Globalization and Nationalism
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Texte intégral
bertzales (see also Izquierda Abertzale), 155
Abkhazia, 38, 43, 45, 93, 99, 100, 110, 111, 178, 180
agrarian, 82, 83, 86
Afghanistan, 44
Africa, 173
Alava, 118, 137
Alianza Nacionale, 51
anarchy, 11
ancient hatreds, 10
anonymity, 83–85
April 9, 91, 92
anti-colonial movements, 41
anti-globalization, 49, 52, 104, 158, 166
anti-globalist nationalism, 54, 104, 106, 113, 154, 157, 159, 166, 173
anti-statist nationalism, 43, 44, 50, 52, 154, 156, 158
anti-systemic nationalism, 26, 156–58
Andreson, M., 2
Arana, S., 117–19, 122–26, 130, 133, 134, 137
Aranism, 133
Armenia, 38
Armenians in Georgia, 38, 73, 93, 108
Arzalluz, X., 144
atomization, 30, 61
August war, 111
authoritarianism, 83, 89, 92, 97, 128, 130, 137, 139
autonomy, 2, 36, 72, 76, 79, 115, 118n9, 122, 123n29, 126, 128, 133, 141–44, 146, 148, 161, 171, 173, 178, 182
autonomous communities, region, 38, 43, 93, 116, 118, 140–142, 157
Azerbaijan, Azeri, 38, 93, 108
Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan, 102, 181n20
Balkans, 36, 38, 56, 59, 61, 185
Baltic States (Baltic Republics), 38, 40, 59, 60, 63, 89, 98, 103, 175, 177, 186
Barber, B., 154
Basque Country (see also El País Vasco), 6, 8, 36, 43, 115–67, 173, 174, 180
Basque nationalism, 5, 8, 9, 50, 65, 115–31, 133, 134n61, 135n64, 140, 141, 145, 149–56, 158, 160, 164–67
Basque Nationalist Party (see also PNV), 119, 121, 122, 124, 126, 130, 143, 175
“Basque problem” (el problema vas-ca), 130, 140
Batasuna, 140, 144, 148, 155, 157–59
batzokis, 145, 147
Bay of Biscay, 118
Beck, Ulrich, 18, 29, 59
belonging, sense of, 11, 17, 28, 30, 31, 47, 70, 172
Berlin, I., 48
Belgium, 36, 41, 50, 115
Benner, E., 47, 48, 79, 173, 177
Bilbao, 116, 155, 161, 162
Bilbao as a global city, 161, 162
Billig, M., 57
Blanco, C., 139
Blanco, M. A., 160
Bolsheviks, 77, 81
Bolshevik Revolution, 76, 77, 79
Bosnia, 56, 58
Bosnian Serbs, 45
Bourdieu, P., 29
Britain, 50, 52, 54, 174, 180
British National Party (BNP), 51–53
Brubaker, R., 9, 10, 39, 49, 83, 94
Brussels, 116
Burgos trial, 136
Canada (see also Quebec), 43, 50
Carlism, 120–23
Carlist Wars, 120, 121, 127, 129
case studies, 5, 6, 35, 54
Caspian Sea, 102
Caspian oil, 99
Castells, M., 24, 25, 28, 43
Castilian (castellano), 138, 142, 144
Catalans, 2, 8, 50, 116n5, 141, 150
Catalonia, 36, 43, 115, 126, 129, 130n50, 131
Caucasus (see also South Caucasus), 38, 59, 61, 69, 73, 74n14, 77, 80, 86, 102
Central Asia, 102
Chachia, A., 105, 106
Chavchavadze, I., 69–71, 74
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 43
Citizens Union, 99
civic nationalism, 23, 51, 81
Clark, I., 1, 16, 17
Clark, R., 130, 131
Cold War, 1, 12, 23, 35, 37, 39, 63, 183
colonialism (see also neo-colonialism), 41, 64
communism (see also post-communism), 37, 62, 89, 94, 95, 114
communist party, 91, 93
communitarian, 44
communitarianism, 44
conciertos economicos, 129
conflict see ethnic conflict
Connor, W., 150n102
conspiracy, conspiracy theories, 52, 69, 96, 104
Constantinescu, E., 57
constructivism, 7, 88
Conversi, D., 124, 126, 150, 153, 157, 159
cosmopolitan, 21, 49, 77, 78–79n27
Cox, R., 20, 29, 32
Crimea, 43
Croatia, 56–58
cultural policy, 85, 162
decolonization, 35
Delanty, G., 12, 20n14, 24–26, 42, 43, 49
democracy, 24, 77, 78–81, 83, 89, 92, 95, 107, 117, 136, 139–43, 147, 148
democratization, 9–11, 13, 59, 79, 89, 104, 109, 112, 128, 140, 148, 149, 151, 152, 160, 172
dialectics, 3, 16
dichotomy, 23
discourse (see also hegemonic discourse), 6–8, 18–20, 37, 40, 46, 49, 50, 56, 58, 60, 88, 90–97, 104, 106, 108, 109, 112–14, 117, 118n10, 119, 122, 128, 152, 160, 166, 175, 176n9, 177, 184
dissident movement, 89
Dniester Region (Transnistria), 43
doctrine, 3, 4, 22, 23, 42, 57, 122–25, 171, 173, 178
Droeba, 71
Droni, 94n54
Dugin, A., 52, 54
Durkheim, E., 150n100
Dutceac, A., 58
Eastern Europe, 2, 8, 10, 14, 32, 38, 39, 45, 46, 51, 56, 57, 60, 67, 151, 179, 185
economic globalization, 32, 60, 174
The Economist, 160, 174, 184, 185
Ekin, 132
elections, 39, 53, 91, 92, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 140, 144, 157, 174
enforcement of peace, 110
Ertoba, 80
españolismo, 127, 139
Estatuto de Guernika, 143, 144
Estonia, 61, 64
ETA, 115n3, 116, 128, 132–40, 144, 146–49, 154–57, 160, 165
etarra, 139n77
ethnie, 171
ethnic cleansing, 111
ethnic conflict, 10, 36–38, 58, 62, 73, 99, 150, 151, 153, 178, 184
ethnic nationalism, 8, 23, 25, 26, 30, 36, 39, 42, 44–47, 50, 51, 109, 125, 133, 138, 150n100, 175
ethnicization, 12, 37
ethnoreligious nationalism, 24, 27, 29, 44, 89, 104, 106, 109, 112, 113, 156
ethnosymbolism, 11, 12
Eurasia, 51
Euro-Atlantic integration (see also EU and NATO), 60
Europe (see also Eastern Europe; Western Europe; post-Communist Europe, South-Eastern Europe), 2n5, 5, 9, 23, 28, 43, 47, 53, 56, 59, 61, 75, 76, 80, 97, 102, 108, 115, 116, 118, 120, 140, 152, 155, 159, 161, 166, 173–76
European Union (EU), 43, 52, 60, 103, 109, 158, 164, 175, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185
Euskadi, 117, 118, 128, 132, 134n61, 138, 142, 143, 146, 157
Euskal Herria, 117n7,
Euskara, 118, 119, 123n30, 124, 129, 133, 134, 142, 148
Eusko Alkartasuna, 144, 155
exo-socialization, 83, 84
“fifth column,” 93, 96n62, 106
FCNM (Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities), 108
federalism, 179
Financial Times, 54
Foreign Policy, 61
folk nationalism, 67, 86–90, 92, 95, 101, 112
folklorization, 67, 81, 82, 85, 86, 94, 108, 132
fragmentation, 1, 6, 8, 18, 23, 27, 30, 43, 55, 80, 117, 125, 153, 156, 164, 166, 185
France, 26n34, 51, 53, 118, 133, 161n129
Franco, 127–31, 133, 136–41, 146, 148
Francoism, 117, 128–32, 136–39, 147, 165
French National Front, 51, 53, 54
Freedom Party (Austria), 51, 53
fueros, 120–22, 127
fundamentalism, 15, 89, 100, 111, 123, 184
Fusi, J.P., 126, 127, 130, 131, 134, 137, 140
Gagauzia, 43
Gamsakhurdia, Z., 87n42, 90–92, 93n53, 96n62, 99, 108, 112, 114
Gehry, F., 162
Gellner, E., 83–85, 170
Georgia, 6, 8, 36, 38–40, 52, 54, 56, 61, 63, 64, 67–114, 149, 156, 171, 173, 174, 178, 180, 183
Georgian nationalism, 5, 54, 67–114, 181
Gernika, 128
GSSR (Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic), 81, 83
Germany, 47, 48
German Ideology, 48
German nationalism, 47, 48
Giddens, A., 16, 18, 24, 27, 31, 62, 169
glasnost, 89
globality, 19, 30
globalization hypothesis, 5, 6, 9, 15, 34, 35–65, 97, 101, 141, 154, 156, 165–67
globalization index, 61
Greece, 41, 75
Gogebashvili, I., 72, 75
Guggenheim Museum, 116, 154, 155, 162, 163
Guibernau, M., 28, 30, 116n5, 152
Guipúzcoa, 118, 129, 136
Gurr, T., 37
Hall, S., 1
Harvey, D., 20
HB (see also Herri Batasuna, Batasuna), 155–60
Held, D., 33
Hegel, F., 13
hegemony, 29, 140, 147,
hegemonic discourse, 20
Heiberg, M., 123, 125, 127, 134n61, 136, 137, 143, 148
Herri Batasuna (see also Batasuna, HB), 140, 144, 148, 155
Hobsbawm, E., 13, 41, 170
Hroch, M., 68, 71, 77, 125
human rights, 29, 89, 95
Hungary, 60, 63, 176, 177
Hungarian minorities, 38
Hurrell, A., 7, 19n13, 56, 183, 184
identity, 1, 6, 7, 19n13, 25, 26–34, 37, 43, 46–48, 51, 55, 59, 60, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, 82, 86, 88, 90, 93n53, 97, 103–05, 108, 109, 113, 114, 118n10, 119, 124, 129, 130, 134, 144, 146–48, 151, 160, 163, 171–73, 177, 178, 180, 185, 186
identity politics, 12, 13, 15, 27, 41
ideology, 2, 4, 20, 21, 23, 30, 39, 41, 47, 48, 51, 55, 77, 94, 117, 120, 122–25, 127, 129, 133, 135n63, 147, 151, 165, 171
Ignatieff, M., 1, 63
ikastolas, 125, 132
ikurriňa, 142
IMF, 102
immigration, 21n20, 36, 51–54, 96, 138, 153, 181, 184–86
imperialism, 20, 26n34, 29, 158, 166
industrialization, 9, 82, 116, 123, 125–27, 139, 150, 165
industrial society, 83–85, 165
interdependence, 16, 17, 64
integration, 1, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21n20, 28, 55, 58, 60, 108, 117, 118n10, 174, 176, 180, 184, 186
internationalism, 6, 57, 79n27, 93, 158
international community, 1, 6, 43, 99, 105, 140
international organizations, 19, 40, 98, 99, 101, 154, 181
international society, 17, 18, 114
international system, 3, 5, 6, 15, 26, 42, 55, 56, 65, 170, 172, 177, 181, 182, 185
international trade, 17
Italy, 41, 75, 115, 116, 161n129
Iran (see also Persia), 44
isolation, 1, 4, 6, 9, 44, 55, 56, 59, 65, 74, 92, 100, 102, 111, 113, 114, 124, 159, 172, 174, 177, 184
Iveria, 70, 73
Izquierda Abertzale, 144
Jackson, R., 17, 18
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 104
Jorjadze, A., 78–79n27
Jones, S., 70, 72
Juaristi, J., 139n77
Jurgensmeyer, M., 24, 27, 44
Kaldor, M., 9, 16, 23, 32, 34, 45, 46, 115
Kautsky, K., 80
Khomeini, 44
kinship, 31, 83, 86
kin-state, 179, 180
King, C., 77, 86, 92
King Juan Carlos, 141n80
Kohn, H., 45, 46
Kosovo, 43
Krebuli, 71
Krutvig, F., 135n64
Kvali, 71
Kymlicka, W., 179
left, 20, 50, 51, 74, 137, 140, 144, 146–48, 157, 158
lehendakari, 144, 157
Le Pen, Jean Marie, 54
liberalism, 60, 71, 75, 120, 124, 134, 186
liberal, 13, 17, 23, 32, 41, 59, 71, 77, 78, 88, 89, 95, 108, 112, 121.122, 123,127, 132, 136, 143, 171, 177, 178-79, 186
localization, 1, 12, 16
localism, 23, 52
MacFarlane, N., 11n16, 151, 152
Madrid, 116, 133, 137, 138, 142, 146, 147, 157, 163
Magyar Gárda, 51
Mamardashvili, M., 94
Manzanas, M., 136
market economy, 8, 32, 92
Marx, K., 47, 48, 79, 150n100
Mazzini, G., 41
McGuggenisation, 155
Medrano, J.D., 121, 146
Mensheviks, 77, 80, 81
Meore Dasi, 71
Mesame Dasi, 71
Meskhi, S., 71
Michnik, A., 94
Middle East, 61
migration (see also immigration), 13, 21, 36, 51–54, 96, 138, 153, 181, 184–86
Milošević, S., 56, 107
minorities, 2, 38, 40, 50, 62, 82, 88, 92, 93, 96, 103, 105, 108, 112, 116, 173, 179, 180, 185
minority nationalism, 8, 43, 45, 50, 173, 175
minority rights, 52, 108, 109, 177–79, 185
modernization, 19, 48, 84, 116, 125, 126, 139, 149–54, 165
modernization theory, 13n22, 126, 149–54
Moldova (see also Gagauzia and Dniester region), 43, 61, 165
multiculturalism, 180
multinational companies, 19, 59, 99, 158, 174, 181, 183, 185
multilateralism, 16, 19, 43, 183
myths (national myth), 11, 24, 46, 51, 55, 87, 88, 114, 119, 140, 151
“Nacionalismo democratico,” 155
nacionalidades, 142
Nagorno-Karabakh, 38
nation, 6, 21–24, 45–48, 51, 56, 57, 61, 68–70, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86–88, 94, 95, 105, 106, 108, 113, 114, 119, 124, 127–31, 134, 137, 138, 142, 146, 152, 153, 158, 165, 170–72, 176
nation-state, 4, 9, 13, 23–25, 27, 31, 42–44, 52, 63, 64, 131, 151, 158, 163, 164, 170, 175
nationality, 13, 19, 45, 47–48, 67, 81–83, 112, 126, 170
national interest, 39, 40, 53, 57, 58, 94, 174
national question, 82
national liberation movement, 41, 77, 79n27, 89, 100, 115n3, 121, 134n60, 135
national movement, 8, 76, 77, 79, 81, 90, 93n53, 94, 97, 107, 113, 125, 171
national security, 57, 179, 181
nationhood, 55, 76, 82, 83, 85, 87, 112, 113, 163, 172, 174
NATO, 56–58, 103, 109, 158, 175, 181
Navarra, 118, 128, 137
neoliberal, 32
neoliberal reforms, 17, 32
neocolonialism, 20
Nervión, 161
Netherlands, 180
new nationalism (see also postcommunist nationalism), 23–26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40–50, 52, 54, 65, 66, 82, 113, 116, 125, 156, 158, 166
Nikoladze, N., 71, 73
Nodia, G., 97, 109
norms, 17, 18, 21, 32, 40, 42, 60, 114, 122, 176, 181, 183, 184
O’Mahony, P., 12, 25, 26
Onaindía, M., 117n8, 145
Orange Revolution, 107
order, 2, 10, 17, 23, 26, 29, 44, 57, 74, 120–23, 137
Orthodox Christianity, 93n53, 104
Orthodox Church, 104, 105
OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 108
Ottoman Turkey, 72
Owl of Minerva, 13, 170
País Vasco, 117n7
paradox, 1, 2, 6, 9, 15, 26, 27, 56
Payne, S., 119n14, 120, 122, 124, 151
parochialism, 9, 13n22, 24, 27, 31, 72, 74, 113, 159
particularism, 9, 15, 23, 125–27, 154
Partido Nacionalist Vasco (PNV), 119, 122, 126, 131, 133, 134n61, 135, 139, 140, 142–48, 155, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166
partido comunidad, 154
Patriot Movement, 51
patriotism, 45, 75, 108
perestroika, 89
Persia, 68, 72
populism, 34, 36
populist nationalism, 50–54, 112
post-Cold War, 2, 5, 10, 15, 27, 35–37, 39, 184
post-Communist Europe, 67, 151, 173, 179
post-communist nationalism, 5, 8, 49, 50, 67, 89-112, 158,
post-Soviet, 49, 88, 113
postmodern, 21, 44, 161n127, 175–77
positivism, 7
political power, 4, 50, 140, 144, 148, 152, 173, 178
power-sharing, 38, 178
primordialism, 87, 134
pueblo trabajador vasco, 134, 158
Quebec, 8, 27, 115
racism, 51 radicalism, 50, 184
rationality, 7
realpolitik, 111, 163
revolutionary socialism, 133, 138
revolutionary tax, 139
right-wing extremism, 32
Robertson, R., 30
Romania, 38, 57, 176
Rosens, E., 55
Rose Revolution, 104, 106, 107, 109
Round Table-Free Georgia, 91
Runaway World, 24
Russia, 43, 47, 48, 52, 54, 70, 72, 75–77, 80, 89, 92, 96, 97, 102, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113, 173, 177, 178
Russian Empire, 68, 70–73, 77
Russification, 73, 76, 88, 95, 98
Russian Liberal Democratic Party, 51
Russian nationalists, 52, 57
Russian minorities, 40
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), 77
Saakashvili, M., 106–10, 112–14
Sarkozy, N., 54
Scotland, 36, 115, 174, 180
Scottish National Party (SNP), 174
Serbia, 36, 56
secession, 21n20, 34, 36, 42, 90, 98, 99, 115, 123, 164, 180
security (see also national security), 4, 11, 31, 33, 35, 58, 125, 174–86
self-determination, 56, 69, 77, 81, 116, 126, 135, 146, 164, 165
separatism, 41, 50, 52, 72, 129, 157
Sharadze, G., 105
Shevardnadze, E., 99–101, 103, 104, 106
Shvidi Dghe, 100
Singapore, 61
Slavophile movement, 47
Slovakia, 38, 176
Slovak Party of National Unity, 51
Smith, A., 1, 12, 22, 30, 171
Snyder, J., 10n16, 151, 152
Social Democrats, 71, 73, 77–81
Soviet Union (see also USSR), 8, 10, 31, 36, 38, 39, 45, 57, 60, 62–64, 67, 82, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 101, 103, 107, 112, 151, 175
Soviet people, 88
South Caucasus, 63, 86, 151
South East Asia, 61
South East Europe, 58, 59
South Ossetia, 38, 43, 93, 99, 110, 111
sovereignty, 18, 21n20, 22, 43, 50, 52, 55, 58, 64, 68, 76, 80, 94, 143, 162, 176, 177
sovereign statehood, 23, 55, 165
Spain, 9, 43, 50, 115, 116, 118, 120–23, 126–29, 133, 136–43, 146, 149–51, 154, 157, 158, 161, 163, 166, 171, 174, 180
Spanish Civil War, 126, 128, 129
Spanish Constitution, 143
Spanish dictatorship, 131
Spanish Republic, 126
Stalin, I., 82
state failure, 11, 64, 67, 113
Status Law, 175–77
Statute of Autonomy (see also Estatuto de Guernika), 126, 133, 143, 144, 161
Sullivan, J., 134n60, 143
Suny, G., 68, 71, 78n24, 80, 85, 91
symbols, 11, 55, 107, 124, 145, 155, 176
Tajikistan, 64
Talbott, S., 99
Tbilisi (also Tiflis), 69, 81, 90, 91, 102, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111
tergdaleulni, 69–71, 75, 80
territorial integrity, 93, 98, 141, 179, 182
terrorism, 15, 21, 137, 184
terrorist organization, 133
Third World, 41, 135n64
“traitor provinces,” 129
Transcaucasian Federation or Trans caucasian Federal Republic, 79
transition, 8, 10, 32, 39, 67, 77, 80, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 103, 117, 139n76, 140, 141, 147–52, 159, 172
transition economies, 32
transnational, 18, 19, 21, 162, 177, 182–84
tribalism, 1, 9, 44, 173
Tsarism, 71
Tuđman, F., 56
Txilladergi, 138
UK, 27
Ukraine, 43, 96n63, 107
Unamuno, M., 125
United States (US), 51, 57, 99
unity, 42, 52, 70, 73, 74, 79, 110, 117, 128, 133, 137, 141, 142, 175, 181, 186
universalism, 13, 29, 30, 60
Universidad de Deusto, 132
USSR, 31, 39, 50, 62n52, 63, 82
value-rationality, 7
violence,
ethnic or integroup (see also ethnic cleansing, ethnic conflict, war), 15, 35, 38, 61, 128, 135, 139, 148, 154–56, 165
Vizcaya, 118, 119n14, 137
Vlaams Blok, 51
war, 2, 35, 37, 56, 58, 67, 76, 96–97n63, 99, 108, 110, 111, 120, 125, 126, 128, 129, 135n63, 135n64, 141, 149, 153, 156, 183, 185
Weber, M., 7
West, 29, 54, 59, 75, 76, 87, 92, 97, 98, 109, 113, 114
Western Europe, 2, 5, 9, 10, 36, 50, 53, 54, 118, 140, 179, 180
World Bank, 102, 103
xenophobia, 34, 51
xenophobic nationalism, 32
Yoldi, C., 157
Yugoslavia, 36, 45, 50
Zhordania, N., 77, 80
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