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    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

    Masterpieces of History

    Ce livre est recensé par

    Précédent Suivant
    Table des matières

    Index

    p. 713-730

    Texte intégral A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

    Texte intégral

    A

    Abalkin, Leonid, 578

    Aboimov, Ivan, 91, 515, 661-662, 665-667

    Adamec, Ladislav, 82, 372, 411

    speech by, 608-610 Afghanistan, 166, 263, 565, 635
    Soviet intervention in, 133, 136,141
    cost of, 112, 329, 422, 430
    impact on non-interference
    policy, 133, 136, 138, 141, 565
    U.S. response to, 131, 141-142, 445
    Soviet withdrawal from, 55, 134,261, 342, 393, 395-396

    Aganbegyan, Abel, 239

    Akhromeyev, Sergey, 37, 54, 92, 158, 214, 250, 625, 630, 639, 640, 673, 674

    Albania, 169, 690

    Aleksandrov, Chudomir, 574-576

    Alksnis, Viktor, 158

    Andreyeva, Nina, 115, 123, 166, 269

    Andropov, Yurii, 126, 129, 133, 189, 570

    Angola, 161, 238, 263, 340, 342

    Arbatov, Georgy, 113, 150, 335

    Aristov, Boris, 416

    Arms control, 17, 339, 394, 637639
    parity
    vs. sufficiency, 249, 251, 254, 278, 289
    Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 23, 86, 244-245, 263, 327, 401-402
    CFE negotiations, 63, 79, 250, 252, 479, 480, 482-483, 513, 556, 614, 629, 638-640, 650
    missile reductions, 623-624, 630
    START Treaty, 23, 54-55, 81, 98, 187, 401-402, 443, 613, 639, 650
    unilateral military cutbacks, 58, 60, 66, 73, 87-88, 244, 263, 311-12, 323, 330, 623

    Arms race, 52, 189, 286-287, 289

    Arms reductions, 53
    chemical weapons, 278, 623, 641-642
    missed opportunities for, 51-53, 57, 62, 69-70, 185, 187
    Soviet proposals for, 54-55, 208, 498, 505

    Atanasov, Georgi, 575

    Axen, Hermann, 148

    B

    Babiuch, Edward, 147

    Baka, Władysław, 300, 454

    Baker, James, 67, 89, 191, 440, 442, 505
    on the Baltic Republics, 562
    cable to U.S. embassy, Bulgaria, 159, 660
    on East German mass emigration, 159
    and Gorbachev, 30, 69, 192, 480, 598, 675-684
    guarantees on NATO, 93-95
    statements on, 111, 200
    letter to Helmut Kohl, 685-687
    and NSC reform, 67, 197-198
    and resistance to
    perestroika, 73, 74, 193, 415, 438-439, 447
    and Shevardnadze, 213, 613, 641
    and Soviet-U.S. “condominium,” 64, 65, 177, 341
    and U.S. “pause,” 196
    and use of force in Romania, 91, 661-662
    and “Western” values, 645-646

    Balance of forces, 21, 249-250, 494, 509, 586

    Balance of power, 2, 45, 64, 199, 566

    Balkans, 255, 476, 478, 688-690

    Baltic Republics, 27-28, 34, 47, 101, 167-169, 180
    elections in, 450-451
    political instability in, 325-326, 331, 561
    secession of, 180-181, 212, 577, 578
    Soviet nonuse of force in, 145, 165, 326, 451
    U.S. comments on, 508, 635
    Western noninterference in, 561562, 643

    Barcikowski, Kazimierz, 455, 458-459

    Batsanov, Boris, 213

    Békés, Csaba, 151-154

    Berecz, Janós, 313, 321-323

    Berlin Wall, fall of, xxii, 21, 32, 3435, 44, 49, 82-84, 569, 582-583, 587

    description of, 587-589 Berlinguer, Enrico, 108 Bil’ak, Vasíl, 9, 125, 260 Billington, James, 58, 60, 110

    Bisztyga, Jan, 454, 455

    Blanton, Thomas, xxi, xxiii, 24, 99, 102, 138-139, 159, 174, 194, 204-205, 209

    Blatov, Anatoly, 133

    Bogomolov Institute, 18, 24, 39, 44, 100-101, 151, 365-381

    Bonn Declaration (1989), 33

    Bozóki, Andras, 97-98

    Brandt, Willy, 571, 673, 682

    Brezhnev Doctrine, xxi, 3-11, 31, 41, 44, 123-124, 130-133, 136, 138, 140-141, 151-152
    origins under Khrushchev, 152
    origins under Stalin, 136, 152
    revocation of, 18, 82, 121, 130133, 136-137, 139, 217, 268, 463, 466, 525, 527, 561, 614, 632, 669-671
    and Romanian revolution (1989), 91, 662, 666-667

    Brezhnev, Leonid, 112, 114, 133, 387, 531, 544
    and comparison to Gorbachev, 149-150, 328, 330
    and Czechoslovakia, 127, 149-150
    and East Germany, 148
    foreign policy of, 23, 114, 127, 129, 133, 148, 166, 286, 330
    and ideology, 108, 328
    and Poland, 129, 133, 136, 147-148
    and reform, 114, 531
    and Soviet economy, 184, 185, 211
    and technology, 544

    Brown, Archie, 12, 135

    Brussels Summit (1989). See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

    Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 21, 33, 72, 175, 178, 179, 299, 438, 563568

    Bukur, I., 661-663

    Bulgaria, 255, 257, 374-375
    See also Zhivkov, Todor Communist Party plenum (1989), 574-576
    democratization of, 591
    and
    perestroika, 651-652
    Soviet aid to, 156, 417
    Soviet nonintervention in, 149, 652, 660
    and Soviet relations, 161

    ush, George H.W, 22, 30, 33, 36, 46, 51, 75
    See also United States administration of, 23, 196-197, 334-335, 341
    compared to Reagan administration, 32, 61-62, 66, 67, 70, 75, 80, 185, 195, 463, 601
    on “Common European home,” 73-74, 96-97
    domestic pressures on, 180, 196197, 464
    and Eastern Europe, 52, 56, 72, 75, 79-80, 484-487, 527
    on fall of Berlin Wall, 82, 83, 86, 587-588, 595, 596, 619, 627
    and German reunification, 33, 36, 46, 53, 73, 86, 89, 190191, 198, 657

    and Gorbachev, 69, 74, 80, 81, 194, 347-348, 352
    mistrust of, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63, 193
    NSC monitoring of, 74, 101, 477
    and Hungary, 76-79
    leadership style of, 75, 96, 334, 337, 463-464, 465, 497
    and Poland, 71-72, 75-79, 483, 497, 587
    visit to (1989), 503-505
    policy toward Soviet Union, 23, 53, 175, 194, 527-529
    “pause” in, xx, 20, 23, 29, 32, 46, 52, 62, 66-71, 78, 98, 192195, 263, 333-334, 347-348
    as president-elect, 57, 334
    and support for
    perestroika, 504, 621, 677
    and “the vision thing,” 63, 64, 67, 73, 196

    C

    Canada, 598-601

    Carlucci, Frank, 57, 187 Carter, Jimmy, 52, 61, 99, 141142, 182

    Casey, William, 111, 184

    Castro, Fidel, 13, 88, 192, 234, 237, 586, 630-631, 633, 684
    See also Cuba
    CC CPSU
    See Soviet Communist Party Central Committee (CC CPSU)

    Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 5, 10, 31, 49, 56, 91, 123, 147, 236, 238, 356, 373, 586
    See also Romania
    criticism of, 217, 226, 253-254, 409, 478, 490, 499, 586
    and Gorbachev, 144, 218, 227228, 253-254, 476
    overthrow of, 661-664, 691
    and
    perestroika, 258, 397-398

    Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
    See also Intelligence estimates (U.S.)
    destabilization of Soviet Union, 181-182, 188
    Office of Soviet Analysis, 522
    views on Gorbachev, 110-111, 261-263, 325-330

    Chebrikov, Viktor, 250, 269-270, 328, 329
    and Congress of People’s Deputies, 427-428

    Chen Jian, 165

    Cheney, Richard, 23, 66, 82, 650

    Chernenko, Konstantin, 109, 126, 129, 133

    funeral of, xxi, 4, 5, 111, 121, 130, 217-218

    Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986), 26, 131, 213, 226, 228, 393, 422, 430
    and
    perestroika, 134-135

    Chernyaev, Anatoly, xviii, 7, 12, 17, 35, 92, 99, 120, 199-200, 209
    on the Baltic Republics, 167-168
    on China, 166-168
    diary of, 220-221, 309-310, 331, 542-543, 547, 548-549
    on Berlin Wall, 586
    on German reunification, 673-674
    on Gorbachev’s state of mind, 449
    foreword by, xvii-xxiv
    on Gorbachev’s ambiguous statements, 163
    on Gorbachev’s European policy, 143-144, 163-164
    memoranda from, 222-223, 389
    on nonintervention in Eastern Europe, 121-122, 125, 146, 149-150
    on origins of Soviet “new thinking,” 103-104, 108-109
    on Poland, 133-135, 138
    on Soviet-U.S. relations, 189193

    China, 221, 605, 626
    See also Deng Xiaoping Gorbachev’s visit to (1989), 165-169
    and
    perestroika, 416
    and Soviet relations, 227
    Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 75, 165-166, 169-170

    Ciosek, Stanislaw, 453, 455, 458

    CMEA. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

    COCOM. See Coordinating
    Committee on Export Controls

    Commission on Poland (Soviet Union), 130, 157
    “Common European home,” xxii, 3, 11, 18-22, 33, 45, 96-97, 222, 227, 248, 290-291, 493-495
    See also “New thinking” Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), xxii, 20, 35, 495-496, 679
    See also Helsinki Accords (1975)

    Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM), 406, 683-684

    Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 4, 7, 14-16, 228, 232, 236, 358-359
    cooperation with U.S., 642-643
    failure of, 265-266
    integration with EC, 8, 14, 45, 495
    and Poland, 603, 697, 536

    reform of, 266, 321
    Council of Europe, 20

    CPSU. See Soviet Communist

    Party (CPSU) Crowe, William, 70, 640

    CSCE. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

    (CSCE) Cuba, 266, 415, 629

    See also Castro, Fidel normalization of relations with
    U.S., 630-631

    Czarzasty, Zygmunt, 453, 457, 459

    Czechoslovakia, 9, 372-373
    and economic reform, 258
    and
    perestroika, 248, 259-260, 271-272, 373
    and political instability, 436-437,608-610
    mass demonstrations, 82 and political reform personnel changes in, 409, 411

    Prague Spring (1968), 9, 127, 133, 149-150, 157, 248, 408-409, 670

    Soviet non intervention in, 125, 127, 135, 149, 204
    and Soviet relations, 229, 245,

    247-248, 670

    Soviet troop withdrawal, 43-44, 244-246

    Velvet Revolution (1989), xxii, 31, 608

    Czechoslovak Communist Party (CPCz), 411

    Central Committee of, 608-610

    and debate on use of force, 608-609
    Czyrek, Józef, 23-24, 41-42, 453455, 461, 695
    and Gorbachev, 292-305

    D

    Danchev, Petko, 575

    Davis, John, 81, 482

    Dawisha, Karen, 111-112, 149,

    155-156, 174

    Deng Xiaoping, 166, 169, 227,

    586, 605

    See also China

    d’Estaing, Giscard, 349, 350, 56 619, 641

    Developing countries, 152, 183,

    261-263, 327, 328, 350

    Dobrynin, Anatoly, 12, 23, 65, 195, 199-201, 203, 206, 228, 234, 239, 250, 311, 329, 345, 346, 637

    on Socialist countries and perestroika, 241

    Dolgikh, Vladimir, 217, 288

    Dregger, Alfred, 566

    Dubček, Alexander, 408-409, 437

    compared with Gorbachev, 119, 138, 248, 286, 395

    Dumas, Roland, 91, 594, 661, 680

    E

    Eastern Europe

    See also Gorbachev, Mikhail,

    Eastern Europe policy

    See also Socialist countries

    abandonment vs. neglect, 4, 7, 14, 363
    democratization of, 29-31, 45, 49, 356, 542-543, 688-689
    economic burden on Soviet
    Union, 14-17, 156, 265-266, 416-417
    and economic reform, 257-258, 281, 366
    and political unrest, 284-285, 366-369, 553-554

    Soviet military presence in, 251

    Soviet nonintervention in 38-41, 45, 121-125, 153-154, 172-173, 203, 234, 259-260, 268

    Soviet trade with, 16, 254, 671672

    Soviet troop withdrawal from, 145, 251, 311, 331, 335-339, 379

    Shakhnazarov’s proposal for, 555-557

    strategic value of, 17

    Western aid to, 558-560, 689

    Western noninterference in, 465466, 477, 497, 532, 564-565, 645, 655

    East-West relations, 153, 291, 693

    and detente, 555-557
    and economic relations, 404-405
    and European stability, 64, 80, 206, 341, 377, 503, 504, 530, 675, 688

    Environmental protection, 495,528, 624

    Estonia, 168, 331, 451, 561, 577,698

    Eurocommunism, 19, 102-103,

    108-109, 152-153, 171-172

    European Community (EC), 39,350, 595

    European Free Trade Association, 495

    European Union (EU), 46

    F

    Falin, Valentin, 35-36, 94, 168,170, 200, 209

    Fedorov, Rafail, 673-674

    Finland, 561-562

    “Finlandization,” 376-378

    Fischer, Oskar, 515, 517, 518-520

    Foley, Tom, 464

    France, 477

    and perestroika, 489
    and Soviet relations, 547

    Frolov, Ivan, 578

    Frost, David, 82, 87

    G

    Garthoff, Raymond, 59

    Gates, Robert, 23, 72, 79, 83, 101,132, 183, 195

    intelligence estimates of, 261-263
    on Soviet “new thinking,” 55, 60, 68, 111, 261-263, 325, 390, 442, 479
    on Gorbachev, 74

    Gdula, Andrzej, 454, 456, 459

    General Agreement on Tariffs and

    Trade (GATT), 406, 622, 628

    Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 36, 8587, 90, 159, 482, 597, 680

    and Gorbachev, 653-656, 658-659
    Georgia (Soviet Union), 160-161

    See also Tbilisi demonstrations

    (1989)

    Gerasimov, Gennadii, 82, 561

    German reunification, xxii, 17, 3036, 85-87, 91, 94-95, 191, 200, 566, 593-594

    and “2 +4” formula, 679, 681,686
    opposition to, 547, 567, 571, 581,601, 690
    pace of, 648-649, 656, 673-674,678-679
    and Soviet “new thinking,” 223,309
    and stability in Europe, 30, 33,35, 85, 92, 465, 476-477, 590592, 593-594, 685-686
    and Western leaders, 33, 35-37,144-145, 175, 648, 649-650, 657
    (See
    also under specific leaders)

    Germany (East), 34, 82, 374,615-616

    democratization of, 90, 92, 582583
    economic ties with West
    Germany, 570

    emigration from, 155, 515, 517, 518-520, 542, 553
    and Hungarian relations, 515-516
    and leadership of, 545-546
    mass demonstrations in, 34, 82, 542
    and pace of reform, 580-584 political opposition in, 552-554
    and Soviet non intervention in,572
    and Soviet relations, 461-462,554
    Soviet troop withdrawal from, 37,246, 674

    Germany (West), 8, 222, 227

    “back-channel” communications to Soviet Union, 466-467,468
    and East German refugees, 517,519-520, 559, 581, 584, 588, 590
    and Hungarian relations, 486487
    and Polish relations, 477, 484487, 580-585
    and Soviet relations, 476-478, 590-592, 654
    and U.S. relations, 558-560

    Gierek, Edward, 128, 147-148, 266, 572, 698

    Glemp, Józef, 294, 296, 305, 452,459, 694

    Gonzalez, Felipe, 209

    Goodpaster, Andrew, 59, 311

    Gorbachev, Mikhail

    See also Soviet Union

    and Brezhnev Doctrine, 3-5, 9, 133-134, 138
    foreign policy of, 146, 164, 199203, 250, 262, 327-328
    critique of, 665-672
    and German reunification, 34-35, 36, 89-96, 653-656, 673-674, 680-682
    internal opposition to, 114-115, 126, 220, 282
    leadership changes of, 325-330
    leadership style of, 112-113, 135, 170-171
    memo from, 230-233
    political longevity of, 386-387,433-434, 523-524, 598, 613
    and relations with Western leaders, 10, 32-34, 101, 162, 174-175, 177, 210, 250, 475, 488-489
    (See also under specific individuals)
    and socialism, 120, 607
    and U.S. “pause,” 468-469
    U.S. support for, 188, 400
    values of, 131, 134-136, 145, 253, 328, 413
    Gorbachev, Mikhail, Eastern Europe policy of, 1-3, 5-8, 1213, 24, 45, 353-364, 366-381

    See also Eastern Europe

    ambiguity of, 4, 13, 24, 141, 153, 166, 173, 339
    and Hungary, 418-419
    priority of, 141, 146, 150-151, 155-156, 230-233, 256, 306-308

    and stability of Eastern Europe,13, 79, 141, 243, 266, 280-281, 378, 389, 412
    strategy paper, 353-364

    U.K. views on, 439-440 U.S. views on, 280-285

    Gorbachev, Mikhail, speeches

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1986), 224-225

    Poland state dinner (1988), 290-291

    Soviet ambassadors to Socialist

    countries (1989), 414-417
    Strasbourg Address (1989), 20, 389, 492-496

    United Nations (1988), 11, 4144, 58-62, 142, 144, 311-312, 332

    U.S. reaction to, 59, 61

    Gorbachev, Raisa, 110, 275, 488489, 491

    Gosplan, 208, 316, 321, 423, 534-535

    Grachev, Andrei, 4, 29, 31, 39, 92

    Grass, Günter, 682

    Gromyko, Andrei, 111, 201, 249, 286, 288, 328-329, 330

    Grósz, Karóly, 24, 163, 273, 283, 313-321, 412, 486, 499

    and Gorbachev, 409-410, 418419, 511-514
    and Hungarian roundtable negotiations, 470-471

    Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 338

    H

    Hager, Kurt, 148, 516, 551-554

    Haig, Alexander, 141, 183

    Havel, Václav, 49, 94, 166, 436, 437, 608

    Helsinki Accords (1975), 21, 73, 90, 562, 619, 647, 648

    See also Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)

    Hengsbach, Franz, 584

    Hermann, Richard, 67, 196-198

    Hershberg, James, 130-131, 138, 164-165, 203

    Hitler, Adolf, 90, 485, 653, 655, 656

    Hodnett, Grey, 522

    Honecker, Erich, 10, 30, 32, 34, 42, 82, 122-123, 143-144, 163, 218, 226, 228

    assessments of, 222, 476-477, 531-532
    Gorbachev and, 127, 146-148, 221, 226, 548-549

    perestroika and, 241-243
    replacement of, 548, 570-573

    Shevardnadze and, 460-462 and Soviet forces, 107

    Honecker, Margot, 477

    Horn, Gyula, 31, 162-163, 292, 515, 516

    Hugo, Victor, 20, 21

    Human rights, 45, 288, 312, 361, 401-403, 495

    Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (HSWP), 313-324, 355, 471, 512-513, 565

    Hungary, 16-17, 52, 371-372

    border opening of, xxii, 24, 34, 72, 82, 154, 159, 162
    East German response to, 517, 518-519

    Soviet response to, 412-413

    debt of, 133-134, 319-320, 322, 572

    democratization of, 472-473, 511-514
    economy of, 156, 229, 319 elections in (1990), 81
    leadership of, 273-276, 314, 319 Political Executive Committee, 511-514
    political unrest in, 255, 320, 419 reforms in, 30, 76, 132, 205, 319-323
    revolution in (1956), 27, 76,152-153, 419

    Roundtable negotiations (1989), 470-474

    Soviet nonintervention in, 39, 129, 419, 465

    and Soviet trade balance, 315316, 321
    Soviet troop presence in, 106, 315, 513

    and U.S. relations, 76-79, 82, 275
    Hurd, Douglas, 47

    Husák, Gustáv, 9, 127, 149, 217, 218, 227, 228, 236, 239, 242, 247, 248

    and Gorbachev, 271-272
    Hussein, Saddam, 162

    I

    Ignatenko, Vitaly, 122

    INF Treaty, 54, 57, 63, 64, 69, 79, 185, 261, 263, 277, 393

    Information security, 269, 338-340

    Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 113

    Institute of Europe (Soviet Union), 20

    Institute of the Economy of the World Socialist System. See Bogomolev Institute

    Intelligence estimates (U.S.), 5556, 60, 67, 139-140, 183-184, 186-187, 197, 257-258, 325-330

    See also Central Intelligence Agency

    disagreements on, 67, 444-445
    on Eastern Europe, 186
    on Gorbachev, 432-435

    NIE 11-4-89, 442-445

    NIE 11/12-9-88, 280-285

    NIE 12-90, 688-690

    on stability of Soviet Union, 522-524
    “Team B,” 182

    International Communist

    Movement, 229, 238

    International Monetary Fund

    (IMF)

    and Poland, 72, 560, 588, 596, 615
    Iran and Soviet relations, 317

    Iran-Iraq War, 317, 440, 642 Iraq, 188, 208

    Iran-Contra scandal, 55, 67, 186187, 197

    Israel

    and Hungarian relations, 317, 412
    and Soviet relations, 413

    Italian Communist Party, 108-109,408

    J

    Jackson-Vanik Amendment (U.S.), 176, 179-180, 346, 402, 622

    Jakeš, Miloš, 9, 42, 148, 203-204, 271, 283, 372, 608

    Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 5, 29, 41-43, 77-79, 135, 155, 218, 226, 602, 680

    on American and Soviet troops in
    Europe, 93, 675, 680

    and “Common European home,” 97
    on East European leaders, 238, 461
    and George Bush, 79, 81, 97, 503-505, 619
    and German unification, 571
    and Gorbachev, 97, 127-128, 163, 169, 290, 301-303, 533, 534, 548, 602, 606, 680, 691699
    Gorbachev’s views on, 5, 30, 236, 237, 238, 477, 479, 490, 571, 603, 606

    political strategy of (1988-1989), 204-205, 283, 292-305, 370, 491
    and Polish elections (1989), 76, 81, 452-455, 459, 461, 536
    and Soviet Politburo, 534
    Thatcher’s views on, 440, 531

    K

    Kádár, Janós, 5, 8, 15, 123, 227, 314

    death of, 512-513
    and Gorbachev, 5, 57, 132, 163, 217, 218, 220-221, 226, 229, 238, 242, 273-276, 545

    Karmal, Babrak, 565

    Kashlev, Yurii, 21

    Katushev, Konstantin, 317, 534

    Katyń Forest massacre (1940), 178, 563, 605-606, 670, 691, 692, 695

    See also Poland

    Kent, Sherman, 187

    KGB (Soviet Union), 40, 46, 74, 212, 214

    and Tbilisi demonstrations, 447-448
    Khrushchev, Nikita, 123, 255, 312
    and arms race, 286
    and Hungarian revolution (1956), 136, 152, 153, 242243
    ouster of, 386, 387, 433
    and reform, 105, 111-112, 114, 118, 242-243, 270, 297, 383, 531

    Kim Il Sung, 586

    Kimmitt, Robert, 197

    Kirilenko, Andrei, 108

    Kissinger, Henry, 22-23, 39, 176178, 337, 352, 468

    and Gorbachev, 63-65, 192, 345-346, 350-351
    influence of, 438-439

    Soviet-U.S. “condominium”

    proposal, 341-344, 349, 351, 627
    Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 300, 303, 453-456

    Kochemassov, Vyacheslav, 143, 517

    Kohl, Helmut, xviii, 11, 30, 32, 35

    and fall of Berlin Wall, 53, 77-79, 84
    and George H.W. Bush, 53, 7779, 84-86, 463-464
    conversations with, 558-560, 587-589, 595-597

    About Gorbachev, 479-481

    letters to, 484-487, 611618
    and George H.W. Bush, Scowcroft, and Sununu, 647-650
    and German reunification, 85, 89-90, 94, 548, 590-593

    and Gorbachev, 32-33, 35, 7475, 85, 227, 309-310, 572
    conversations with, 463-467, 475, 476-478, 548-549, 590-593
    and Lech Wałęsa, 580-585

    10-point speech, 36, 46, 85, 90, 209, 617-618, 634, 648-649, 653-656, 658

    Koivisto, Mauno, 21 and Gorbachev, 561-562

    Komplektov, Viktor, 195

    Komsomol (Communist Union of Youth), 287, 312, 320, 430, 698

    Kónya, Imre, 471-473

    Kornienko, Georgy, 195, 201, 214

    Korotich, Vitalii, 427

    Kosygin, Alexey, 114, 118, 148

    Kovacs, László, 162

    Krenz, Egon, 34, 147, 566, 581, 588, 591

    and Gorbachev, 569-574

    and Helmut Kohl, 595

    Krol, Marcin, 131

    Krolikowski, Werner, 143, 148, 516

    Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 181, 330, 447, 535

    Kukorelli, Istvan, 473-474

    Kulikov, Viktor, 158, 277-279

    Kvitsinsky, Yuli, 122, 137, 515,

    170, 517

    Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 76, 452, 454-457, 691

    L

    Labor unions, 408

    Latin America, 192, 629, 632-633

    Latvia, 698

    Lenin, Vladimir, 118-119, 125

    Levesque, Jacques, xv, xviii, xxv, 1, 14, 101, 117-118, 155

    on Brezhnev Doctrine, 140-141
    on Gorbachev’s East European
    policy, 149, 212
    on Hungary, 162-163

    Ligachev, Yegor, 25, 27, 115, 267, 269, 287, 326, 339

    on Congress of People’s

    Deputies, 425-426 Lithuania, 697, 698-699

    nationalism in, 694
    repression in, 135

    Lomakin, Viktor, 416

    Lukyanov, Anatoly, 27, 430

    M

    MacEachin, Douglas, 56, 59-60, 67, 171-173, 186-187, 211-213, 442

    on Poland crisis (1980-1981),139-140
    on U.S. intelligence disputes, 182-186
    on U.S. reaction to Soviet “new thinking,” 110-111, 116-117

    McFarlane, Robert, 187

    Machcewicz, Paweł, 131, 154

    Malin, Vladimir, 152

    Malta Summit (1989), 36, 52, 8789, 192, 596, 599, 606-607

    and German reunification, 634635, 640, 645
    and Helmut Kohl, 596, 612, 647-648
    transcript of, 619-646
    and “Western” values, 643-645, 648, 649

    Mao Zedong, 123

    Masliukov, Yurii, 430

    Matlock, Jack, xxv, 12, 58, 62, 82-83, 95, 180-182, 194-195, 206-208, 337

    and Aleksandr Yakovlev, 506-510
    cables of, 99, 382-388, 390-396, 399-407
    bankruptcy metaphor in, 6769, 127, 383
    on origins of Soviet “new thinking,” 109-110, 117
    on Poland crisis (1980-1981), 141-142
    and Romanian revolution (1989), 665-667
    on U.S. “back-channels,” 177-179

    Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 42, 81, 154, 164

    on “Common European home,” 97
    and Gorbachev, 157, 602-607

    Soviet support for, 537-538, 692

    Medvedev, Dmitri, 54, 113

    Medvedev, Vadim, 6, 8, 12, 24, 212, 242, 251, 266, 328-329

    on Baltic Republics, 450, 578
    on Congress of People’s

    Deputies, 424-426

    and Kurt Hager, 551-554
    Romanian visit of (1989), 397398

    Meehan, Francis, 264

    Middle East, 198, 201

    Mielke, Erich, 516

    Migranyan, Andranik, 18

    Military-political alliances, 642

    See also North Atlantic Treaty

    Organization (NATO); Warsaw

    Treaty Organization
    dissolution of, 137-138, 532, 555-557, 567, 571, 690, 696

    Miodowicz, Alfred, 205, 295

    Mironenko Viktor, 430

    Mitterrand, François, 21, 33-35, 389

    and George Bush, 75, 491
    and German reunification, 571, 593-594
    and Gorbachev, 488-489, 490-491, 497-498, 593-594, 657-659

    Mladenov, Petar, 149-150, 159, 161, 575, 660

    Moisov, Lazar

    and Gorbachev, 268, 651-652
    Moscow Summit (1988), 12, 51, 56-57

    Moynihan, Daniel, 59

    Mujaheddin, 142

    Mulroney, Brian

    and Gorbachev, 598-601

    Musgrove conference (1998), xvi-xxv, 99-214

    Mlynář, Zdenĕk, 9

    N

    Nagy, Imre, 30, 76, 132, 462

    Najibullah, Mohammad, 565-566

    Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 120 National Intelligence Estimates.

    See Intelligence estimates (U.S.) National Security Directive 23, 71, 175, 525-529

    See also Soviet Union, U.S. relations with Németh, Miklós, 24, 34, 292, 313, 314, 321, 322, 410, 615

    and Gorbachev, 412-413
    “New thinking,” xix-xxiv, 3, 5, 12, 50, 52, 54, 144, 162, 309-310, 311-312

    See also “Common European home”

    and Eastern Europe, 102, 155-156
    evolution of, 118
    and freedom of choice, xxi, 4, 6-12, 38, 41, 140, 615, 644

    and nonuse of force, 135-136, 144, 199-200

    origins of, 103-104, 105-106, 108-110, 117

    Soviet military views on, 158

    U.S. views on, 110-111, 116-117, 392-393

    News media and perestroika, 287-289, 333, 578

    Nicaragua, 88, 631

    Nishanov, R.N., 534

    Nitze, Paul, 54

    Nixon, Richard, 23, 56, 64, 182, 491

    North Atlantic Treaty Organization

    (NATO), 17, 18, 20, 34, 45, 47, 140, 641

    See also Military-political alliances

    Brussels Summit (May 1989) of, 36-37, 75, 507

    Eastern European membership in, 145, 157

    U.S. guarantees against, 37-38, 93-96, 208, 683, 686

    and German membership, 37, 94, 654, 658, 680, 686
    and troop reduction proposals, 70-71, 252

    Novotný, Antonin, 149-150, 409

    Nuclear deterrence, 279, 614

    Nuclear disarmament, xx, 11, 51, 63, 80-81, 200, 309, 508-509

    Nyers, Rezső, 314, 315, 518, 519

    and Gorbachev, 511-514

    O

    Obama, Barack, 54

    Oberdorfer, Don, 72

    Occhetto, Achille

    and Gorbachev, 408-410 Oil
    prices, 15-17, 25-26, 267
    production of, 25
    sales to Eastern Europe, 156, 316, 358, 570, 605

    Olszowski, Stefan, 147-148

    Ortega, Daniel, 632

    P

    Paczkowski, Andrzej, 127, 130, 204-205

    Palazchenko, Pavel, 45

    Paris Economic Summit (1989), 483

    Patiashvili, Jumber, 28, 447

    PCC. See Warsaw Treaty Organization Political Consultative Committee

    Perestroika, xxii—xxiii, 1-5, 11-13, 18-21, 23, 26 39, 43, 63, 119,

    122, 144, 162, 202, 210

    ideological basis of, 383-384
    irreversibility of, 388, 393-394
    limits of, 124-125
    market economy and, 13, 18, 117-120, 206-207, 384-386, 672
    opposition to, 384
    pace of, 421-422, 531, 545-546
    and private property, 124-125, 322, 678
    and socialism, 118-120, 414417, 500-502
    and Soviet public opinion, 421-424

    U.S. views on, 283, 327, 333-334, 337, 376, 382-388, 391-396, 432-435

    and Western interests, 438-439

    Petrushenko, Nikolay, 158

    Philippines, 632-633

    Piłsudski, Józef, 550 Poindexter, John, 187

    Poland, 17, 24, 370-371

    See also Katyń Forest massacre (1940)

    1989 elections, 29-31, 76, 154, 302, 452-459

    Soviet response to, 533-536

    and Catholic Church, 294-296, 452, 535, 539, 694
    crisis (1980-1981), 133, 136, 139-140, 141, 156, 606

    debt of, 134, 305, 572
    democratization of, 127-128, 204-205, 695-696
    economic reforms in, 604 and
    perestroika, 297 Roundtable discussions, 41-42, 204, 302-303

    Soviet nonintervention in, 129130, 133, 135-137, 550

    and Soviet relations, 128-129, 290, 304-305, 533-541, 602607, 692
    economic relations, 697
    Soviet troop withdrawal, 505, 695-696

    George H.W. Bush’s comments
    on, 497, 507
    Strikes in, 293

    Western aid to, 477, 483, 485486, 504, 615

    from U.S., 560, 595-596
    from West Germany, 581

    Western trade with, 72

    Polish United Worker’s Party

    (PUWP), 292-306, 355, 550

    Central Committee of, 155, 452-459

    impact of elections on, 536-537, 604
    Ponomarev, Boris, 12, 104, 108

    Popov, Gavriil, 194

    Porębski, Tadeusz, 301

    Portugalov, Nikolay, 36

    Powell, Colin, 57, 187, 198

    Prague Spring (1968). See Czechoslovakia: Prague Spring (1968)

    Pravda, 221

    Prečan, Vilém, 127, 203

    Primakov, Evgeny, 521, 534, 692

    Pudlák, Jan, 436-437

    Pugo, Boris, 428-429

    Putin, Vladimir, 54, 148

    PUWP. See Polish United Workers’ Party

    R

    Rainer, Janós, 132, 205

    Rakhmanin, Oleg, 123-124

    Pravda article of, 5-6, 220-221

    Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 29, 127-129, 154, 205, 301, 304, 454-455

    and Gorbachev, 548, 550
    on Polish elections (1989), 454455, 458
    and Soviet Politburo, 534

    Reagan, Nancy, 110

    Reagan, Ronald, xxv, 12, 83, 650

    See also United States Eastern Europe and, 275

    and Gorbachev, xix-xx, 17, 32, 51, 61, 96, 189, 192-193, 334, 628
    and “winning” the Cold War, 50-51

    Reykjavik Summit (1986), 17, 185

    Rice, Condoleezza, 69, 74, 476

    Ridgeway, Rozanne, 264

    Rodionov, Igor, 160

    Romania, 229, 373-374, 478

    See also Ceauşescu, Nicolae and economic reform, 258
    Gorbachev’s visits to, 253-254, 490-491, 670
    humanitarian aid to, 666
    and
    perestroika, 397-398
    revolution in (1989), 49, 91, 662-667
    description of, 663-664

    Soviet noninterference in, 663, 666-667

    Ross, Dennis, 67, 197-198

    Rusakov, Konstantin, 6, 12, 218, 220, 221

    Russia, 46-47, 97

    Ryzhkov, Nikolay, 16, 125

    and Czechoslovakia, 259, 411
    and Soviet economy, 26, 239, 267, 570
    and Soviet Union’s dissolution, 578
    and Tbilisi demonstrations, 448

    S

    Sakharov, Andrei, 27

    Savimbi, Jonas, 161

    Schabowski, Günther, 84

    Schifter, Richard, 660

    Schmidt, Helmut, 464

    Scowcroft, Brent, 23, 62, 69, 78, 86, 194, 197, 345, 442, 625, 647

    SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative (U.S.)

    SED. See Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)

    Semenov, Vladimir, 137

    Shakhnazarov, Georgy, xviii, 6, 8, 12, 16, 21, 43-44, 82, 114-115, 128-130, 168-171, 188, 200201, 209-210, 269

    and Brezhnev doctrine, 136
    and Gorbachev, 288, 311
    on Gorbachev’s East European policy, 144-145, 151, 204, 312
    memoranda of, 277-279, 306308, 555-557
    on origins of Soviet “new
    thinking,” 105-106
    proposal for withdrawal from
    Czechoslovakia, 244-246
    on socialism, 120-121, 270
    on Soviet economy, 156

    Shalaev, Stepan, 535

    and Congress of People’s
    Deputies, 429-430

    Shatrov, Mikhail, 427

    Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 29, 288, 424

    Shepilov, Dmitri, 152

    Shevardnadze, Eduard, 12, 20, 63, 98, 107, 170, 195, 239, 249, 288, 332

    and arms control, 337, 641
    and Baker, 213
    and Bulgaria, 660
    and Congress of People’s Deputies, 424-425
    and East Germany, 155, 162163, 515-516
    and Eastern Europe, 140, 145, 660
    as foreign minister, 159, 162, 170, 172, 190, 195-196, 199, 201-202, 222, 327-330
    and Gorbachev, 159-161, 662
    and Hungary, 315
    and Poland, 533-541
    and Romania, 662
    on socialism, 270
    on Tbilisi demonstrations, 446-447
    and use of force, 40, 142
    visit to Eastern Europe of (1987), 222, 255-256

    Shishlin, Nikolay, 133, 565

    Shmelev, Nikolay, 20, 213, 571

    Shultz, George, 62, 132, 184, 185, 187, 190, 195, 196, 211, 626

    Simons, Tom, 264

    Siwicki, Florian, 453, 457

    Skubiszewski, Krzysztof, 533, 534

    Skvortsov, Oleg, 126-127, 136, 143

    Slyunkov, Nikolay, 429

    Socialism

    erosion of, 164, 229, 266, 270, 356, 366-367, 550

    reform of, 13, 16, 105, 114-115, 117-119, 288-289

    value of, 693

    Socialist countries See also Eastern Europe

    debt of, 267

    democratization of, 103, 409-410

    economic reform and, 232

    leadership of, 306-307

    and perestroika, 232-234, 236240, 350, 360-361, 414-417, 540

    Soviet aid to, 156, 263

    and Soviet relations, 134, 152, 157, 224-225, 227, 353-364, 365-380

    economic relations, 571

    Soviet trade with, 358

    U.S. policy toward, 264

    Western trade with, 265-266

    Socialist Unity Party of Germany

    (SED)

    and Gorbachev, 544-546

    Politburo, 515-516, 552

    Sokolov, Sergey, 249

    Solidarity (Poland), 41-42, 52, 81, 129, 156, 204-205, 694

    popular support for, 294

    and Soviet trade unions, 535

    Soloviev, Yu., 337, 426-427

    Soviet armed forces economic burden of, 387-388

    military capability of, 339

    military expenditures of, 158, 262, 339, 624

    military policy of, 249-251, 262, 335-338

    troop reductions of, 59-60, 171

    use of force by, xxii, 1, 24, 28, 38-46, 82, 131, 165

    estimates, 281, 285

    Soviet Communist Party (CPSU)

    election losses, 420-431

    membership in, 287 and perestroika, 58

    19th Party Conference (1988),

    11, 26, 58, 109-110, 116, 286-289

    Soviet Communist Party Central

    Committee (CC CPSU)

    International Department, 353-364, 668-672

    Plenums, 5, 217 Soviet Communist Party Politburo, 230

    on the Baltic Republics, 450-451 and Congress of People’s

    Deputies, 420-431

    meeting notes, 226-229, 234-235, 241-243, 247-249, 249-252, 259-260, 265-267, 269-270, 286-289, 349-351, 411

    on perestroika, 332-340

    Protocol 166, 533-541

    on secession of Baltic Republics, 577-580

    on socialist countries, 236-240

    on Tbilisi crisis (1989), 446-448

    Soviet Congress of People’s Deputies, 501

    1989 elections, 26-27, 420-431

    Soviet Defense Council, 251

    Soviet economy conditions in, 15, 25-26, 50, 125, 213

    consumer goods, 440-441
    reform of, 257, 261-262, 384385, 523, 697-698
    prices, 677

    Soviet Union

    See also Gorbachev, Mikhail Catholicism and, 694

    democratization of, 421-422, 528
    dissolution of, 126, 137, 182, 202, 578, 699
    domestic policy of, 25, 326, 523-524
    nationalism within, 27-29, 170, 331, 386, 523, 544-545
    news media, 536, 578-579
    place in Europe of, 690
    political reform of, 151, 155, 188, 326-329, 697
    presidential powers, 676-677
    and Soviet Republics, 577-578, 698
    stability of, 432-435, 568

    Supreme Soviet, 509-510 technological development of, 134, 231, 267, 350, 544

    U.S. economic aid to, 622 U.S. relations with, 189-196, 333, 506-510, 683

    See also National Security

    Directive 23

    “back-channel” communications, 341-344, 345-346, 352

    U.S. agenda for, 401-406

    U.S. leverage on, 399-400

    State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 257-258

    Stoph, Willi, 148, 515-516 Strategic Defense Initiative (U.S.), 52, 262

    Štrougal, Lubomir, 125, 148, 203, 242, 259-260

    Sununu, John, 647

    Suslov, Mikhail, 104, 108, 112, 129, 157

    Svoboda, Ludvík, 133 Szűrös, Mátyás, 313, 314, 315, 318, 321, 323

    T

    Tarasenko, Sergei, 106-108, 140, 158-163, 196, 200-202, 210-211

    Tbilisi demonstrations (1989), 28, 135, 446-448

    See also Georgia (Soviet Union)
    use of gas in, 159-160

    Teltschik, Horst, 36, 309, 463, 466, 559, 597

    Thatcher, Margaret, 19, 30, 33, 51, 222, 309, 389

    comparing Reagan and Bush, 440
    and Evgeny Primakov, 521
    and German reunification, 33, 51, 92, 532, 547, 649-650
    and Gorbachev, 10, 19, 30, 73, 75, 250, 332, 438-441
    conversations, 438-441, 530-532
    and Western fears of Soviet

    Union, 250, 332

    Third World. See Developing

    countries Tőkés, László, 661, 663

    Trilateral Commission, 349-351

    Truman Doctrine, 136

    Truman, Harry, 508

    U

    Ukraine, 28-29

    United Kingdom, 222
    and Eastern Europe, 521, 531
    and
    perestroika, 439

    United States

    See also Bush, George H.W.

    See also Reagan, Ronald
    economic aid to Soviet Union from, 180-181, 191, 206-208
    and end of Cold War, xxv, 49, 211
    military capability of, 637
    pressure on Soviet bloc from, 141-142
    public diplomacy, 403, 529
    relations with Eastern Europe, xvi, 52, 56, 264, 377, 527
    (See
    also under specific U.S. presidents and countries)
    relations with West Germany, 479-481, 484-487
    relations with Soviet Union.

    See Soviet Union, U.S. relations

    With
    role in Europe, 640-641

    troops in Europe, 37, 70, 93, 679-680
    United States Embassy, Bulgaria, 101, 574-576, 660

    Urban, Jerzy, 454, 456

    V

    Varennikov, Vitaly, 158

    Vehres, Gerd, 518-520

    Veres, Milan, 663-665

    “Vladimirov” article. See Rakhmanin, Oleg, Pravda article of Volkogonov, Dmitry, xviii

    Vorontsov, Yulii, 317, 395-396

    Vorotnikov, Vitalii, 289, 332, 339, 340, 424, 578

    W

    Wałęsa, Lech, 41, 80, 84, 157, 205, 296, 580-585, 694

    and Soviet Politburo, 534
    Warsaw Treaty Organization, 4, 20, 37, 42, 45, 218, 376-377

    See also Military-political alliances

    Committee of Defense Ministers, 158, 160

    Committee of Foreign Ministers, 515

    and Gorbachev, 499-502
    military policy of, 137-138, 277-279
    and NATO, 234
    and Poland, 603 Political Consultative Committee, 14, 226, 277
    reform of, 106-107, 379
    and response to Polish elections, 30-31

    Summit (1989), 149 Webster, William, 132

    Weizsacker, Richard von, 30, 682

    and Gorbachev, 468-469
    Werblan, Andrzej, 129

    Whitman, Walt, 488

    Wohlforth, William, 131

    Wolff, David, 132, 166

    World War II (1939-1945), 475, 514

    Y

    Yakovlev, Alexander, 7, 12, 21, 22, 62-63, 64, 113, 119, 151, 228, 241, 249, 327-330, 337-338

    and East European leaders, 313-324
    and Henry Kissinger, 341-344
    and Zbigniew Brzezinski, 563-668

    Yazov, Dmitri, 46, 158, 277, 332, 338, 340, 446, 448, 533, 535, 541

    Yeltsin, Boris, 27, 116, 120, 202

    and Congress of People’s
    Deputies, 427-428, 431

    Soviet support for, 415-416

    U.S. support for, 145, 193-194, 210

    Yugoslavia and perestroika, 255

    political conditions in, 478
    and Romania, 664-665
    and Soviet nonintervention, 268

    Z

    Zagladin, Vadim, 24, 100, 108, 389, 436-437, 492, 547, 694

    Zaikov, Lev, 250, 340, 428

    Zhao Ziyang, 169

    Zhivkov, Todor, 144, 149-150, 156, 159, 212, 236, 237, 242, 255, 355, 417, 478, 490, 491, 562, 574-576, 651, 652

    removal of, 101, 586, 660
    Zhurkin, Vitalii, 20

    Zimyanin, Mikhail, 217-218, 221

    Zoellick, Robert, 197-198

    Zubok, Vladislav, 121, 135, 150151, 155, 165, 173-174, 213-214

    and summary of Musgrove conference documents, 99-102

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