Abstract
p. 236
Texte intégral
1This is an archaeological and historical exhaustive study of the types of fortified and seigneurial dwellings i.e. the castles and fortified mansions that could be seen in the heart of Lorraine between the Xth and XVth centuries which have been set within the evolution of the medieval aristocracy.
2This survey covers 180 communes (2100 km2) east of Nancy between the Moselle and Seille valleys, this area enjoys a variety of natural conditions similar to those found throughout Lorraine i.e. a central hilly region surrounded by small plateaux separated by rivers running North to South.
3The political history of this region is typical of the whole province. In the middle of the XVth century period, the “pagi of Scarponois, Saulnois and Chaumontois” were replaced by principalities like the county of Bar, the duchy of Lorraine, the episcopacies of Metz and Verdun which were constantly at war whith each other until the end of the XVth century.
4The second part of this study contains 69 monographs with a wide selection of dated texts, maps, architectural blue prints and plans, photographs of different dwellings in various states of preservation. The history of these buildings is accessible thanks to numerous seigneurial family trees. The author describes 13 castles refered to as castrum or chastel. They are mansions and royal residences given to an agent called advocatus in the XIth and XIIth centuries thereafter called Châtelain. The administration was undertaken by a provost whose judiciary and financial authority extended over a châtellenie from 4 to 5 villages.
5The types of castle change in the XIth and XIIth centuries. The castle with a mound and farmyard is predominantly seen at Amance, Mousson and Montreuil.
6The quadrangular castle appears after 1250. The most appropriate sites were strategic hills, the edge of a plateau then the base of a valley.
7Chapels, priories, commanderies and boroughs are always in the neighbourhood of these castles, they concentrate the population and remain the centres of power until the XVIIth century. The Thirty Years War, which devastated Lorraine from 1635, destroyed these centres which were subsequently abandoned.
8The 57 fortified mansions are very different. Only 4 of them date from before 1240, 34 from 1240-1340 and 19 from 1340-1490.
9This was the period of demographic and economic expansion of the lower and middle aristocracy who settled in the countryside with royal permission.
10Seigneurial residences are scale models of the castles. Before 1230 they are built on a circular plan i.e the motte at Dombasle, moated walls at Athienville.
11After 1250 they are imitations of the quadrangular castle and are at times limited to a single tower.
12Their strategic function is limited, except for those adapted to the artillery requirements in the XVth century (Thezey-Saint-Martin, Port-sur-Seille, Damelevières).
13Each seigneurial dwelling has agricultural land grange attached to it. 62% of these fortified mansions are built by a river, 95% on agricultural land and 75% on the outskirts of a village. In this area of Lorraine the fortified mansion plays no part in colonisation and clearing of the land.
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