Struggle over Identity
|Index
Texte intégral
A
Abdziralovich, Ignat, 206
Anderson, Benedict, 15, 24– 27, 42
Arsenneva, Natalia, 244
authoritarianism, 5, 85, 93, 101, 121, 282
B
Babkou, Ihar, 9, 55, 56, 166, 209
Bagdanovich, Maksim, 190, 244
Belarus and economic performance, 142
and statehood
70, 218, 273, 281
declaration of independence, 194, 248
European Belarus, 202, 204, 240, 255, 279
Belarusian aristocracy, 60
Belarusian Communist Party, 70
Belarusian economy, 108, 110, 112, 113, 142
Belarusian history, 4, 6, 59, 63, 79, 80, 105, 106, 133, 154, 179, 180–182, 184–186, 188, 191, 194, 196, 199, 202, 219, 227, 232, 242, 255, 256, 262, 270, 280
Belarusian language, 54, 56, 65, 71, 134, 151–154, 157, 163, 183, 188, 189, 200, 244, 278
Belarusian model, 108, 110, 274
Belarusian People’s Republic (BPR), 69, 167, 180, 194, 195, 264, 270
Belarusian Popular Front, political organization, 102, 116, 158, 270, 277
Belarusian Social Democratic Gramada (BSDG), 123, 137
Byelorussian Socialist Hramada, 54, 55, 58
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, 70, 119, 183, 265
Belarusianness, 2–9, 50, 60, 61, 67, 75, 79–81, 134, 135, 138, 143, 151, 157, 163– 168, 170, 179–181, 187, 195–198, 199–204, 206, 209, 210, 212, 215, 217– 220, 224, 225, 227, 229, 233, 235, 240, 241, 244, 246, 251, 253, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262–264, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274– 276, 278, 279, 280–282
official, 8, 163, 165, 196, 201, 211, 217, 219, 224, 246, 258, 259, 264, 266, 267, 269, 271, 280–282
alternative, 3, 6, 8, 9, 50, 163, 164, 180, 181, 196, 197, 199, 204, 224, 225, 227, 229, 233, 235, 240, 241, 253, 255, 259, 267, 271, 272, 275, 279, 280–282
Belovezha agreement, 208
Bohushevich, Francishak, 54
Bogdankevich, Stanislav, 198
Breuilly, John, 14, 27
Bykau, Vasil, 1, 229
C
Calvinism, 63, 199
capitalism, 19, 20, 21, 23–26, 33, 34, 57, 95, 191, 215
Catherine II, 189
Catholic Church, 64, 65, 157, 158, 189
Catholicism, 64, 65, 157, 158, 188, 193, 199, 218
Central Election Committee, 2, 94, 103
Chernobyl, 114, 115, 133
Christianity, 41, 64, 157
See also Catholicism, Catholic Church, Orthodox Church
citizens, 33, 36, 40, 49, 87, 105, 114, 116, 121, 127, 140, 145–147, 150, 165, 172, 177, 197, 198, 213, 214, 272, 273
and the state, 28
Belarusian, 114, 116, 140, 172, 275
class, 4, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 33, 34, 36, 40, 43, 47, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 66, 70, 87, 102, 112, 191, 216, 238, 254, 269
middle, 23, 25, 28, 54
ideology, 54 struggle, 4, 58
Command economy, 107, 121, 122
Commonwealth, 53, 62, 64, 169, 180, 185–192, 201, 202
division, 189, 191. See also Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian Commonwealth
Communist Party of Belarus, 102
Communist rule, 86, 124. See also Soviet Union, USSR
Communist ideology, 94
Communist regime, 74, 124, 125
concept of nation, 20
Connor, Walker, 18
constitution, 31, 75, 101–104, 106, 266
culture(s) 15–18, 20–22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 45, 47, 48, 57, 60, 62–65, 73–76, 86, 88, 91, 122, 134, 151, 153, 159, 179, 181, 182, 188, 190, 192, 193, 196–198, 205, 206, 209, 215, 216, 231, 233, 240, 242, 244, 254–256, 258, 259, 261–263, 265
and economy 192
Belarusian, 75, 151, 153, 182, 190, 240, 244, 255, 262, 263, 269 class, 62
high, 21, 65, 266 national, 16, 21, 65, 74, 151, 196, 198, 205, 265, 266
symbolic, 16, 17, 18, 28
D
democratization, 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 35, 36, 37, 90, 99, 101, 103, 116, 118, 121, 123– 126, 128, 136, 163, 168, 196, 205, 272, 277, 282
demography, 26
discourse 2–4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 30, 31, 43, 46, 50, 57, 67, 91, 112, 163, 164, 168, 170, 196
197, 204, 210, 212–214, 216, 217, 220, 225, 230, 273, 274, 278–280, 282
historical, 2
nationalist, 43, 278
political, 3, 6, 14, 196, 197, 204, 213, 278, 282 public, 170, 196
Dubavets, Siargei, 54, 55, 137
Dunin-Martinkevich, Vincent, 54
E
economic performance, 142
elections, 2, 8, 13, 79, 80, 82, 90, 91, 94, 101, 106, 117– 119, 164, 165, 248, 278, 280
parliamentary, 117, 119
presidential, 2, 13, 79, 80, 82, 94, 164, 165, 248
ethno-symbolism, 18
Europe, 20, 22–24, 28, 29, 33– 36, 38, 39, 40, 63, 64, 75, 88, 96, 100, 113, 121, 126, 143, 159, 171, 172, 186, 196, 197, 199– 202, 204, 205, 207–209, 215, 219, 230, 238–240, 254, 256, 274, 275, 279 and Belarus, 256
Eastern, 20, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 75, 121, 126, 208
united, 96, 209
European union, 112, 113, 141, 173, 204, 273–275
F
foreign trade, 111
fraternity, 45, 66, 67
Freedoms various, 25, 38, 39, 58, 88, 93, 109, 171, 215, 239–242, 245, 248–250, 270
economic, 109
of press, 38, 171
G
Gellner, Ernest, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 34
Giddens, Anthony, 27
golden age(s), 63, 77, 81, 106, 181, 200, 279
Goncharik, Vladimir, 164
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), 53, 63, 64, 79, 180– 183, 186, 188, 192, 199, 200, 202, 204, 230, 242, 253, 279
Great Patriotic War, 220. See also World War II.
Greek Catholic Church, 158, 188, 189. See also Uniate Church
H
History of Belarus, 90, 183, 186, 200, 230, 256
historical narration, 219
Hobsbawm, Eric, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21–27, 33, 34, 37, 43, 45, 74, 179, 267
Hroch, Miroslav, 3, 15–20, 33– 36, 57, 216
Human Development Index, 110
human rights, 205, 235, 240
I
identity (various meanings) cultural, 18, 163, 210, 223, 278
ethnic, 36, 46, 145, 211
national, 5–7, 13, 17, 23, 24, 26, 29, 35, 37, 43, 47, 48, 50, 57, 81, 96, 129, 135– 137, 145, 146, 214, 223, 267, 268, 277, 281
regional, 31
ideology, 2, 4–6, 9, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46–48, 54, 55, 60, 61, 72, 80, 93, 94, 95, 101, 133, 135, 197, 212–216, 217, 219, 220, 225, 250, 253, 256, 257, 261, 264, 278, 281, 282
national, 36, 38, 60, 211, 214
political, 5, 6, 17, 24, 25, 41, 95, 129, 134, 163, 175
socialist, 4, 72, 280
Soviet, 46, 80
state 6, 43, 48, 115, 179, 213, 214, 220, 261
Independent Institute of Socio-economic and Political Studies (IISEPS), 1, 8, 94, 117, 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 154, 174, 205, 272–275
Index of Economic Freedom, 109
Index of pride, 147, 278
inflation, 109
integration, 96, 108, 110, 112, 139, 141, 142, 151, 153, 163, 170, 205, 212, 218, 220, 254
intellectuals, 28, 45, 46, 60, 80
invented traditions, 22
K
Kalinouski, Kastus, 61, 190, 218, 219, 227, 248, 270
Kebich, Viacheslav, 82, 86, 89, 133, 203
Krejci, Jaroslav, 53
Kohn, Hans, 28
Kolas, Yakub, 60, 61, 67, 244, 269
Krauchanka, Piotr, 204
Kupala, Yanka, 60, 61, 67, 210, 244, 262
L
language, 7, 16, 17, 23–25, 28, 30, 42, 44–46, 48, 58, 62, 63, 66, 73, 120, 137, 139, 157, 158, 163, 182, 183, 188–201, 211, 223, 229, 244, 250, 263, 273, 278
Belarusian, 54, 56, 65, 71, 134, 151, 152–154, 157, 163, 183, 188–200, 244, 278
national, 56, 58, 134, 200
language policy, 42, 46
legacy, 5, 62, 101, 103, 121, 122, 125, 128, 129, 135, 172, 181, 199, 214, 243, 265, 272, 273, 279, 280, 282
cultural, 62, 199, 243
institutional, 103, 122, 128 Soviet, 5, 265, 280, 282
liberal democracy, 90, 99, 198
liberalization, 14, 107, 112, 122, 128, 196, 282
literacy, 60
Lukashenka, 14, 82, 85–89, 94, 95, 96, 106, 112, 114, 117, 124, 133, 136, 148, 149, 152, 154, 164, 165, 211, 212, 216, 218, 245, 247, 250, 266, 269, 270
and authoritarianism, 5, 85, 93, 121, 282
and dictatorship, 91, 102, 113, 121, 225
and lukashenkism, 94, 122 See also Belarusian president
M
Marinich, Mikhail, 207
market economy, 95, 102, 107, 108, 123, 207
Masherau, Piotr, 77, 106
media 3, 8, 9, 23, 24, 31, 45, 87, 90, 94, 114, 115, 118, 127, 152, 153, 165, 170–177, 205, 213, 214, 249, 255, 271, 281
electronic, 115, 152, 255
printed, 153
N
nation, nationalism, passim
nation-building, nation-formation, 13, 16, 26, 28, 30, 74, 80, 81
national movement, 4, 9, 17, 19, 47, 50, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 67, 70, 80, 81, 135, 280
nation-state, 21–23, 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 39, 46, 48, 76, 136
national identity 5–7, 13, 17, 23, 24, 26, 29, 35, 37, 43, 47, 48, 50, 57, 81, 96, 129, 135–137, 145, 146, 214, 223, 267, 268, 277, 281
National Assembly, 104, 117
National Bank, 197 nomenclature, 82, 89, 102, 103, 133
O
official Belarusianness, 8, 163, 165, 196, 201, 211, 217, 219, 224, 246, 258, 259, 264, 266, 267, 269, 271, 280, 281, 282
Orthodox Church, 63, 157, 158, 159, 189
P
Pazniak, Zianon, 96, 102, 139, 158
party system, 104, 116, 118, 133
Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian Commonwealth, 53.
See also Commonwealth political development, 87, 91, 99, 107, 128
political discourse, 3, 6, 14, 196, 197, 204, 213, 278, 282
political parties, 6, 100, 102, 114, 115, 117–120, 133, 165
polyethnic state, 154, 182
population 15, 26, 42, 44, 53, 55, 58, 64–67, 69, 71, 77, 88, 95, 106, 114, 116, 117, 120, 126–128, 134, 136, 137, 139, 145, 148, 151, 153, 158, 163, 176, 177, 181, 183, 189, 193, 205, 212, 277
Belarusian-speaking, 163, 277
rural, 53, 55, 88
populism, 94, 96
President, 6, 85, 87, 101, 104– 106, 172, 211, 212, 215, 245, 248
presidential administration, 250
presidential vertical, 104
print capitalism, 25
privatization, 107, 108
Protestantism, 64
R
reenactors, reenactor group, 8, 253, 254–456, 258, 259
Reformation, 63, 64, 200, 202
regime, 5, 9, 13, 14, 35, 37–39, 49, 55, 67, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93–97, 106, 111–113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124–127, 129, 152, 163, 164, 166, 167, 174, 175, 198, 213, 249, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 281, 282
authoritarian, 5, 13, 85, 90, 93, 97, 121, 275, 277, 282 Soviet, 49, 76, 77, 80
religion, 23, 24, 28, 30, 40, 63– 65, 150, 157–59, 180, 181, 189, 190
reification, 7, 9, 30, 31, 211, 221, 223, 224, 233, 259, 261, 266, 279, 280, 281
Russia, 29, 41–43, 45, 53, 58, 67, 69, 70, 79, 91, 94–97, 102, 108, 109–113, 122, 138–144, 147, 148, 153– 155, 163, 180, 184, 185, 187, 190–197, 200, 203–205, 208, 212, 218–220, 239, 262, 264, 274, 275, 277–279
Russification, 42, 62, 75, 151, 152–155, 163, 193, 200, 277
S
Self-determination, 2, 22, 23, 38, 47, 54, 56, 71, 72, 145, 210, 224, 240, 248, 273, 278, 281
Shushkevich, Stanislav, 94, 102
Smith, Anthony D., 15–18, 24, 27, 28, 36, 38, 46
Socialism, 20, 33, 34, 41, 55, 61, 67, 95, 215, 220
Socially oriented economy, 213.
See also Belarusian model
Sovereignty, 27, 36, 39, 49, 79, 91, 97, 123, 189, 195, 198, 205, 212, 219, 264
Soviet era, Soviet period, 4, 42, 43, 67, 76, 80, 94, 135, 150, 151, 216, 219, 227, 257, 279, 280. See also Soviet regime
Soviet Union, 4, 5, 41–43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 53, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79, 94, 122, 124, 140, 142, 213, 214, 220, 230, 240. See also USSR
stagnation, 124 Stalin, 42, 46, 151
T
tradition(s), 2–6, 15, 18, 21, 37, 41, 50, 53, 60, 61, 103, 125, 153, 157, 159, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 191, 195, 196, 198, 199, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217–219, 244, 254–258, 264, 271–273
invented 22, 179
triple transformation, 99, 100
transition, 5, 19, 20, 36, 60, 95, 99–102, 107–109, 121, 133
U
Ukraine, 29, 65, 91, 95, 102, 108–110, 121, 126, 127, 137, 140, 147, 148, 185, 195, 239, 274
Uniate Church, 63, 64, 65, 158, 180, 188, 189, 190.
See also Creek Catholic Church
Union state, 112, 138, 140, 194, 218, 262, 277
United Civic Party, 197
USSR, 3–5, 33, 34, 41, 42, 48, 73, 75, 85, 93, 107, 122, 123, 140, 146, 204, 208, 211, 264.
See also Soviet Union.
W
West, 29, 62, 79, 87, 105, 115, 121, 141, 146, 155, 158, 173, 181, 191, 197–199, 202–210, 212, 215, 275, 279
World War II, 8, 42, 76, 77, 219, 227, 229, 247, 257, 258, 264
World Values Survey, 147
Le texte et les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont sous Licence OpenEdition Books, sauf mention contraire.