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    Plan détaillé Texte intégral The birth of Association of Veterans in Italy and of the National Association of Disabled Ex-servicemen (ANMIG) The Unknown Soldier and the sanctuaries Cities, « holy » and « sacred » places, pilgrimages : Trento, Trieste and the Karst, Zadar and Fiume The long second post-war period, between old and new symbols and reworking of memory of the Great War Notes de bas de page Auteur

    Tourisme et Grande Guerre

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    Tourism in the Places of the Great War in Italy

    From the Pilgrimages of Italian Veterans in the « Sacred Places » to our days

    Ugo Pavan Dalla Torre

    p. 367-376

    Texte intégral The birth of Association of Veterans in Italy and of the National Association of Disabled Ex-servicemen (ANMIG) The Unknown Soldier and the sanctuaries Cities, « holy » and « sacred » places, pilgrimages : Trento, Trieste and the Karst, Zadar and Fiume The long second post-war period, between old and new symbols and reworking of memory of the Great War Notes de bas de page Auteur

    Texte intégral

    1This article aims to analyze the emergence and transformation of tourism in the war zones in Italy, starting from the study of the pilgrimages that the Italian veterans organized during and after the First World War and coming to the fruition of the tourist sites of the Great War, typical of our times. The « pilgrimages » to the war sites were not always a kind of « tourism » – and even though they might not be labeled as such – it is certainly true that they were the beginning of a new way of thinking about the experience of war and living places where the Great War was fought. They also constituted the beginning of a new tourist phenomenon which, over the years and decades, has evolved considerably. This is therefore a cultural and international evolution that marked the fall of the ideological barriers and the geographical and political boundaries typical of wartime. Governments, regions and local authorities made over the years this evolution to territorial improvement. The hundredth anniversary of the war was certainly an important opportunity to encourage more public investment in the territory1.

    2It is also interesting to note, such as the elapsed time and the various initiatives, tourist and inhabitants had helped to reshape the image of the territory and also the memory of the experience of the Great War. They allowed the transition from an imaginary marked by the idea of conflict to one characterized by the desire to generate experiences of brotherhood and peace. It is significant that the path that runs through those who were the war zones in the north-east of Italy is a work designed and built by agreement between Italy and Austria, and its implementation, called « Path of Peace » (in Italian: Sentiero della Pace)2.

    3To realize the first part of this article, I have used the documents of the National Association of Disabled Ex-Servicemen (in Italian Associazione Nazionale fra Mutilati ed Invalidi di Guerra, ANMIG), in particular the numbers of Il Bollettino, the official magazine of the Association. This archive, of great interest, is fully preserved at the Casa Madre del Mutilato (Mother House of the Mutilated Soldiers of Rome), largely unpublished, rarely used by historians. ANMIG became the most important Italian association of veterans and elaborated a series of rituals and symbols in postwar Italy, also helping to give importance to the experience of war and to the places which were the scene of fighting. In this sense, ANMIG’s history is relevant to the theme of tourism in the places of the First World War. For the second part of this article, I propose a selection of the most important web sites that have been prepared to promote the places and the history of the Great War in Italy and that, at the same time, provide tourist information to users.

    The birth of Association of Veterans in Italy and of the National Association of Disabled Ex-servicemen (ANMIG)

    4The first Italian associations between veterans were established during the war. This is the case, for example, of the « Association of Veterans of Operating Zone » (in Italian Associazione Reduci Zona Operante) and the « Union Demobilized » (in Italian Unione Smobilitati)3. These early associations were short-lived because they were never able to extend their organization beyond a regional dimension : the work of the Veterans Operating Zone, for example, reached a certain importance in Piedmont and Liguria, but struggled to establish itself in other regions of the peninsula and soon the Association ceased to exist by that name. On April 29th 1917 the Italian National Association of Disabled Ex-servicemen (ANMIG) was established in Milan4. This was a significant turning point in the context of veterans associations, for three reasons. For the first time, in fact, an association set out to achieve a national dimension and in a few years actually managed to realize it. The second aspect of novelty was that, for the very first time, an important welfare association with a national diffusion was established and was managed directly by invalid people. The third aspect : through their association, disabled ex-servicemen claimed a public role, asking not only to be able to actively participate in the definition of welfare policies addressed to them, but also to be able to aspire to an active role in the Country’s government.

    5At an organizational level, ANMIG tried to spread on the Italian territory, setting up a system of work that would always be supported by other Associations. Section, Subsection and the Representation of the association became the territorial base of the organization and other associations later took up this organizational model5.

    6In the following years, other Associations were created. In 1918, there is two associations of veterans : the National Association of Combatants (in Italian, Associazione Nazionale Combattenti ANC6), established by ANMIG and still existing today, throughout the country, and the Proletarian League of Disabled soldiers, veterans orphans and widows of war7, which was close to the Socialist Party and that was disbanded by fascist regime in 1925. In 1919, the National Association of Italian Arditi (in Italian, Associazione Nazionale Arditi d’Italia8) was established. In the 1920s the Italian National Association of Families Fallen and Missing in War (in Italian, Associazione Nazionale Famiglie Caduti e Dispersi in Guerra, ANFCDG) ; the Association of Infantrymen (in Italian, Associazione del Fante), the Association of War Volunteers (in Italian, Associazione Nazionale Volontari di Guerra) were established. The experience of the Great War produced a plurality of memories, divided into the different associations founded in that period.

    7The presence on the Italian territory of the associations of veterans was also essential for the creation of a new system of symbols and languages that referred to the experience of the trench and that would be widely used by politics after the war and in the 1920s.

    8The fascist movement, which first – set to socialism – had looked to veteran’s universe like a mass movement capable of generating new political trends, drew extensively on this symbolic basin9. Being veterans was thus a new value after the Great War and the experience of that conflict helped create a new social category, which was precisely that of veterans. The trench experience and the prolonged contact with fellow soldiers ; the long stay in certain geographic locations, particularly the Karst and mountainous areas between the Asiago Plateau and the Trentino10 ; the mass dimension of the conflict, were all factors that contributed to making the veterans movement a new phenomenon in Italy and abroad11.

    9In this first period were also created the rites that would have marked the life of veterans movement and that helped articulate a new secular and civilian time, both at local and at national level : time of remembrance of the sacrifice and of organization of survivors. ANMIG, for example, established the delivery of the flag to its Sections, to be held during the inauguration of the new premises of a Section. This became the fundamental ritual of ANMIG, a rite that also had the function of witnessing the organizational capacity of the invalid and disabled veterans. These associative moments were highly symbolic and, in fact, constituted the founding act of an associative memory shared by all members who played the important function of strengthening continuously the ranks of the association. The flag ceremonies included a godmother, an official orator, a large turnout of mutilated by the Sections and the nearest regions, a massive presence of sectional flags, the pilgrimage and tribute to the martyrs of the war gravestones (such as those of Guglielmo Oberdan or Cesare Battisti12). In general, the research and the codification of new symbols and new languages became one of the fundamental aspects of Italian veterans’ movement. In this period, the places of the war became « holy places » and the experiences of the veterans a sort of « sacred experience »13.

    10Symbologies are also closely linked to the war anniversaries. « The trench experience – writes Maurizio Ridolfi – was claimed as a constituent factor of national sentiment »14. The start and end dates of the Italian war (May 24th and November 4th) thus became the deputies’ moments at the annual memory of the war, the moment that marked the entry into the European conflict or the moment of victory over the enemy. In those days, it was possible to go back, if not physically at least in the memory, to the « sacred places » of war. The connection with locations in Italy was also strengthened, places where the reasons for intervention had been incurred and places where the veterans organized the demonstrations during these days. The squares then became an appendage of the town just because the trenches were filled on the occasion of the anniversaries of veterans, both the disabled and the not disabled15. To gather in the square, therefore, became a sign of continuity with the experience of war, but also the will of bringing the experience of war in the Italian cities.

    The Unknown Soldier and the sanctuaries

    11From the point of view of the war symbolism, the year 1921 represented a turning point. From the bloody lands of north-east of Italy which had been the theatre of war, a soldier with no name ran through the Italian peninsula, arriving in Rome after a long travel. It was the Unknown Soldier, a soldier whose identity would be unknown and whose collective image would represent all young Italian war dead, but also all the children of the mothers and all the husbands of widows. That of the Unknown Soldier is a journey that is certainly an inverted pilgrimage. The coffin of the anonymous soldier reached by train several Italian places. Everyone could see him, and everyone wanted to see him. The body was buried at the Altar of the Fatherland in Rome, ideally joining the monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, another highly symbolic figure for a united Italy. The site, already full of the multiple meanings of the Risorgimento, was a further consecration and a more evocative function, as writes Bruno Tobia16. The journey of the Soldier and his burial were a frame important choreographic, which ANMIG had started to pay attention since October 192017 and to which he gave much prominence both at the time of burial and after18. To understand the importance that the ANMIG attributed to this symbol just think that on November 4th 1922 in the shadow of the altar of the homeland, was to be held a special ceremony. According to the intentions of ANMIG, Gabriele D’Annunzio and Giovanni Giolitti, the respective symbols of the new and liberal Italy (one born from the trenches), were to stretch their hand, sanctioning the beginning of a new political course19.

    12The Unknown Soldier is a stake of the symbolic importance of the anniversary of the victory in autumn 1922, between the two ideas of Italy. The Central Committee of ANMIG had prepared meticulously this appointment, sending circulars to all the sections for a general mobilization of men and flags. The meeting would take place in the presence of the greatest number of new representatives of Italy, the maimed and the fighters. However, the ceremony designed by ANMIG never took place and October 1922 was rather the beginning of the fascist yoke20.

    13In the first post war period were also constructed the most important ossuaries and Italian military cemeteries and many memorials, located in all cities and symbolic places of the war, as the Karst or the heights between Veneto and Trentino. To the period between the wars dates back the construction of the shrines of Asiago (1936), of Monte Grappa (1936) and Redipuglia (1938) and the construction of the ossuaries of Pasubio (1926) and Monte Cimone (1929). As illustrated by Lisa Bregantin’s studies, monumental shrines became the places dedicated to the memory and, in these places, Italians began to travel to pay homage to the victims of war, or to find a fallen relative21. ANMIG also used these places, with their geographical location, for the construction of associative memory and for the construction of associative rites.

    Cities, « holy » and « sacred » places, pilgrimages : Trento, Trieste and the Karst, Zadar and Fiume

    14Next to the squares, to the symbolism of the Unknown Soldier and his burial, to the cemeteries and war memorials, ANMIG used other methods to allow members to relive the experiences of the war : the National Congress and the pilgrimages to « holy places ». In 1918, ANMIG organized it first National Congress in Rome. Desire of the leadership was to lead immediately or as soon as possible in the event that « redeemed cities », in particular in Trieste. Already in 1919, the Central Committee of the Association had moved in this direction, but the military and the political of the city had discouraged to continue. So, in 1919, the Congress was held in Palermo, in 1920 in Florence, in 1922 in Zadar, in 1924 in Rijeka (in Italian Fiume), in 1926 in Bolzano and then, for several years, in Rome. Until after the World War II, the association is not able to organize a National Congress in Trieste. The redeemed city continued to exercise an important role in the imagination of veterans.

    15Why was it so important to organize the Congress in those regions and places recently part of the kingdom of Italy ? First of all, there were reasons of nationalistic character : Trieste was a « redeemed city » and, together with Trento, this city represented perhaps the most symbolic of the Great Italian War, the main objective that had led Italy to take the field. The second reason was an organizational one. The presence of veterans who had been part of the opposing armies had not made it easier to establish an ANMIG Section and, in general, in those areas the associative activities languished. But the most important reason was the « sacred » character of Trieste and Trento and the proximity to the places where the war had been lived and fought, especially the Karst region and the mountains of Trentino. Organize the Congress in those cities would have meant bringing the fighters in the trenches symbolically, reliving moments of war have become the collective memory, to recreate a geography of the conflict and be able to go back into the theater of operations.

    16Even new Italian cities still had their load of symbolism. Organizing the Congress in Zadar, in 1922, the mutilated wanted to bring their voices to that city, also called « mutilated » because physically divided from Italy. Despite various difficulties, mainly of a logistical nature, the disabled veterans were determined to go to the Dalmatian city. Fiume, where the Congress was organized in 1924, had also been the enterprise being Gabriele D’Annunzio, war mutilated and member of ANMIG section of Brescia. Thus in both cases, it was symbolic choices and the Congress was certainly a good omen for an associative pilgrimage to these places.

    The long second post-war period, between old and new symbols and reworking of memory of the Great War

    17The conclusion of World War II had many consequences, even the overlapping memories in veterans, as in the entire nation. Next to the memory of the events of the Great War, they were inserted the memories of the World War II and the Resistance. These memories had their own « sacred geography », geography not only Italian and not only the product of veterans of the Royal Army. African desert or Kefalonia or even the steppes of Russia22 and many partisan units, formed after September 8th 1943, were the birth of a new symbolic universe linked to the Resistance and to the places where it was fought. This plurality of memories gave birth to a number of associations, particularly those partisans23.

    18ANMIG met in Congress in Venice in 1946. It decided to resume its democratic traditions, electing a new Central Committee not compromise with the past fascist regime. It decided to place its activity within the newly formed Italian Republic It became the bearer of the new collective memories both of the veteran ones and of the partisans. From these assumptions, ANMIG also supported pacifism and intervened in the debate on disarmament, by promoting the Fédération Mondiale des Anciens Combattants (World Veterans Federation), established in Paris in 1950. Yet the roots of ANMIG sank into the ground of the First World War and still many members were veterans of that conflict, including the new national President, Pietro Ricci24. Whole association therefore still was speaking the language of the Great War, for example in the journal Il Bollettino. Il Bollettino devoted to the return of Trieste to Italy, in 1954 : « Do you still lost on the day of the rebirth conquered with blood and your veiled misfortune sadness our courage »25. Italian veterans had therefore not forgotten Trieste and the Great War : the Sixteenth National Congress was held in Trieste, coinciding with the centenary of national unification, and all the veterans could understand the importance of that moment26. But also the other holy sites continued to be visited. I’m referring in particular to the Karst region, which was the destination of an important pilgrimage in 1957, the fortieth anniversary of the establishment of ANMIG27.

    19With the gradual disappearance of the veterans of World War I and, more generally, of the

    20Italian veterans28, the Great War sites have taken on a new function, becoming a national heritage as well as a memorial of the Great War. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Great War sites began to be recovered and valued mostly for tourism purposes. Along with the museums that already existed and which gave an important cultural contribution to the dissemination of the history of World War I – Castle of Good Council (in Italian : Castello del Buon Consiglio) in Trento or Italian Historical Museum of War (in Italian : Museo della Guerra) of Rovereto29 –, they were rebuilt some parts of the trenches on the former Italian-Austrian front between the two Italian regions Veneto and Trentino Alto Adige and were reported places and buildings of the period, even with the construction of special paths or with the recovery of the original military roads. Also, in mid 1980s, began the design and implementation of « Path of Peace ». Initially linked to the Trentino Alto Adige region, the trail – now more than 500 kilometers long – affected the Veneto Region, the provincial administration of Vicenza and the Plateau of Asiago, elsewhere strongly characterized by the presence of the Great War30.

    21In many cases, it was to recover a reduced asset in deplorable conditions from the incursions of the remnant seekers, and from the dismantling works occurred in the postwar period. During the fascist regime, in fact, iron had become a strategic material. In addition to the propaganda initiatives as « iron to the homeland », the fascist regime began a campaign of the iron recovery from war buildings have become obsolete and unused. Among them were the forts of World War I, located on the old border between the Asiago Plateau and the Trentino. The iron recovery involved the demolition of structures. Only the stronghold Belvedere, on the initiative of King Vittorio Emanuele III, was kept in perpetual memory of the war. Purchased and run by an Italian family for years, the fort was bought in 1996 by the town of Lavarone (Trento), which carried out the restoration and to the preparation of a new war museum, making the building a popular tourist destination31.

    22The centenary of the Great War, as well as allowing greater visibility of the initiative already implemented in previous years, has created the conditions for further valuations of scenic and historical heritage of the face area. This latest phase is characterized by the development of online portals, such as the one built by the Trento Autonomous Province that recalls both the region (Trentino), both the main and unifying topic of all content (Great War)32. Another interesting site is « Routes of the Great War – A journey through history » (in Italian : Itinerari della Grande Guerra – Un viaggio nella storia), result of an interregional project involving Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Veneto, Lombardy and the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano33. The site offers an overview of all tourist attractions related to World War I, indicating permanent museums, temporary exhibitions, pedestrian and cycle paths and so on. Browsing on this website, you can then explore the contents of other regional sites that work to enhance the historical and geographical heritage. Particularly interesting is the site « Archive infotelematic of the Great War in Lombardy »34, which allows to know places perhaps less known of the Italian military geography, such the Comelico, Valcamonica, Valtellina.

    23The multiplicity of current initiatives, as well as the persistence of memories related to the conflict, makes it difficult to track today with a final statement on tourism in the places of the Great War in Italy. Maybe at the end of the celebration of the centenary, it will be possible to have a series of statistical data. Then, historians will understand the quantity and quality of tourism on war places, as well as the usefulness of the activities planned over the years. It will also assess whether the « war tourism » continues to have appeal beyond the occurrences of these years. But the next years will also come in useful for understanding the role of these places as part of the collective imagination, though they will continue to be places that contribute to the process of « the making of the Nation ». Also it will be further clarified the future role of veterans associations : will they continue to frequent the places of the Great War ? With what intent ? The future researches will have the task to answer these questions and to deepen the tourism of war and its many cultural values.

    Notes de bas de page

    1 The Italian Government has in fact made up of a structure of mission to fund cultural projects linked to the centenary of the Great War. A special website collects the documentation and all the information and initiatives: www.centenario1914-1918.it.

    2 On this aspect see PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « Costruire il nemico tedesco », in Studi Interculturali, 3/2015, p. 29-51.

    3 On this topic see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti nel primo dopoguerra, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1974 and CANDELORO, Giorgio, Il movimento cattolico in Italia, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1953.

    4 On the establishment of ANMIG see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti, op. cit. ; PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « Le origini dell’ANMIG », in DEL LUCCHESE, Valdo (ed.), Passato, presente, futuro. Compendio di storia dell’ANMIG, Roma, Associazione Nazionale fra Mutilati ed Invalidi di Guerra e Fondazione, 2012 ; BRACCO, Barbara, La patria ferita, Milano, Giunti, 2013.

    5 A Section could be founded by a volunteer or be created by the initiative of the Central Committee. Subsection was created in a city or in a village where the number of mutilated did not reach a hundred, but it was still an outstanding number. Subsection depended by section. The Representation, finally, was formed in locations distant from cities and countries and in which the number of mutilated was not significant. The Representation was managed by a resident shareholder or by a member who had given their willingness to carry out this assignment.

    6 For the history of ANC see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti… op. cit.

    7 On this association see ISOLA, Gianni, Guerra al regno della guerra!: storia della Lega proletaria mutilati invalidi reduci orfani e vedove di guerra (19181924), Firenze, Le Lettere, 1990.

    8 ROCHAT, Giorgio, Gli arditi della Grande Guerra. Origini, miti e battaglie, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1981.

    9 See MUSSOLINI, Benito, « Trincerocrazia », Il Popolo d’Italia, 15 December 1917. See also MUSSOLINI, Benito, Opera omnia, edited by Edoardo and Duilio Susmel, 36 vol., Firenze, La Fenice, 1951-1963.

    10 See MONDINI, Marco, Andare per i luoghi della Grande Guerra, Bologna, il Mulino, 2015.

    11 There are several works published in this field. See, for example, on France, PROST, Antoine, Les anciens combattants et la société française. 1914-1939, 3 vol., Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 1977 ; on Germany, BESSEL, Richard, Germany after First World War, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993.

    12 Guglielmo Oberdan (1858-1882) is considered the first martyr of Italian independence. Cesare Battisti (1875-1916) was a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian kingdom and he defected to fight in Italian army. He was hanged in Trento.

    13 For a first approach to this topic, PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « The Holy and the Sacred in the Experience of Italian Disabled Ex-Servicemen », Implications Philosophiques, 4 July 2016. www.implications-philosophiques.org/actualite/une/the-holy-and-the-sacred-in-the-experienceof-italian-disabled-ex-servicemen.

    14 RIDOLFI, Maurizio, Le feste nazionali, Bologna, il Mulino, 2003, p. 60.

    15 Mario Isnenghi worked on these topics in several books. See ISNENGHI, Mario, « La piazza », in ISNENGHI, Mario (ed.), I luoghi della memoria. Strutture ed eventi dell’Italia unita, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2010.

    16 TOBIA, Bruno, L’altare della Patria, Bologna, il Mulino, 1998.

    17 MADIA, Titta, « Nella gloria del Pantheon », Il Bollettino, n°5, October 1920 ; « Per il Fante Ignoto. Riunione al Ministero della Guerra », Il Bollettino, n°10, October 1921, p. 7.

    18 MADIA, Titta, « Riti e cerimonie », Il Bollettino, n°11, November 1921, p. 1 ; « La medaglia d’onore del popolo americano al Soldato ignoto italiano », Il Bollettino, n°2, February 1922, p. 13-14.

    19 On this topic see PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « L’ANMIG fra D’Annunzio e Mussolini (ottobre 1922). Note e prospettive di ricerca », Italia Contemporanea, 278/2015, p. 325-352.

    20 Ibid.

    21 See BREGANTIN, Lisa, Per non morire mai. La percezione della morte in guerra e il culto dei caduti nel primo conflitto mondiale, Padova, Il Poligrafo, 2010 ; BREGANTIN, Lisa, and BIENZA, Bruno, La guerra dopo la guerra. Sistemazione e tutela delle salme dei caduti dai cimiteri al fronte ai sacrari monumentali, Padova, Il Poligrafo, 2015 ; BREGANTIN, Lisa, and VIDALE, Denis, Sentinelle di pietra. I grandi sacrari del primo conflitto mondiale, Castelfranco Veneto, Biblioteca dei Leoni, 2016.

    22 On these themes the bibliography is wide. See VENTURI, Marcello, Bandiera bianca a Cefalonia, Milano, Mondadori, 1963 ; BEDESCHI, Giulio, Centomila gavette di ghiaccio, Milano, Mursia, 1963 ; REVELLI, Nuto, La guerra dei poveri, Torino, Einaudi, 1963. All these books describe precisely all the places where the Italian soldiers fought and lived during the Second World War.

    23 On this topic see BISTARELLI, Agostino, La storia del ritorno. I reduci italiani del secondo dopoguerra, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007.

    24 Pietro Ricci became National President in 1946 and remained until 1972. During the fascist regime he decided not to have tasks in the Association.

    25 BACCHI Egidio, « Trieste », Il Bollettino, n°10, October 1954.

    26 See DEL LUCCHESE, op. cit.

    27 LA MARCA, Cesare, « Ritorno sul Carso », Il Bollettino, n°6, June 1957 ; BACCHI, Egidio, « Nel quarantesimo annuale dell’Associazione con tutte le nostre bandiere a Trieste e sul Carso », Il Bollettino, n°6, June 1957.

    28 FAGNANI, Giovanna Maria, « È morto Delfino Borroni l’ultimo reduce della Grande Guerra », Corriere della Sera, 26 October 2008, www.corriere.it/cronache/08_ottobre_26/borroni_morto_1dc9ba5e-a3a0-11dd-8d2c-00144f02aabc.shtml .

    29 www.buonconsiglio.it and www.museodellaguerra.it

    30 LUSSU, Emilio, Un anno sull’altipiano, Torino, Einaudi, 1945.

    31 Information could be found at www.fortebelvedere.org

    32 www.trentinograndeguerra.it

    33 www.itinerarigrandeguerra.it. On procedures for the realization of this project and its portal, see www.itinerarigrandeguerra.it/it/13511/Il-progetto

    34 www.aigg.org

    Auteur

    • Ugo Pavan Dalla Torre

      Docteur en histoire de l’Université de Turin. Ses recherches portent sur les anciens combattants et les mutilés italiens de la Grande Guerre.

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    Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Licence OpenEdition Books. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.

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    Lieu du souvenir, lieu de mémoire, lieu d’histoire

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    2013

    Une entrée en guerre

    Une entrée en guerre

    Le 47e régiment d’infanterie de Saint-Malo au combat (août 1914-juillet 1915)

    Erwan Le Gall

    2014

    Saint-Nazaire, les Américains et la guerre totale

    Saint-Nazaire, les Américains et la guerre totale

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    2018

    Tourisme et Grande Guerre

    Tourisme et Grande Guerre

    Voyage(s) sur un front historique méconnu (1914-2019)

    Yves-Marie Evanno et Johan Vincent (dir.)

    2019

    Des sources pour une Plus Grande Guerre

    Des sources pour une Plus Grande Guerre

    Damien Accoulon, Julia Ribeiro Thomaz et Aude-Marie Lalanne Berdouticq (dir.)

    2021

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    1 The Italian Government has in fact made up of a structure of mission to fund cultural projects linked to the centenary of the Great War. A special website collects the documentation and all the information and initiatives: www.centenario1914-1918.it.

    2 On this aspect see PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « Costruire il nemico tedesco », in Studi Interculturali, 3/2015, p. 29-51.

    3 On this topic see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti nel primo dopoguerra, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1974 and CANDELORO, Giorgio, Il movimento cattolico in Italia, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1953.

    4 On the establishment of ANMIG see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti, op. cit. ; PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « Le origini dell’ANMIG », in DEL LUCCHESE, Valdo (ed.), Passato, presente, futuro. Compendio di storia dell’ANMIG, Roma, Associazione Nazionale fra Mutilati ed Invalidi di Guerra e Fondazione, 2012 ; BRACCO, Barbara, La patria ferita, Milano, Giunti, 2013.

    5 A Section could be founded by a volunteer or be created by the initiative of the Central Committee. Subsection was created in a city or in a village where the number of mutilated did not reach a hundred, but it was still an outstanding number. Subsection depended by section. The Representation, finally, was formed in locations distant from cities and countries and in which the number of mutilated was not significant. The Representation was managed by a resident shareholder or by a member who had given their willingness to carry out this assignment.

    6 For the history of ANC see SABBATUCCI, Giovanni, I combattenti… op. cit.

    7 On this association see ISOLA, Gianni, Guerra al regno della guerra!: storia della Lega proletaria mutilati invalidi reduci orfani e vedove di guerra (19181924), Firenze, Le Lettere, 1990.

    8 ROCHAT, Giorgio, Gli arditi della Grande Guerra. Origini, miti e battaglie, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1981.

    9 See MUSSOLINI, Benito, « Trincerocrazia », Il Popolo d’Italia, 15 December 1917. See also MUSSOLINI, Benito, Opera omnia, edited by Edoardo and Duilio Susmel, 36 vol., Firenze, La Fenice, 1951-1963.

    10 See MONDINI, Marco, Andare per i luoghi della Grande Guerra, Bologna, il Mulino, 2015.

    11 There are several works published in this field. See, for example, on France, PROST, Antoine, Les anciens combattants et la société française. 1914-1939, 3 vol., Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 1977 ; on Germany, BESSEL, Richard, Germany after First World War, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993.

    12 Guglielmo Oberdan (1858-1882) is considered the first martyr of Italian independence. Cesare Battisti (1875-1916) was a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian kingdom and he defected to fight in Italian army. He was hanged in Trento.

    13 For a first approach to this topic, PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « The Holy and the Sacred in the Experience of Italian Disabled Ex-Servicemen », Implications Philosophiques, 4 July 2016. www.implications-philosophiques.org/actualite/une/the-holy-and-the-sacred-in-the-experienceof-italian-disabled-ex-servicemen.

    14 RIDOLFI, Maurizio, Le feste nazionali, Bologna, il Mulino, 2003, p. 60.

    15 Mario Isnenghi worked on these topics in several books. See ISNENGHI, Mario, « La piazza », in ISNENGHI, Mario (ed.), I luoghi della memoria. Strutture ed eventi dell’Italia unita, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2010.

    16 TOBIA, Bruno, L’altare della Patria, Bologna, il Mulino, 1998.

    17 MADIA, Titta, « Nella gloria del Pantheon », Il Bollettino, n°5, October 1920 ; « Per il Fante Ignoto. Riunione al Ministero della Guerra », Il Bollettino, n°10, October 1921, p. 7.

    18 MADIA, Titta, « Riti e cerimonie », Il Bollettino, n°11, November 1921, p. 1 ; « La medaglia d’onore del popolo americano al Soldato ignoto italiano », Il Bollettino, n°2, February 1922, p. 13-14.

    19 On this topic see PAVAN DALLA TORRE, Ugo, « L’ANMIG fra D’Annunzio e Mussolini (ottobre 1922). Note e prospettive di ricerca », Italia Contemporanea, 278/2015, p. 325-352.

    20 Ibid.

    21 See BREGANTIN, Lisa, Per non morire mai. La percezione della morte in guerra e il culto dei caduti nel primo conflitto mondiale, Padova, Il Poligrafo, 2010 ; BREGANTIN, Lisa, and BIENZA, Bruno, La guerra dopo la guerra. Sistemazione e tutela delle salme dei caduti dai cimiteri al fronte ai sacrari monumentali, Padova, Il Poligrafo, 2015 ; BREGANTIN, Lisa, and VIDALE, Denis, Sentinelle di pietra. I grandi sacrari del primo conflitto mondiale, Castelfranco Veneto, Biblioteca dei Leoni, 2016.

    22 On these themes the bibliography is wide. See VENTURI, Marcello, Bandiera bianca a Cefalonia, Milano, Mondadori, 1963 ; BEDESCHI, Giulio, Centomila gavette di ghiaccio, Milano, Mursia, 1963 ; REVELLI, Nuto, La guerra dei poveri, Torino, Einaudi, 1963. All these books describe precisely all the places where the Italian soldiers fought and lived during the Second World War.

    23 On this topic see BISTARELLI, Agostino, La storia del ritorno. I reduci italiani del secondo dopoguerra, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007.

    24 Pietro Ricci became National President in 1946 and remained until 1972. During the fascist regime he decided not to have tasks in the Association.

    25 BACCHI Egidio, « Trieste », Il Bollettino, n°10, October 1954.

    26 See DEL LUCCHESE, op. cit.

    27 LA MARCA, Cesare, « Ritorno sul Carso », Il Bollettino, n°6, June 1957 ; BACCHI, Egidio, « Nel quarantesimo annuale dell’Associazione con tutte le nostre bandiere a Trieste e sul Carso », Il Bollettino, n°6, June 1957.

    28 FAGNANI, Giovanna Maria, « È morto Delfino Borroni l’ultimo reduce della Grande Guerra », Corriere della Sera, 26 October 2008, www.corriere.it/cronache/08_ottobre_26/borroni_morto_1dc9ba5e-a3a0-11dd-8d2c-00144f02aabc.shtml .

    29 www.buonconsiglio.it and www.museodellaguerra.it

    30 LUSSU, Emilio, Un anno sull’altipiano, Torino, Einaudi, 1945.

    31 Information could be found at www.fortebelvedere.org

    32 www.trentinograndeguerra.it

    33 www.itinerarigrandeguerra.it. On procedures for the realization of this project and its portal, see www.itinerarigrandeguerra.it/it/13511/Il-progetto

    34 www.aigg.org

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    Pavan Dalla Torre, U. (2019). Tourism in the Places of the Great War in Italy. In Y.-M. Evanno & J. Vincent (éds.), Tourisme et Grande Guerre. Ploemeur: Éditions Codex. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.codex.1730
    Pavan Dalla Torre, Ugo. « Tourism in the Places of the Great War in Italy ». In Tourisme Et Grande Guerre, édité par Yves-Marie Evanno et Johan Vincent. Ploemeur: Éditions Codex, 2019. doi:10.4000/books.codex.1730.
    Pavan Dalla Torre, Ugo. « Tourism in the Places of the Great War in Italy ». Tourisme Et Grande Guerre, édité par Yves-Marie Evanno et Johan Vincent, Éditions Codex, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.codex.1730.

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    Evanno, Y.-M., & Vincent, J. (éds.). (2019). Tourisme et Grande Guerre. Ploemeur: Éditions Codex. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.codex.1084
    Evanno, Yves-Marie, et Johan Vincent, éd. Tourisme et Grande Guerre. Ploemeur: Éditions Codex, 2019. doi:10.4000/books.codex.1084.
    Evanno, Yves-Marie, et Johan Vincent, éditeurs. Tourisme et Grande Guerre. Éditions Codex, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.codex.1084.
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