter
• “Bad” products driving out “good” products
• What are the solutions for reconciling consumers’concerns and international trade rules?
• Consumers’concerns in the United States and Europe
• More “sound science” in the SPS agreement
• Science is not always completely conclusive
• Labeling
• Expanding GATT criteria
• Can economics help?
• Economic analyses and the settlement of disputes
• Scientific and economic criteria
• Assessing consumers’concerns
• More economics in the settlement of disputes?
• Conclusion

M.L. Chhipa

9. Food Security in India

The Role of Public Distribution System

Jean-Pierre Doussin

10. Food Safety and WTO: a Scientific Perspective?

• Preliminary remarks
• The concept of food safety
• The international approach of food safety: WTO and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)
• Food safety and risk analysis: principles
• Food safety and risk analysis: practical issues
• Conclusion

IV. Trade in agriculture and WTO: benefits and problems

Ashok Gulati

11. Trade and Agriculture: Potential Benefits and Problems. A Reading from India’s Perspective

• Introduction
• The agreement on agriculture and India’s commitments
• Market access
• Aggregate measure of support
• Export competition
• Potential gains and losses in trade
• Agriculture in WTO 2000: negotiating issues for India

Jean-Marc Boussard

12. Market Dynamism, Trade and Comparative Advantage in Agriculture and Food Industries

• Comparative advantage and trade liberalization, from static to dynamic
• Nature
• Factor endowment
• Economies of scale and externalities
• The case of agriculture
• How specific is agriculture?
• Insurance: another rationale for trade
• Can market kill trade?
• Which remedies?
• Conclusion

V. Trade in agriculture and WTO: property rights issues

Pushpa M. Savadatti

13. Trade and Agriculture: Implications of trips

• Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
• Agriculture and intellectual property rights issues in India
• Plant breeders rights and innovative activity
• Biotechnology and TRIPs
• Biodiversity and TRIPs
• TRIPs and bio-substitutes
• Plant breeders’ rights and farmers’ rights
• Conclusion

Hélène Ilbert

14. WTO, TRIPS, Agriculture and Environmental Issues: Interactions between Intellectual Property Rights and Common Goods

• TRIPS and WTO: a tight framework in which players are bound
• TRIPS and importance of patents: biotechnology industry strategy
• Biodiversity Convention and FAO commitment: common goods conservation and indigenous rights
• Annexure
• What are the TRIPS agreements?

VI. After Seattle

G.S. Bhalla

15. Issues for the New Round of Negociations: an India Perspective

• Seattle and afterwards
• Major issues for negotiations in the millennium round of Agreement on Agriculture (AoA):
• High protection levels in the developed countries
• Export subsidies
• Other support
• Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS or quarantine) policies
• Other barriers

Jacques Loyat

16. A post-Seattle Updating: a French Perspective

• Three major events with agricultural policy implications
• The failure of the Seattle conference
• The mad cow disease and its ultimate consequences for agricultural policies in the EU
• The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• The CAP and the French Agricultural law: in defence of an EU agricultural model?
• Agenda 2000
• The French Agricultural Orientation Law and the “Land management Contracts”
• Economic interpretation and policy consequences

Main Acronyms and Abbreviations

Résumés

• Introduction
• I. Les héritages nationaux en Inde et en France
• II. Marché et régulation : les scénarios nationaux
• III. Sécurité alimentaire et sécurité sanitaire
• IV. Commerce, agriculture et OMC : bénéfices et problèmes potentiels
• V. Commerce, agriculture et OMC : les droits de propriété intellectuelle
• VI. Après Seattle

Note on the Contributors and Editors