Table des matières
Introduction
Jean‑Denis Vigne, François Briois, Christophe Benech et al.
Chap. 2
Location, excavation, nomenclature- 1. Location, topography, toponymy
- 2. Discovery of the site
- 3. Test excavations (October 2009)
- 4. Excavations in the Central Sector (2011, 2012)
- 4.1. Excavation process and strategy
- 4.2. Information collection and storage
- 4.3. Logistics, processing archaeological material, sieving and sampling
- 4.4. Difficulties encountered
- 5. Delimitation of the extension of the preserved deposits (February and May 2014)
- 5.1. Strategic re-orientation: geophysical survey and mechanical stripping of the peripheral sectors
- 5.2. Additional tests and the discovery of new PPNA buildings
- 6. Excavation in Sector F (2014–2016)
- 7. Excavations in Sector B (2014–2016)
- 7.1. Excavation season 2015
- 7.2. Excavation season 2016
- 8. Conclusion
Field Data / Les données du terrain
Pantelitsa Mylona et Benoît Devillers
Chap. 3
Geomorphological evolution of the site and adjacent slopes and stream- Introduction
- 1. Geomorphological settings
- 1.1. The Athiaki catchment area
- 1.2. The Klimonas slope terraces and their regolith
- 2. Fluvial terraces and the study of the Athiaki Basin catchment
- 2.1. Middle course of the stream
- 2.1.1. Sampling strategy and analytical methods
- 2.1.2. Description of the AT1 and AT5 profiles from Terraces 1 and 2
- 2.1.2.1. Alluvial Terrace 1: Profile AT1
- 2.1.2.2. Alluvial Terrace 2: Profile AT5
- 2.1.3. Reconstruction of the terraces’ geometry and chronology
- 2.2. Mapping the Athiaki’s alluvial terrace from upstream to downstream
- 2.3. Diachronic evolution of the catchment basin
- 2.3.1. Last Glacial Maximum Period
- 2.3.2. Late Glacial Period and the Holocene
- 2.4. Athiaki and the wider Eastern Mediterranean context
- 3. The road profile and the evolution of Klimonas slope
- 4. Discussion: Klimonas in its regional environmental and topographical contexts
- 4.1. Reconstructing the original topography of the Klimonas terraces
- 4.2. Environment of the PPNA village
- Conclusion
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Jean Guilaine, Antigone Marangou et al.
Chap. 4
Les occupations de la culture de Sotira (5e millénaire av. n. è.) et de l’Antiquité et leur impact sur les dépôts pré-céramiques- Introduction
- 1. Vestiges d’occupation néolithique de la culture de Sotira
- 1.1. Les observations de terrain
- 1.1.1. Nature et distribution spatiale
- 1.1.2. Une aire résidentielle sur la moyenne terrasse ?
- 1.1.3. Traces d’activités anthropiques dans les zones résidentielles des Secteurs A, B et F ()
- 1.2. Le mobilier céramique (9)
- 1.3. Les données bioarchéologiques
- 2. Restes d’activités rurales des périodes antiques
- 2.1. Les observations de terrain
- 2.1.1. Nature et distribution spatiale
- 2.1.2. Le Secteur central (11)
- 2.1.3. Les terrasses agricoles et aménagements des Secteurs B, C, D et F (12)
- 2.1.4. Accumulations de tessons de céramique en marge du site néolithique
- 2.2. Le mobilier antique (13)
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Yodrik Franel, François Briois et al.
Joséphine Caro, Isabelle Carrère, Thomas Cucchi et al. (collab.)
Chap. 5
Central Sector: Communal building and its immediate surroundings- Introduction
- 1. General presentation of the large half-buried building St 10 and its fills
- 1.1. Conformation and function
- 1.2. General organisation of the sediment fills
- 1.2.1. Analytical data
- 1.2.2. East-west and north-south profiles
- 2. The entrance area
- 2.1. The entrance of “Building 1” (phase 1) and the external circulation level
- 2.2. The entrance of “Buildings 2 and 3” (phaseS 2-3)
- 2.3. Conclusion
- 3. “Building 1”: first development and use of the Communal building
- 3.1. Features related to the architecture of the building or internal earthen arrangements
- 3.1.1. Peripheral pairs of post holes
- 3.1.2. Central post holes
- 3.1.3. Other stake, pole or post holes and putative pillars
- 3.1.4. Earthen benches
- 3.2. Fire features
- 3.2.1. Hearth plates
- 3.2.2. Fire pits
- 3.3. Other remarkable pits
- 3.3.1. “Mosaic” pits
- 3.3.2. Caches and other pits with remarkable deposits
- 3.4. Organisation of the features in the circular space of St 10
- 3.5. Discussions and interpretations of the first phase of the Communal building occupation
- 3.5.1. Circulation level around the building
- 3.5.2. Roof support
- 3.5.3. Organisation of the internal spaces
- 4. “Building 2”: an in-depth renovation
- 4.1. The stratigraphic units
- 4.1.1. Lower part of the fills: substructures
- 4.1.2. Upper part: constructed earthen floor(s)
- 4.2. Benches and general organisation of “Building 2”
- 4.3. Stakes, posts and post holes; pillars
- 4.4. Pits and remarkable deposit
- 5. “Building 3” (formerly “Building 2”): a lighter renovation
- 5.1. Floor and embankment
- 5.2. Bench(es)
- 5.3. Other internal features
- 6. “Building 4”
- 7. Summary of observations and interpretations
- 8. Comparisons
- 8.1. General organisation
- 8.2. Large surface and shallow buried depth
- 8.3. Architectural fragility
- 9. Demolition, reconstruction, renovation, restoration, superimposition, hiding, memory
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Yodrik Franel, François Briois et al.
Pierre-Antoine Beauvais, Isabelle Carrère, Carolyne Douché et al. (collab.)
Chap. 6
Sector F, building 800 and other evidence of occupation on the upper terrace- Introduction
- 1. General organisation and fills of building B800
- 1.1. Observations from the excavation
- 1.2. Observations from the north-south profile
- 1.2.1. Foundation and activity area of the building
- 1.2.2. Abandonment deposits
- 1.2.3. Final fills of the building terrace and reworking by later digging
- 2. The internal structures of building 800
- 2.1. General overview
- 2.2. The peripheral foundation trench
- 2.3. The central and peripheral southern posts
- 2.3.1. The central post hole
- 2.3.2. Post holes in the southern half
- 2.4. The northeast area: a complex and multiphase entrance system?
- 2.5. Small foundation trenches in the building and associated installations
- 2.6. The floor and its ditched features
- 2.7. External and internal fire-related features
- 2.8. Remarkable object deposits
- 3. Conclusion and first interpretation of building 800
- 3.1. Overview of observations
- 3.2. Communal or domestic building?
- 3.3. PPNA occupation of the north terrace
Jean‑Denis Vigne, François Briois et Yodrik Franel
Lucie Amami, Ophélie Armand, Pierre-Antoine Beauvais et al. (collab.)
Chap. 7
Sector B, residential area on the slope break between the middle and lower terraces- Introduction
- 1. General presentation
- 2. Infills of the buildings
- 2.1. Zone (a), B05, B06, B07, B08, B09, B24 infills
- 2.1.1. Observations from the excavation
- 2.1.2. Observations from the profiles
- 2.1.3. Conclusion
- 2.2. Central area: zones (b) and (c)
- 2.2.1. Zone (c): the fill of building B10
- 2.2.2. Zone (b): deep and complex fills
- 2.2.3. Conclusion
- 2.3. East area: zones (d) and (e)
- 2.4. Conclusion
- 3. Description of the buildings
- 3.1. General overview
- 3.2. Buildings B03 and B04
- 3.2.1. Location, shape, measurements and chronological relationships
- 3.2.2. Internal layout of B04
- 3.2.3. Earthwork fill
- 3.3. Buildings B05 and B24
- 3.3.1. Shape and dimensions
- 3.3.2. Foundation trenches and possible entrances
- 3.3.3. Internal arrangements: floor and hollowed structures
- 3.3.4. Conclusion
- 3.4. Building B06
- 3.5. Building B07
- 3.5.1. Shape and dimensions
- 3.5.2. Foundation trench
- 3.5.3. Circulation level, floor treatment and fire structure(s)
- 3.5.4. Post holes and architecture; entrance? partition?
- 3.5.5. Conclusion
- 3.6. Building B08
- 3.6.1. Shape and dimensions
- 3.6.2. Foundation trench
- 3.6.3. Levelled floor, earth embankment and pit structure(s)
- 3.6.4. Entrance
- 3.6.5. Post holes and architecture
- 3.6.6. Other internal features
- 3.6.7. Conclusion
- 3.7. Building B09
- 3.7.1. Shape and dimensions
- 3.7.2. Foundation trench and entrance
- 3.7.3. Circulation level and floor; fire traces
- 3.7.4. Post holes, architecture
- 3.7.5. Other internal features; hearth pit?
- 3.7.6. Conclusion
- 3.8. Building B10
- 3.8.1. B10 shape and dimensions
- 3.8.2. Supporting structure of the north-western wall
- 3.8.3. Wall, internal benches and foundation trench
- 3.8.4. Entrance
- 3.8.5. Hearth pit and associated deposits
- 3.8.6. Floor, posts, poles and other internal arrangements
- 3.8.7. Conclusion
- 3.9. Building B12
- 3.10. Buildings B13, B14 and B29
- 3.10.1. General presentation
- 3.10.2. Reconstruction of foundation trench organisation and chronology
- 3.10.3. Shape and size of the buildings
- 3.10.4. Post and stake holes, benches; architecture
- 3.10.5. Floors, hearths and other internal arrangements
- 3.10.6. Conclusion
- 3.11. The remains of B15
- 3.13. Building B17
- 3.13.1. Location, shape, size, foundation trench
- 3.13.2. Remains of the floor and internal arrangements ()
- 3.13.3. Conclusion
- 3.14. Buildings B18 and B28
- 3.14.1. Shape and dimensions of the buildings
- 3.14.2. Foundation trench, walls, internal bench and entrances
- 3.14.3. Floors and floor coatings
- 3.14.4. Post and stake holes; architecture
- 3.14.5. Internal features: hearths, cupmark and other pits
- 3.14.6. Conclusion
- 3.15. The remains of buildings B19 and B21
- 3.16. Building B23
- 3.17. Buildings B26 and B27
- 3.17.1. Location, shape and dimensions
- 3.17.2. Foundation trenches and earth walls
- 3.17.3. Levelled and plastered floors; hearth structures
- 3.17.4. Posts and stakes; architecture
- 3.17.5. Other internal developments
- 3.17.6. Conclusion
- 3.18. An additional building between B26 and B12 (B25)
- 4. Summary of observations; chronological and use of space scenarios
- 4.1. Summary of observations
- 4.2. Chronological succession of the buildings: Harris matrix
- 4.3. Space use scenarios
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Yodrik Franel, Nicolas Delsol et al.
Isabelle Carrère, Thomas Cucchi, Julie Daujat et al. (collab.)
Chap. 8
The southeast area of the middle terrace (Central and B Sectors)- Introduction
- 1. The five or six circular residential buildings
- 1.1. Building B20
- 1.2. Building B22
- 1.3. Building St 23
- 1.4. Building St 25
- 1.5. Building St 39
- 1.6. Another building in F-I/47-50?
- 2. Several other built features
- 2.1. Two straight foundation trenches
- 2.2. A relict floor of a burnt building?
- 2.3. Three orphan fire pits?
- 2.4. Orphan post and stake holes
- 3. Conclusion
The Village and its Evolution / Le village et son évolution
Pantelitsa Mylona et Julia Wattez
Chap. 9
Geoarchaeological study of earthen architecture- Introduction
- 1. Field observations on earthen architecture and methodology
- 2. Earthen walls
- 2.1. Raw materials sources
- 2.2. Construction techniques
- 3. Ramp and benches
- 3.1. Ramp
- 3.2. Earth benches
- 4. The chaîne opératoire for floor construction
- 4.1. Substructures
- Embankments
- Stony floor
- 4.2. Constructed floors
- Formal floor
- Informal floor
- 5. Comparisons and observations on construction techniques
- 6. The use of space inside the Communal building
- 6.1. “Building 1”: first phase of occupation
- 6.1.1. Wall
- 6.1.2. Entrance corridor
- 6.1.3. Floors and activities
- 6.2. Second phase of occupation: “Building 2”
- 6.2.1. Wall and entrance
- 6.2.2. Floors and activities in Building 2
- 6.3. Third occupation phase: “Building 3”
- 6.3.1. Floors and activities in Building 3
- 6.3.2. Spatial analysis
- 6.4. Fourth phase of occupation: “Building 4”
- 7. General observations on the formation processes of the communal building
Antoine Zazzo, Anita Quilès et Jean‑Denis Vigne
Pantelitsa Mylona, Maria Rousou, Andréa Parès et al. (collab.)
Chap. 10
Radiocarbon chronology: dating and duration of village occupation; rhythm of building renovations- Introduction
- 1. Radiocarbon dating
- 1.1. Material and methods
- 1.1.1. Dated materials
- 1.1.2. Sampling and identification of carpological and anthracological remains
- 1.1.3. AMS preparation and measurement
- 1.2. Results
- 2. Bayesian modelling of the radiocarbon dates
- 2.1. Used dates and a priori hypothesis
- 2.2. Method
- 2.3. Presentation and discussion of the v0 models
- 2.4. Outlier-Models with a 5% probability error
- 2.4.1. Probability error
- 2.4.2. General symmetric outlier model
- 2.4.3. Exponential outlier model (old wood effect)
- 2.5. Occupation duration of the village
- 3. Conclusions
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Yodrick Franel, Pantelitsa Mylona et al.
Chap. 11
Building and village: main characteristics- Introduction
- 1. Shape, size and general organisation
- 1.1. Available information and degree of preservation
- 1.2. Shape of the basal outline
- 1.3. Sizes, surfaces, volumes; functions
- 1.4. Depth and excavated volumes
- 1.5. Partitions and bench seats
- 1.6. Entrances
- 2. Architectonic design
- 2.1. Building materials
- 2.2. Substratum, levelling embankments, substructures, floors
- 2.3. Roof and load-bearing systems
- 2.4. South earthen walls and foundation trenches
- 3. Space occupation throughout time
- 3.1. Artificial terraces for managing the dwelling space
- 3.2. Size of the village, number of buildings, demography
- 4. Summary and comparisons
- 4.1. Size and duration of the village
- 4.2. Communal building
- 4.3. Residential buildings
Jean‑Denis Vigne, François Briois et Jean Guilaine
Chap. 12
Utilitarian devices and facilities of the residential areas- Introduction
- 1. Earth extraction pits and possible secondary use for rubbish
- 1.1. Predictions
- 1.2. The pit with the feminine figurine, St 696
- 1.3. Other possible earth extraction pit
- 2. Hearth pits and other fireplaces
- 2.1. Hearth pits
- 2.1.1. Inventory
- 2.1.2. Red-lined bottom
- 2.1.3. Shape and size
- 2.1.4. Associated structures
- 2.1.5. Sometimes functional, sometimes ritually filled
- 2.2. Fire plates and external hearth pit in B800
- 2.3. Fire devices, cooking practices and social structuration: reflections and comparisons
- 3. Crushing and grinding devices
- 4. “Mosaic-lined” and other pits; storage
- 4.1. Mosaic-lined pits
- 4.2. Other pits
- 5. Water management and hydraulic devices: reflections and hypothesis
- 6. Conclusion
Jean‑Denis Vigne, François Briois, Remi Hadad et al.
Chap. 13
Remarkable deposits: caches and hoardsThe Archaeological Material / Le mobilier archéologique
François Briois
Pierre-Antoine Beauvais, Bastien Jakob, Alexandre Angelin et al. (collab.)
Chap. 14
Les industries de pierre taillée- Introduction
- 1. Nature, origine et fréquence des matières premières
- 1.1. Sources de silex et nature des matériaux
- 1.2. Fréquence des matières premières
- 2. Nature des débitages et Caractères technologiques des productions
- 2.1. Les productions d’éclats
- 2.2. Les formes du débitage laminaire
- 3. Les outillages
- 3.1. Données quantitatives
- 3.2. Descriptif des principaux groupes d’outils du fonds commun
- 3.2.1. Les burins
- 3.2.2. Les pièces à retouches continues
- 3.2.3. Les grattoirs
- 3.2.4. Les perçoirs
- 3.2.5. Les denticulés
- 3.2.6. Les pièces à coche retouchée
- 3.3. Nature et diversité des lames à lustré d’usage
- 3.4. Les pointes de projectile
- 4. L’industrie en obsidienne
- 5. Les caches et réserves d’outils
- Conclusions
Laurence Astruc, Bernard Gassin et Niccolò Mazzucco
Chap. 15
Étude fonctionnelle de l’industrie lithique taillée- 1. Introduction
- 2. Matériel et méthodes
- 2.1. Échantillonnage
- 2.2. Méthodes et appareillage
- 2.3. État de conservation de la collection
- 3. Résultats
- 3.1. Les armatures de projectile
- 3.2. La moisson de céréales
- 3.3. Le traitement des autres matières végétales
- 3.4. Le traitement des matières animales
- 3.5. Le travail de la pierre
- 3.6. La gestion de l’outillage
- 4. Discussion
- Conclusion
Jerôme Robitaille
Chap. 16
Macrolithic tools- Introduction
- 1. The Klimonas macrolithic tools
- 1.1. General remarks
- 1.2. Raw materials
- 1.3. Querns and handstones
- 1.3.1. Querns
- 1.3.2. Handstones
- 1.3.3. Handstones/rubbers
- 1.4. Hammerstones/pounders
- 1.4.1. Irregular flint hammerstones
- 1.4.2. Core-based hammerstones
- 1.4.3. Irregular spherical hammerstones
- 1.4.4. Spherical hammerstones
- 1.4.5. Pebble hammerstones
- 1.4.6. Grooved hammerstone
- 1.5. Pestles and mortars
- 1.5.1. Pestles
- 1.5.2. Mortars
- 1.6. Spherical tools
- 1.6.1. Spherical plutonic-igneous tools
- 1.6.2. Spherical limestone tools
- 1.6.3. Sling stones
- 1.7. Retouchers/compressors
- 1.8. Limestone slabs and anvil
- 1.9. Ochre tablets
- 1.10. General trends in the Klimonas macrolithic tool set
- 2. Comparison with the continent
- 2.1. Overview of the available data and trends in Southwest Asia
- 2.2. Klimonas tools in their PPNA Context
- 3. Function and use of macrolithic tools
- 3.1. Pestles and mortars
- 3.2. Grinding and milling equipment
- 3.2.1. Querns
- 3.2.2. Handstones
- 3.3. Hammerstones
- 3.3.1. Core and block hammerstones
- 3.3.2 Spheroid hammerstones made of flint or other siliceous stone
- 3.3.3. Pebble hammerstones
- 3.4. Spherical plutonic-igneous and limestone tools
- 3.5. Retoucher–compressors
- 3.5.1. General considerations
- 3.5.2. First category
- 3.5.3. Second category
- 3.5.4. Third category
- 4. Macrolithic tools in architecture
- Conclusion
Laura Manca et Aline Averbouh
Chap. 18
Travail des matières osseuses et productions associées : la particularité de Klimonas- Introduction
- 1. État de conservation du corpus
- 2. Approche technique
- 2.1. L’acquisition de la matière première
- 2.2. La transformation
- 2.2.1. Le schéma de transformation par extraction
- 2.2.1.1. Les vestiges
- 2.2.1.2. Techniques et procédés techniques
- 2.2.1.3. Les méthodes de transformation
- 2.2.2. Le schéma de transformation par façonnage direct
- 2.2.2.1. Les vestiges
- 2.2.2.2. Principales techniques de façonnage et procédés
- 2.2.2.3. Principales méthodes
- 2.2.3. Le schéma de transformation par fracturation
- 2.2.3.1. Les vestiges
- 2.2.3.2. Techniques, procédé et méthodes de transformation
- 2.2.4. Le schéma de transformation par tronçonnage
- 2.2.5. Les éléments indéterminés
- 2.3. L’utilisation
- 2.4. L’entretien des outils
- 3. Aspects économiques et sociaux du travail des matières osseuses
- 4. Pour conclure
Solange Rigaud
Chap. 19
Personal ornaments and shell artifacts- 1. Introduction
- 2. Material
- 3. Method
- 3.1. Shells taxonomic identification and analysis
- 3.2. Bird and mammal teeth identification and analysis
- 3.3. Stone raw material identification and stone beads analysis
- 3.4. Microscopic analysis
- 3.5. Reference data
- 3.5.1. Fossil shells
- 3.5.2. Picrolite
- 4. Origin, modification and use of the shells
- 4.1. Shell material
- 4.2. Shell sourcing
- 4.3. Shell functional analysis
- 4.3.1. Tusk shell origin and selection
- 4.3.2. Tusk shell modification and use
- 4.3.3. Spondylus sp.: origin and selection
- 4.3.4. Spondylus sp.: modification and use
- 4.3.5. Glycymeris sp.: origin, selection, modification and use
- 4.2.6. Other shells
- 4.3. Spatial distribution of the shell material
- 4.4. Discussion
- 5. Teeth and bone pendants
- 6. Origin, modification and use of the stone beads
- 6.1. Stone material
- 6.2. Stone raw material sourcing and selection
- 6.3. Stone beads functional analysis
- 6.4. Spatial distribution of the stone beads, pendants and blanks
- 6.5. Discussion
- 7. General discussion and conclusion
Jean Guilaine et François Briois
Chap. 20
Les figurines et autres objets remarquables datés du PPNA- Introduction
- 1. Les figurines
- 1.1. Description
- KL 14, Secteur B - Zone M (fig. 20-1, n° 1)
- KL 14, Secteur F, Structure 857, ISO F22(fig. 20-1, n° 2 ; Vigne et al. 2017b, fig. 6)
- KL 16, Secteur B, TB 22, US 6022 (fig. 20-2, n° 1)
- KL 16, Secteur B, Structure 6887, ISO B300, D 18 (fig. 20-2, n° 2)
- KL 15, Secteur B, US 6053 (fig. 20-3, n° 1)
- KL 15, Secteur B, St 696.2, Iso B10 (fig. 20-3, n° 2)
- KL 16, Secteur B, St 6846, ISO B323 (fig. 20-4)
- 1.2. Discussion
- 2. Autres objets calcaires de forme conique ou sub-conique
- 2.1. Description
- KL 12, Bâtiment communautaire, St 10, US 10.6, C36 (fig. 20-5, n° 1)
- KL 11, Bâtiment communautaire, St 10, CD 37, Base US 10.3 coupe sud (fig. 20-5, n° 2)
- KL 15, Secteur B, US 6055, ISO B8
- KL 15, Secteur B, décapage (hors contexte ; fig. 20-6)
- KL 15, Structure 684, B05/09 (fig. 20-7)
- KL 15, Secteur B, surface (fig. 20-8)
- KL 16, Secteur B, Structure 6786, ISO B142
- Hors stratigraphie
- KL 16, Structure 644 (bloc de terre crue de démolition du bâtiment B10)
- KL 16, B28, ISO B337, Structure 6834
- KL 16, Secteur B, B13, Structure 6637, ISO B363
- KL 16, Secteur B, US 6091
- KL 16, US 6097, TB 21
- KL 16, TB 20, Structure 671 (fig. 20-9)
- 2.2. Discussion
- 3. Les pierres à rainure
- KL 15, Secteur F, Structure 838, Carré F2, ISO F26 (fig. 20-10)
- H 37, US 1000 (fig. 20-11)
- KL 16, Secteur B, Structure 6600 (comblement secondaire du bâtiment B10)
- KL 12, Structure 47-2, partie profonde de la tranchée de fondation du Bâtiment communautaire
- KL 16, TB 22, US 6080 (fig. 20-12)
- 4. Autres objets remarquables
- KL 16, Secteur B, Structure 6600-TFB (fig. 20-13)
- KL 16, Secteur B, US 6082, TB 26, ISO B259 (fig. 20-14)
- KL 15, Secteur F, Structure 838, D4, ISO F23 (fig. 20-15)
- KL 16, Secteur B, B18/28, Structure 6788
- KL 12, Bâtiment communautaire, St 10, D 38, US 10.3, décapage 2
- KL 12, Bâtiment communautaire, St 10, B 40, US 10.3, décapage 3
Simon Puaud et Matthieu Lebon
Chap. 21
Les matières colorantes rouges et noires et les matières minérales dures de couleur verteBio-archaeological evidence / Les témoins bio-archéologiques
Claire Delhon, Souhair Alkalesh, Laetitia Riboud et al.
Chap. 22
Phytolith analysis: from the fields to building earthMargareta Tengberg, George Willcox, Maria Rousou et al.
Chap. 23
Plant exploitation and vegetation cover- Introduction
- 1. Material and methods
- 2. Results of the charcoal study
- 2.1. General considerations
- 2.2. The Communal building (St 10)
- 2.3. Sector B
- 2.4. Sector F
- 3. Results of the study of seed and fruit remains
- 3.1. General considerations
- 3.2. The Communal building (St 10)
- 3.3. Sector B
- 3.4. Sector F
- 4. Results of the study of cereal chaff impressions
- 5. Discussion
- 5.1. Present and past vegetation cover around Klimonas
- 5.2. Wood collection and use
- 5.3. The gathering of wild fruits
- 5.4. Exploitation of cereals
- 6. Conclusion
Jean‑Denis Vigne et Isabelle Carrère
Chap. 24
Faunal remains: taxonomy, taphonomy, archaeological contexts, and animal resources- Introduction
- 1. Taxonomic diversity and distribution
- 1.1. Material, identification, inventories and counts
- 1.2. Taxonomic diversity
- 1.3. Global taxonomic distribution for the three sectors
- 1.4. Distribution of the different anatomic unit frequencies of the wild boar
- 1.5. Conclusions
- 2. Taphonomic diversity and organization of the main faunal assemblages
- 2.1. Method
- 2.2. Categorization of the faunal assemblages
- 2.2.1. Taphonomic descriptions and analyses
- 2.3. Conclusion
- 3. General conclusion
Salvador Bailon
Chap. 25
Amphibians and reptiles- Introduction
- 1. Systematic, ecological and taphonomic data
- 1.1. Amphibia Linnaeus, 1758
- 1.2. Reptilia Laurentis, 1768
- 1.3. Squamata Oppel, 1811
- 1.4. Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758
- 1.4.1. Colubridae Oppel, 1811
- 1.4.2. Colubroidea sp., “Colubrine Type” (sensu Szyndlar, 1991)
- 1.4.3. Viperidae Oppel, 1811
- 2. Conclusions
Lionel Gourichon
Chap. 26
Avifauna: general observations- Introduction
- 1. Material and methods
- 2. Taxonomical spectrum
- 2.1. Anatidae – Ducks and geese
- 2.2. Great bustard (Otis tarda)
- 2.3. Common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)
- 2.4. Common coot (Fulica atra)
- 2.5. Diurnal birds of prey (Accipitridae)
- 2.6. Nocturnal birds of prey (Strigidae and Tytonidae)
- 2.7. Crows (Corvidae)
- 3. Spatial distribution and stratigraphy
- 3.1. Central Sector
- 3.2. Sector B
- 4. Preservation and skeletal representation
- 5. Cut marks and traces of burning
- 6. Environment and seasonality
- 7. Fowling in Early Neolithic Cyprus
Thomas Cucchi, Katerina Papayianni et Jean‑Denis Vigne
Chap. 28
Cat and mice: commensalism and shifting of continental connectivity- Introduction
- 1. Inventory and location of rodent remains and gnawing marks
- 1.1. Recovery methods
- 1.2. main characteristics of the rodent bones
- 1.3. Spatial distribution of rodent bones
- 1.4. First conclusions
- 2. Taxonomic identification of the rodent
- 2.1. method and material
- 2.2. Results and conclusion
- 3. PPN house mouse in Cyprus and connectivity with the mainland
- 3.1. mainland-Island metapopulation concept and bio-proxy of connectivity
- 3.2. Shifting connectivity between Cyprus and the continental cultural sphere during the PPN
- 3.3. PPN of Cyprus: shifting continental connectivity
- 4. Cat
- 5. Commensalism in the village of Klimonas
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Angelos Hadjikoumis, Marie Balasse et al.
Chap. 29
Wild boar seasonality, hunting-strategies and techno-economic utilizations- Introduction
- 1. Exploratory pilot study of seasonality, based on stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis
- 1.1. Aim of the study
- 1.2. Material and methods
- 1.3. Results, discussion and conclusion
- 2. Slaughtering strategy: selection of sex or age classes
- 2.1. Sex ratios
- 2.1.1. Canines
- 2.1.2. morphometric analyses on the other teeth and post-cranial bones
- 2.1.3. Conclusion
- 2.2. Foetal and perinatal bones
- 2.3. Dental mortality profiles
- 2.3.1. material and methods
- 2.3.2. Central Sector
- 2.3.3. Sector B
- 2.3.4. Sector F
- 2.3.5. Variability of the age-at-death profiles
- 2.3.6. Characterisation of the Klimonas profiles in comparison with Shillourokambos
- 2.4. Discussion and conclusions about the wild boar acquisition strategy at Klimonas
- 2.4.1. Characterization of the Klimonas wild boar procurement strategy: hunting
- 2.4.2. Was the hunting seasonal?
- 2.4.3. Is there any suspicion of wild boar management?
- 2.4.4. Social or symbolic practices in the Communal building
- 2.4.5. Revisiting Shillourokambos’ early phase A?
- 3. Slaughtering, butchering, and consuming the wild boar
- 3.1. Representation of the anatomical units
- 3.2. Butchering, cooking, bone industry
- 4. Conclusion
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Thomas Cucchi, Auriale Domont et al.
Chap. 30
The extinct small Cypriot wild boar (Sus scrofa circeus): osteological description, origins, and insular evolution- Introduction
- 1. Morphometric approaches based on linear measurements
- 1.1. Material and methods
- 1.2. Cheek teeth
- 1.2.1. Description and variability of the upper molars
- 1.2.2. Upper molar comparisons with Shillourokambos and the near continent
- 1.2.3. Description and variability of the lower molars
- 1.2.4. Comparisons of the lower molars with those from Shillourokambos and the near continent
- 1.2.5. Conclusion concerning the cheek teeth
- 1.3. Proximal anterior limb skeleton
- 1.3.1. General overview
- 1.3.2. Humerus
- 1.3.2.1. Sexual dimorphism
- 1.3.2.2. Global size comparisons
- 1.3.2.3. Log shape ratio comparisons with the continent
- 1.3.2.4. Isometric size and shape variations in Cyprus from the 9th to the 7th millennia BC
- 1.3.2.5. Interpretation
- 1.4. Posterior limb skeleton
- 1.4.1. General overview
- 1.4.2. Tibia
- 1.4.3. Talus
- 1.4.3.1. Presentation and distribution of the (sexual?)dimorphism data
- 1.4.3.2. Global size comparisons
- 1.4.3.3. Log shape ratio comparisons with the continent
- 1.4.3.4. Isometric size and shape variations inside Cyprus from the 9th to the 7th millennia
- 1.5. Extremities
- 1.5.1. Metapodials
- 1.5.2. First and second axial phalanges
- 1.5.3. First and second abaxial phalanges
- 1.5.4. Third phalanges
- 1.6. Discussion of the results obtained from traditional measurements
- 1.6.1. Osteometric characterisation of the small PPN Cypriot wild boar
- 1.6.1.1. Sexual dimorphism
- 1.6.1.2. Global and isometric size reduction
- 1.6.1.3. Reduction of the locomotor apparatus
- 1.6.1.4. Other possible marks of insularity and possible continental origins
- 1.6.5. Domestication and further evolution of the Cypriot wild boar
- 1.6.5.1. Were the Shillourokambos wild boars the descendants of those from Klimonas?
- 1.6.5.2. Size fluctuations as a marker of domestication and pig husbandry
- 2. Geometric morphometrics
- 2.1. Objectives, material and method
- 2.2. Comparison of the PPN suid dental forms from Cyprus and the continent
- 2.2.1. Diversity of the extent insular and continental Mediterranean populations of Sus scrofa
- 2.2.2. Diversity and similarity of PPN suids dental forms from Cyprus and the continent
- 2.2.3. Discussion: the molar form as a marker of natural and anthropogenic evolution
- 2.3. Calcaneus size and shape variation of Cyprus PPN suids
- 3. General discussion and conclusions
- 3.1. Complementarity of the traditional, multivariate, and geometric morphometric approaches
- 3.2. To what extent can the Klimonas suids be considered a new insular subspecies?
- 3.3. What is the geographical origin of the Cypriot wild boar
- 3.4. Were the PPNB pigs of Cyprus locally domesticated or introduced from the continent?
Jean‑Denis Vigne
Chap. 31
Ritual slaughter and symbolic bone deposits of boar bones. Sketch of an island bestiary- Introduction
- 1. Do distribution anomalies of anatomic units or age classes reveal symbolic practices?
- 1.1. Distribution anomalies
- 1.2. Over-representation of young WILD BOARS in the Communal building
- 1.3. Unbalanced representation of some parts of the head
- 1.4. Less fragmented bone specimens in the walls and foundation trenches of the buildings
- 2. Remarkable faunal deposits
- 2.1. Definition and questions
- 2.2. General pattern of the remarkable deposits in the different Sectors and contexts
- 2.3. Anatomical and technical selection
- 2.4. Description of three of the most remarkable symbolic deposits
- 2.4.1. Building B10, wall and foundation trench (St 644 and 6634)
- 2.4.2. Building B17, foundation trench (St 6709)
- 2.4.3. Building B26, wall (St 6793; ISO-B140)
- 3. Discussion and tentative interpretations
- 3.1. General characterisation of the symbolic animal manifestations
- 3.2. Location of the symbolic manifestations
- 3.3. Selection of anatomical parts and their possible meaning
- 3.4. Comparisons and final discussions
Comparisons and Syntheses / Comparaisons et synthèses
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Jean Guilaine, Remi Hadad et al.
Chap. 33
The Neolithic village of Klimonas: technical, social and symbolic aspects; insularity and connectivity- 1. An unexpectedly rich but degraded site
- 1.1. An archaeological godsend
- 1.2. Richness of the site and aim of the chapter
- 1.3. State of preservation and later occupations of the site
- 2. The environment and resources of the PPNA village
- 2.1. Topography, geomorphology, mineral resources
- 2.2. Plant community, fauna and biological resources
- 2.3. Village ecosystem and anthropisation
- 3. The village: state, dynamics, mobility
- 3.1. Dimensions of the village
- 3.2. Composition of the village and general building characteristics
- 3.3. Residential buildings
- 3.4. Communal building
- 3.5. Duration of village occupation
- 3.6. Mobility of villagers or village mobility?
- 4. Technical Systems: building, fire, water, toolkit, ORNAMENTS, subsistence
- 4.1. Preparation and implementation of construction materials
- 4.1.1. Wood
- 4.1.2. Earth (and stone)
- 4.2. Fire-related equipment
- 4.3. Hydraulic equipment
- 4.4. Toolkit and utensils in stone or in hard animal matter
- 4.4.1. Knapped stone tools (obsidian and flint)
- 4.4.2. Macro-tools
- 4.4.3. Stone vessels
- 4.4.4. Bone tools
- 4.5. Shell and green stone ORNAMENTS and dyes
- 4.6. Acquisition, transformation and use of foodstuffs
- 4.6.1. “Pre-domestic” cultivation and plant gathering
- 4.6.2. Hunting and carcass processing
- 5. Cultural and symbolic traits; social life
- 5.1. Expression of the symbolic realm
- 5.1.1. Three surprising absences: stone from architecture, seafood from the diet, burials
- 5.1.2. Figurines, statuettes, art objects
- 5.1.3. “Caches”
- 5.1.4. Symbolic practices related to animals
- 5.1.5. Orientation and internal organization of buildings
- 5.1.6. An “impoverished” replica of the PPNA
- 5.2. Manifestations of social life
- 5.2.1. Expressions of individual or group identity
- 5.2.2. Attempt at a social interpretation of the residential buildings
- 5.2.3. Communal organization
- 6. Klimonas and the history of the Cypriot Neolithic
- 7. Klimonas in the Levantine PPNA
- 7.1. Cyprus as one the poles of a pluricentric neolithization
- 7.2. A window into a coastal Pre-Pottery Neolithic
- 7.3. The PPNA as a group of transformations
Jean‑Denis Vigne, Jean Guilaine, Remi Hadad et al.
Chap. 33
Le village néolithique de Klimonas. Aspectstechniques, sociaux et symboliques ; insularité et connectivité- 1. Un site inattendu, riche mais dégradé
- 1.1. Aubaine archéologique
- 1.2. Richesse du site et objectifs de ce chapitre
- 1.3. État et facteurs de dégradation ; occupations ultérieures
- 2. L’environnement et les ressources du village PPNA
- 2.1. Topographie, géomorphologie, ressources minérales
- 2.2. Couvert végétal, faune et ressources d’origine biologique
- 2.3. Ecosystème villageois et anthropisation
- 3. Le village : état, dynamique, mobilité
- 3.1. Dimensions du village
- 3.2. Composition du village et caractéristiques générales du bâti
- 3.3. Bâtiments résidentiels
- 3.4. Bâtiment communautaire
- 3.5. Durée d’occupation du village
- 3.6. Mobilité des villageois ou mobilité du village ?
- 4. Systèmes techniques : bâti, feu, eau, outillage, parure, subsistance
- 4.1. Élaboration et mise en œuvre des matériaux de construction
- 4.1.1. Le bois
- 4.1.2. La terre à bâtir (et la pierre)
- 4.2. Équipements pyrotechniques
- 4.3. Équipements hydrauliques
- 4.4. Outillage et ustensiles en pierre ou en matières dures d’origine animale
- 4.4.1. Les outils de pierre taillée (obsidienne et silex)
- 4.4.2. Le macro-outillage
- 4.4.3. La vaisselle de pierre
- 4.4.4. L’outillage en os
- 4.5. Les parures en coquillage ou en roches vertes et les colorants
- 4.6. Acquisition, transformation et utilisation des aliments
- 4.6.1. Culture « pré-domestique » et collecte de plantes
- 4.6.2. Chasse et traitement des carcasses
- 5. Traits culturels et symboliques ; vie sociale
- 5.1. Manifestations de l’univers symbolique
- 5.1.1. Trois absences troublantes : la pierre dans l’architecture, la mer dans l’alimentation, les sépultures
- 5.1.2. Figurines, statuettes, objets d’art
- 5.1.3. Les « caches »
- 5.1.4. Pratiques symboliques relatives aux animaux
- 5.1.5. Orientation et organisation interne des bâtiments
- 5.1.6. Une réplique « appauvrie » du PPNA
- 5.2. Manifestations de la vie sociale
- 5.2.1. Expressions de l’identité individuelle ou de groupe
- 5.2.2. Tentative de lecture sociale du bâti résidentiel
- 5.2.3. L’organisation communautaire
- 6. Klimonas et l’histoire du Néolithique chypriote
- 7. Klimonas dans le PPNA levantin
- 7.1. Chypre comme pôle d’une néolithisation pluricentrique
- 7.2. Fenêtre sur un Pré-céramique littoral
- 7.3. Le PPNA comme groupe de transformation
