Masterpieces of History
| , ,Index
Texte intégral
A
Abalkin, Leonid, 578
Aboimov, Ivan, 91, 515, 661-662, 665-667
Adamec, Ladislav, 82, 372, 411
speech by, 608-610 Afghanistan, 166, 263, 565, 635
Soviet intervention in, 133, 136,141
cost of, 112, 329, 422, 430
impact on non-interference
policy, 133, 136, 138, 141, 565
U.S. response to, 131, 141-142, 445
Soviet withdrawal from, 55, 134,261, 342, 393, 395-396
Aganbegyan, Abel, 239
Akhromeyev, Sergey, 37, 54, 92, 158, 214, 250, 625, 630, 639, 640, 673, 674
Albania, 169, 690
Aleksandrov, Chudomir, 574-576
Alksnis, Viktor, 158
Andreyeva, Nina, 115, 123, 166, 269
Andropov, Yurii, 126, 129, 133, 189, 570
Angola, 161, 238, 263, 340, 342
Arbatov, Georgy, 113, 150, 335
Aristov, Boris, 416
Arms control, 17, 339, 394, 637639
parity vs. sufficiency, 249, 251, 254, 278, 289
Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 23, 86, 244-245, 263, 327, 401-402
CFE negotiations, 63, 79, 250, 252, 479, 480, 482-483, 513, 556, 614, 629, 638-640, 650
missile reductions, 623-624, 630
START Treaty, 23, 54-55, 81, 98, 187, 401-402, 443, 613, 639, 650
unilateral military cutbacks, 58, 60, 66, 73, 87-88, 244, 263, 311-12, 323, 330, 623
Arms race, 52, 189, 286-287, 289
Arms reductions, 53
chemical weapons, 278, 623, 641-642
missed opportunities for, 51-53, 57, 62, 69-70, 185, 187
Soviet proposals for, 54-55, 208, 498, 505
Atanasov, Georgi, 575
Axen, Hermann, 148
B
Babiuch, Edward, 147
Baka, Władysław, 300, 454
Baker, James, 67, 89, 191, 440, 442, 505
on the Baltic Republics, 562
cable to U.S. embassy, Bulgaria, 159, 660
on East German mass emigration, 159
and Gorbachev, 30, 69, 192, 480, 598, 675-684
guarantees on NATO, 93-95
statements on, 111, 200
letter to Helmut Kohl, 685-687
and NSC reform, 67, 197-198
and resistance to perestroika, 73, 74, 193, 415, 438-439, 447
and Shevardnadze, 213, 613, 641
and Soviet-U.S. “condominium,” 64, 65, 177, 341
and U.S. “pause,” 196
and use of force in Romania, 91, 661-662
and “Western” values, 645-646
Balance of forces, 21, 249-250, 494, 509, 586
Balance of power, 2, 45, 64, 199, 566
Balkans, 255, 476, 478, 688-690
Baltic Republics, 27-28, 34, 47, 101, 167-169, 180
elections in, 450-451
political instability in, 325-326, 331, 561
secession of, 180-181, 212, 577, 578
Soviet nonuse of force in, 145, 165, 326, 451
U.S. comments on, 508, 635
Western noninterference in, 561562, 643
Barcikowski, Kazimierz, 455, 458-459
Batsanov, Boris, 213
Békés, Csaba, 151-154
Berecz, Janós, 313, 321-323
Berlin Wall, fall of, xxii, 21, 32, 3435, 44, 49, 82-84, 569, 582-583, 587
description of, 587-589 Berlinguer, Enrico, 108 Bil’ak, Vasíl, 9, 125, 260 Billington, James, 58, 60, 110
Bisztyga, Jan, 454, 455
Blanton, Thomas, xxi, xxiii, 24, 99, 102, 138-139, 159, 174, 194, 204-205, 209
Blatov, Anatoly, 133
Bogomolov Institute, 18, 24, 39, 44, 100-101, 151, 365-381
Bonn Declaration (1989), 33
Bozóki, Andras, 97-98
Brandt, Willy, 571, 673, 682
Brezhnev Doctrine, xxi, 3-11, 31, 41, 44, 123-124, 130-133, 136, 138, 140-141, 151-152
origins under Khrushchev, 152
origins under Stalin, 136, 152
revocation of, 18, 82, 121, 130133, 136-137, 139, 217, 268, 463, 466, 525, 527, 561, 614, 632, 669-671
and Romanian revolution (1989), 91, 662, 666-667
Brezhnev, Leonid, 112, 114, 133, 387, 531, 544
and comparison to Gorbachev, 149-150, 328, 330
and Czechoslovakia, 127, 149-150
and East Germany, 148
foreign policy of, 23, 114, 127, 129, 133, 148, 166, 286, 330
and ideology, 108, 328
and Poland, 129, 133, 136, 147-148
and reform, 114, 531
and Soviet economy, 184, 185, 211
and technology, 544
Brown, Archie, 12, 135
Brussels Summit (1989). See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 21, 33, 72, 175, 178, 179, 299, 438, 563568
Bukur, I., 661-663
Bulgaria, 255, 257, 374-375
See also Zhivkov, Todor Communist Party plenum (1989), 574-576
democratization of, 591
and perestroika, 651-652
Soviet aid to, 156, 417
Soviet nonintervention in, 149, 652, 660
and Soviet relations, 161
ush, George H.W, 22, 30, 33, 36, 46, 51, 75
See also United States administration of, 23, 196-197, 334-335, 341
compared to Reagan administration, 32, 61-62, 66, 67, 70, 75, 80, 185, 195, 463, 601
on “Common European home,” 73-74, 96-97
domestic pressures on, 180, 196197, 464
and Eastern Europe, 52, 56, 72, 75, 79-80, 484-487, 527
on fall of Berlin Wall, 82, 83, 86, 587-588, 595, 596, 619, 627
and German reunification, 33, 36, 46, 53, 73, 86, 89, 190191, 198, 657
and Gorbachev, 69, 74, 80, 81, 194, 347-348, 352
mistrust of, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63, 193
NSC monitoring of, 74, 101, 477
and Hungary, 76-79
leadership style of, 75, 96, 334, 337, 463-464, 465, 497
and Poland, 71-72, 75-79, 483, 497, 587
visit to (1989), 503-505
policy toward Soviet Union, 23, 53, 175, 194, 527-529
“pause” in, xx, 20, 23, 29, 32, 46, 52, 62, 66-71, 78, 98, 192195, 263, 333-334, 347-348
as president-elect, 57, 334
and support for perestroika, 504, 621, 677
and “the vision thing,” 63, 64, 67, 73, 196
C
Canada, 598-601
Carlucci, Frank, 57, 187 Carter, Jimmy, 52, 61, 99, 141142, 182
Casey, William, 111, 184
Castro, Fidel, 13, 88, 192, 234, 237, 586, 630-631, 633, 684
See also Cuba
CC CPSU See Soviet Communist Party Central Committee (CC CPSU)
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 5, 10, 31, 49, 56, 91, 123, 147, 236, 238, 356, 373, 586
See also Romania
criticism of, 217, 226, 253-254, 409, 478, 490, 499, 586
and Gorbachev, 144, 218, 227228, 253-254, 476
overthrow of, 661-664, 691
and perestroika, 258, 397-398
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
See also Intelligence estimates (U.S.)
destabilization of Soviet Union, 181-182, 188
Office of Soviet Analysis, 522
views on Gorbachev, 110-111, 261-263, 325-330
Chebrikov, Viktor, 250, 269-270, 328, 329
and Congress of People’s Deputies, 427-428
Chen Jian, 165
Cheney, Richard, 23, 66, 82, 650
Chernenko, Konstantin, 109, 126, 129, 133
funeral of, xxi, 4, 5, 111, 121, 130, 217-218
Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986), 26, 131, 213, 226, 228, 393, 422, 430
and perestroika, 134-135
Chernyaev, Anatoly, xviii, 7, 12, 17, 35, 92, 99, 120, 199-200, 209
on the Baltic Republics, 167-168
on China, 166-168
diary of, 220-221, 309-310, 331, 542-543, 547, 548-549
on Berlin Wall, 586
on German reunification, 673-674
on Gorbachev’s state of mind, 449
foreword by, xvii-xxiv
on Gorbachev’s ambiguous statements, 163
on Gorbachev’s European policy, 143-144, 163-164
memoranda from, 222-223, 389
on nonintervention in Eastern Europe, 121-122, 125, 146, 149-150
on origins of Soviet “new thinking,” 103-104, 108-109
on Poland, 133-135, 138
on Soviet-U.S. relations, 189193
China, 221, 605, 626
See also Deng Xiaoping Gorbachev’s visit to (1989), 165-169
and perestroika, 416
and Soviet relations, 227
Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 75, 165-166, 169-170
Ciosek, Stanislaw, 453, 455, 458
CMEA. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
COCOM. See Coordinating
Committee on Export Controls
Commission on Poland (Soviet Union), 130, 157
“Common European home,” xxii, 3, 11, 18-22, 33, 45, 96-97, 222, 227, 248, 290-291, 493-495
See also “New thinking” Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), xxii, 20, 35, 495-496, 679
See also Helsinki Accords (1975)
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM), 406, 683-684
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 4, 7, 14-16, 228, 232, 236, 358-359
cooperation with U.S., 642-643
failure of, 265-266
integration with EC, 8, 14, 45, 495
and Poland, 603, 697, 536
reform of, 266, 321
Council of Europe, 20
CPSU. See Soviet Communist
Party (CPSU) Crowe, William, 70, 640
CSCE. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE) Cuba, 266, 415, 629
See also Castro, Fidel normalization of relations with
U.S., 630-631
Czarzasty, Zygmunt, 453, 457, 459
Czechoslovakia, 9, 372-373
and economic reform, 258
and perestroika, 248, 259-260, 271-272, 373
and political instability, 436-437,608-610
mass demonstrations, 82 and political reform personnel changes in, 409, 411
Prague Spring (1968), 9, 127, 133, 149-150, 157, 248, 408-409, 670
Soviet non intervention in, 125, 127, 135, 149, 204
and Soviet relations, 229, 245,
247-248, 670
Soviet troop withdrawal, 43-44, 244-246
Velvet Revolution (1989), xxii, 31, 608
Czechoslovak Communist Party (CPCz), 411
Central Committee of, 608-610
and debate on use of force, 608-609
Czyrek, Józef, 23-24, 41-42, 453455, 461, 695
and Gorbachev, 292-305
D
Danchev, Petko, 575
Davis, John, 81, 482
Dawisha, Karen, 111-112, 149,
155-156, 174
Deng Xiaoping, 166, 169, 227,
586, 605
See also China
d’Estaing, Giscard, 349, 350, 56 619, 641
Developing countries, 152, 183,
261-263, 327, 328, 350
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 12, 23, 65, 195, 199-201, 203, 206, 228, 234, 239, 250, 311, 329, 345, 346, 637
on Socialist countries and perestroika, 241
Dolgikh, Vladimir, 217, 288
Dregger, Alfred, 566
Dubček, Alexander, 408-409, 437
compared with Gorbachev, 119, 138, 248, 286, 395
Dumas, Roland, 91, 594, 661, 680
E
Eastern Europe
See also Gorbachev, Mikhail,
Eastern Europe policy
See also Socialist countries
abandonment vs. neglect, 4, 7, 14, 363
democratization of, 29-31, 45, 49, 356, 542-543, 688-689
economic burden on Soviet
Union, 14-17, 156, 265-266, 416-417
and economic reform, 257-258, 281, 366
and political unrest, 284-285, 366-369, 553-554
Soviet military presence in, 251
Soviet nonintervention in 38-41, 45, 121-125, 153-154, 172-173, 203, 234, 259-260, 268
Soviet trade with, 16, 254, 671672
Soviet troop withdrawal from, 145, 251, 311, 331, 335-339, 379
Shakhnazarov’s proposal for, 555-557
strategic value of, 17
Western aid to, 558-560, 689
Western noninterference in, 465466, 477, 497, 532, 564-565, 645, 655
East-West relations, 153, 291, 693
and detente, 555-557
and economic relations, 404-405
and European stability, 64, 80, 206, 341, 377, 503, 504, 530, 675, 688
Environmental protection, 495,528, 624
Estonia, 168, 331, 451, 561, 577,698
Eurocommunism, 19, 102-103,
108-109, 152-153, 171-172
European Community (EC), 39,350, 595
European Free Trade Association, 495
European Union (EU), 46
F
Falin, Valentin, 35-36, 94, 168,170, 200, 209
Fedorov, Rafail, 673-674
Finland, 561-562
“Finlandization,” 376-378
Fischer, Oskar, 515, 517, 518-520
Foley, Tom, 464
France, 477
and perestroika, 489
and Soviet relations, 547
Frolov, Ivan, 578
Frost, David, 82, 87
G
Garthoff, Raymond, 59
Gates, Robert, 23, 72, 79, 83, 101,132, 183, 195
intelligence estimates of, 261-263
on Soviet “new thinking,” 55, 60, 68, 111, 261-263, 325, 390, 442, 479
on Gorbachev, 74
Gdula, Andrzej, 454, 456, 459
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), 406, 622, 628
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 36, 8587, 90, 159, 482, 597, 680
and Gorbachev, 653-656, 658-659
Georgia (Soviet Union), 160-161
See also Tbilisi demonstrations
(1989)
Gerasimov, Gennadii, 82, 561
German reunification, xxii, 17, 3036, 85-87, 91, 94-95, 191, 200, 566, 593-594
and “2 +4” formula, 679, 681,686
opposition to, 547, 567, 571, 581,601, 690
pace of, 648-649, 656, 673-674,678-679
and Soviet “new thinking,” 223,309
and stability in Europe, 30, 33,35, 85, 92, 465, 476-477, 590592, 593-594, 685-686
and Western leaders, 33, 35-37,144-145, 175, 648, 649-650, 657
(See also under specific leaders)
Germany (East), 34, 82, 374,615-616
democratization of, 90, 92, 582583
economic ties with West
Germany, 570
emigration from, 155, 515, 517, 518-520, 542, 553
and Hungarian relations, 515-516
and leadership of, 545-546
mass demonstrations in, 34, 82, 542
and pace of reform, 580-584 political opposition in, 552-554
and Soviet non intervention in,572
and Soviet relations, 461-462,554
Soviet troop withdrawal from, 37,246, 674
Germany (West), 8, 222, 227
“back-channel” communications to Soviet Union, 466-467,468
and East German refugees, 517,519-520, 559, 581, 584, 588, 590
and Hungarian relations, 486487
and Polish relations, 477, 484487, 580-585
and Soviet relations, 476-478, 590-592, 654
and U.S. relations, 558-560
Gierek, Edward, 128, 147-148, 266, 572, 698
Glemp, Józef, 294, 296, 305, 452,459, 694
Gonzalez, Felipe, 209
Goodpaster, Andrew, 59, 311
Gorbachev, Mikhail
See also Soviet Union
and Brezhnev Doctrine, 3-5, 9, 133-134, 138
foreign policy of, 146, 164, 199203, 250, 262, 327-328
critique of, 665-672
and German reunification, 34-35, 36, 89-96, 653-656, 673-674, 680-682
internal opposition to, 114-115, 126, 220, 282
leadership changes of, 325-330
leadership style of, 112-113, 135, 170-171
memo from, 230-233
political longevity of, 386-387,433-434, 523-524, 598, 613
and relations with Western leaders, 10, 32-34, 101, 162, 174-175, 177, 210, 250, 475, 488-489
(See also under specific individuals)
and socialism, 120, 607
and U.S. “pause,” 468-469
U.S. support for, 188, 400
values of, 131, 134-136, 145, 253, 328, 413
Gorbachev, Mikhail, Eastern Europe policy of, 1-3, 5-8, 1213, 24, 45, 353-364, 366-381
See also Eastern Europe
ambiguity of, 4, 13, 24, 141, 153, 166, 173, 339
and Hungary, 418-419
priority of, 141, 146, 150-151, 155-156, 230-233, 256, 306-308
and stability of Eastern Europe,13, 79, 141, 243, 266, 280-281, 378, 389, 412
strategy paper, 353-364
U.K. views on, 439-440 U.S. views on, 280-285
Gorbachev, Mikhail, speeches
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1986), 224-225
Poland state dinner (1988), 290-291
Soviet ambassadors to Socialist
countries (1989), 414-417
Strasbourg Address (1989), 20, 389, 492-496
United Nations (1988), 11, 4144, 58-62, 142, 144, 311-312, 332
U.S. reaction to, 59, 61
Gorbachev, Raisa, 110, 275, 488489, 491
Gosplan, 208, 316, 321, 423, 534-535
Grachev, Andrei, 4, 29, 31, 39, 92
Grass, Günter, 682
Gromyko, Andrei, 111, 201, 249, 286, 288, 328-329, 330
Grósz, Karóly, 24, 163, 273, 283, 313-321, 412, 486, 499
and Gorbachev, 409-410, 418419, 511-514
and Hungarian roundtable negotiations, 470-471
Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 338
H
Hager, Kurt, 148, 516, 551-554
Haig, Alexander, 141, 183
Havel, Václav, 49, 94, 166, 436, 437, 608
Helsinki Accords (1975), 21, 73, 90, 562, 619, 647, 648
See also Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
Hengsbach, Franz, 584
Hermann, Richard, 67, 196-198
Hershberg, James, 130-131, 138, 164-165, 203
Hitler, Adolf, 90, 485, 653, 655, 656
Hodnett, Grey, 522
Honecker, Erich, 10, 30, 32, 34, 42, 82, 122-123, 143-144, 163, 218, 226, 228
assessments of, 222, 476-477, 531-532
Gorbachev and, 127, 146-148, 221, 226, 548-549
perestroika and, 241-243
replacement of, 548, 570-573
Shevardnadze and, 460-462 and Soviet forces, 107
Honecker, Margot, 477
Horn, Gyula, 31, 162-163, 292, 515, 516
Hugo, Victor, 20, 21
Human rights, 45, 288, 312, 361, 401-403, 495
Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (HSWP), 313-324, 355, 471, 512-513, 565
Hungary, 16-17, 52, 371-372
border opening of, xxii, 24, 34, 72, 82, 154, 159, 162
East German response to, 517, 518-519
Soviet response to, 412-413
debt of, 133-134, 319-320, 322, 572
democratization of, 472-473, 511-514
economy of, 156, 229, 319 elections in (1990), 81
leadership of, 273-276, 314, 319 Political Executive Committee, 511-514
political unrest in, 255, 320, 419 reforms in, 30, 76, 132, 205, 319-323
revolution in (1956), 27, 76,152-153, 419
Roundtable negotiations (1989), 470-474
Soviet nonintervention in, 39, 129, 419, 465
and Soviet trade balance, 315316, 321
Soviet troop presence in, 106, 315, 513
and U.S. relations, 76-79, 82, 275
Hurd, Douglas, 47
Husák, Gustáv, 9, 127, 149, 217, 218, 227, 228, 236, 239, 242, 247, 248
and Gorbachev, 271-272
Hussein, Saddam, 162
I
Ignatenko, Vitaly, 122
INF Treaty, 54, 57, 63, 64, 69, 79, 185, 261, 263, 277, 393
Information security, 269, 338-340
Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 113
Institute of Europe (Soviet Union), 20
Institute of the Economy of the World Socialist System. See Bogomolev Institute
Intelligence estimates (U.S.), 5556, 60, 67, 139-140, 183-184, 186-187, 197, 257-258, 325-330
See also Central Intelligence Agency
disagreements on, 67, 444-445
on Eastern Europe, 186
on Gorbachev, 432-435
NIE 11-4-89, 442-445
NIE 11/12-9-88, 280-285
NIE 12-90, 688-690
on stability of Soviet Union, 522-524
“Team B,” 182
International Communist
Movement, 229, 238
International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
and Poland, 72, 560, 588, 596, 615
Iran and Soviet relations, 317
Iran-Iraq War, 317, 440, 642 Iraq, 188, 208
Iran-Contra scandal, 55, 67, 186187, 197
Israel
and Hungarian relations, 317, 412
and Soviet relations, 413
Italian Communist Party, 108-109,408
J
Jackson-Vanik Amendment (U.S.), 176, 179-180, 346, 402, 622
Jakeš, Miloš, 9, 42, 148, 203-204, 271, 283, 372, 608
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 5, 29, 41-43, 77-79, 135, 155, 218, 226, 602, 680
on American and Soviet troops in
Europe, 93, 675, 680
and “Common European home,” 97
on East European leaders, 238, 461
and George Bush, 79, 81, 97, 503-505, 619
and German unification, 571
and Gorbachev, 97, 127-128, 163, 169, 290, 301-303, 533, 534, 548, 602, 606, 680, 691699
Gorbachev’s views on, 5, 30, 236, 237, 238, 477, 479, 490, 571, 603, 606
political strategy of (1988-1989), 204-205, 283, 292-305, 370, 491
and Polish elections (1989), 76, 81, 452-455, 459, 461, 536
and Soviet Politburo, 534
Thatcher’s views on, 440, 531
K
Kádár, Janós, 5, 8, 15, 123, 227, 314
death of, 512-513
and Gorbachev, 5, 57, 132, 163, 217, 218, 220-221, 226, 229, 238, 242, 273-276, 545
Karmal, Babrak, 565
Kashlev, Yurii, 21
Katushev, Konstantin, 317, 534
Katyń Forest massacre (1940), 178, 563, 605-606, 670, 691, 692, 695
See also Poland
Kent, Sherman, 187
KGB (Soviet Union), 40, 46, 74, 212, 214
and Tbilisi demonstrations, 447-448
Khrushchev, Nikita, 123, 255, 312
and arms race, 286
and Hungarian revolution (1956), 136, 152, 153, 242243
ouster of, 386, 387, 433
and reform, 105, 111-112, 114, 118, 242-243, 270, 297, 383, 531
Kim Il Sung, 586
Kimmitt, Robert, 197
Kirilenko, Andrei, 108
Kissinger, Henry, 22-23, 39, 176178, 337, 352, 468
and Gorbachev, 63-65, 192, 345-346, 350-351
influence of, 438-439
Soviet-U.S. “condominium”
proposal, 341-344, 349, 351, 627
Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 300, 303, 453-456
Kochemassov, Vyacheslav, 143, 517
Kohl, Helmut, xviii, 11, 30, 32, 35
and fall of Berlin Wall, 53, 77-79, 84
and George H.W. Bush, 53, 7779, 84-86, 463-464
conversations with, 558-560, 587-589, 595-597
About Gorbachev, 479-481
letters to, 484-487, 611618
and George H.W. Bush, Scowcroft, and Sununu, 647-650
and German reunification, 85, 89-90, 94, 548, 590-593
and Gorbachev, 32-33, 35, 7475, 85, 227, 309-310, 572
conversations with, 463-467, 475, 476-478, 548-549, 590-593
and Lech Wałęsa, 580-585
10-point speech, 36, 46, 85, 90, 209, 617-618, 634, 648-649, 653-656, 658
Koivisto, Mauno, 21 and Gorbachev, 561-562
Komplektov, Viktor, 195
Komsomol (Communist Union of Youth), 287, 312, 320, 430, 698
Kónya, Imre, 471-473
Kornienko, Georgy, 195, 201, 214
Korotich, Vitalii, 427
Kosygin, Alexey, 114, 118, 148
Kovacs, László, 162
Krenz, Egon, 34, 147, 566, 581, 588, 591
and Gorbachev, 569-574
and Helmut Kohl, 595
Krol, Marcin, 131
Krolikowski, Werner, 143, 148, 516
Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 181, 330, 447, 535
Kukorelli, Istvan, 473-474
Kulikov, Viktor, 158, 277-279
Kvitsinsky, Yuli, 122, 137, 515,
170, 517
Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 76, 452, 454-457, 691
L
Labor unions, 408
Latin America, 192, 629, 632-633
Latvia, 698
Lenin, Vladimir, 118-119, 125
Levesque, Jacques, xv, xviii, xxv, 1, 14, 101, 117-118, 155
on Brezhnev Doctrine, 140-141
on Gorbachev’s East European
policy, 149, 212
on Hungary, 162-163
Ligachev, Yegor, 25, 27, 115, 267, 269, 287, 326, 339
on Congress of People’s
Deputies, 425-426 Lithuania, 697, 698-699
nationalism in, 694
repression in, 135
Lomakin, Viktor, 416
Lukyanov, Anatoly, 27, 430
M
MacEachin, Douglas, 56, 59-60, 67, 171-173, 186-187, 211-213, 442
on Poland crisis (1980-1981),139-140
on U.S. intelligence disputes, 182-186
on U.S. reaction to Soviet “new thinking,” 110-111, 116-117
McFarlane, Robert, 187
Machcewicz, Paweł, 131, 154
Malin, Vladimir, 152
Malta Summit (1989), 36, 52, 8789, 192, 596, 599, 606-607
and German reunification, 634635, 640, 645
and Helmut Kohl, 596, 612, 647-648
transcript of, 619-646
and “Western” values, 643-645, 648, 649
Mao Zedong, 123
Masliukov, Yurii, 430
Matlock, Jack, xxv, 12, 58, 62, 82-83, 95, 180-182, 194-195, 206-208, 337
and Aleksandr Yakovlev, 506-510
cables of, 99, 382-388, 390-396, 399-407
bankruptcy metaphor in, 6769, 127, 383
on origins of Soviet “new thinking,” 109-110, 117
on Poland crisis (1980-1981), 141-142
and Romanian revolution (1989), 665-667
on U.S. “back-channels,” 177-179
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 42, 81, 154, 164
on “Common European home,” 97
and Gorbachev, 157, 602-607
Soviet support for, 537-538, 692
Medvedev, Dmitri, 54, 113
Medvedev, Vadim, 6, 8, 12, 24, 212, 242, 251, 266, 328-329
on Baltic Republics, 450, 578
on Congress of People’s
Deputies, 424-426
and Kurt Hager, 551-554
Romanian visit of (1989), 397398
Meehan, Francis, 264
Middle East, 198, 201
Mielke, Erich, 516
Migranyan, Andranik, 18
Military-political alliances, 642
See also North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO); Warsaw
Treaty Organization
dissolution of, 137-138, 532, 555-557, 567, 571, 690, 696
Miodowicz, Alfred, 205, 295
Mironenko Viktor, 430
Mitterrand, François, 21, 33-35, 389
and George Bush, 75, 491
and German reunification, 571, 593-594
and Gorbachev, 488-489, 490-491, 497-498, 593-594, 657-659
Mladenov, Petar, 149-150, 159, 161, 575, 660
Moisov, Lazar
and Gorbachev, 268, 651-652
Moscow Summit (1988), 12, 51, 56-57
Moynihan, Daniel, 59
Mujaheddin, 142
Mulroney, Brian
and Gorbachev, 598-601
Musgrove conference (1998), xvi-xxv, 99-214
Mlynář, Zdenĕk, 9
N
Nagy, Imre, 30, 76, 132, 462
Najibullah, Mohammad, 565-566
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 120 National Intelligence Estimates.
See Intelligence estimates (U.S.) National Security Directive 23, 71, 175, 525-529
See also Soviet Union, U.S. relations with Németh, Miklós, 24, 34, 292, 313, 314, 321, 322, 410, 615
and Gorbachev, 412-413
“New thinking,” xix-xxiv, 3, 5, 12, 50, 52, 54, 144, 162, 309-310, 311-312
See also “Common European home”
and Eastern Europe, 102, 155-156
evolution of, 118
and freedom of choice, xxi, 4, 6-12, 38, 41, 140, 615, 644
and nonuse of force, 135-136, 144, 199-200
origins of, 103-104, 105-106, 108-110, 117
Soviet military views on, 158
U.S. views on, 110-111, 116-117, 392-393
News media and perestroika, 287-289, 333, 578
Nicaragua, 88, 631
Nishanov, R.N., 534
Nitze, Paul, 54
Nixon, Richard, 23, 56, 64, 182, 491
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 17, 18, 20, 34, 45, 47, 140, 641
See also Military-political alliances
Brussels Summit (May 1989) of, 36-37, 75, 507
Eastern European membership in, 145, 157
U.S. guarantees against, 37-38, 93-96, 208, 683, 686
and German membership, 37, 94, 654, 658, 680, 686
and troop reduction proposals, 70-71, 252
Novotný, Antonin, 149-150, 409
Nuclear deterrence, 279, 614
Nuclear disarmament, xx, 11, 51, 63, 80-81, 200, 309, 508-509
Nyers, Rezső, 314, 315, 518, 519
and Gorbachev, 511-514
O
Obama, Barack, 54
Oberdorfer, Don, 72
Occhetto, Achille
and Gorbachev, 408-410 Oil
prices, 15-17, 25-26, 267
production of, 25
sales to Eastern Europe, 156, 316, 358, 570, 605
Olszowski, Stefan, 147-148
Ortega, Daniel, 632
P
Paczkowski, Andrzej, 127, 130, 204-205
Palazchenko, Pavel, 45
Paris Economic Summit (1989), 483
Patiashvili, Jumber, 28, 447
PCC. See Warsaw Treaty Organization Political Consultative Committee
Perestroika, xxii—xxiii, 1-5, 11-13, 18-21, 23, 26 39, 43, 63, 119,
122, 144, 162, 202, 210
ideological basis of, 383-384
irreversibility of, 388, 393-394
limits of, 124-125
market economy and, 13, 18, 117-120, 206-207, 384-386, 672
opposition to, 384
pace of, 421-422, 531, 545-546
and private property, 124-125, 322, 678
and socialism, 118-120, 414417, 500-502
and Soviet public opinion, 421-424
U.S. views on, 283, 327, 333-334, 337, 376, 382-388, 391-396, 432-435
and Western interests, 438-439
Petrushenko, Nikolay, 158
Philippines, 632-633
Piłsudski, Józef, 550 Poindexter, John, 187
Poland, 17, 24, 370-371
See also Katyń Forest massacre (1940)
1989 elections, 29-31, 76, 154, 302, 452-459
Soviet response to, 533-536
and Catholic Church, 294-296, 452, 535, 539, 694
crisis (1980-1981), 133, 136, 139-140, 141, 156, 606
debt of, 134, 305, 572
democratization of, 127-128, 204-205, 695-696
economic reforms in, 604 and perestroika, 297 Roundtable discussions, 41-42, 204, 302-303
Soviet nonintervention in, 129130, 133, 135-137, 550
and Soviet relations, 128-129, 290, 304-305, 533-541, 602607, 692
economic relations, 697
Soviet troop withdrawal, 505, 695-696
George H.W. Bush’s comments
on, 497, 507
Strikes in, 293
Western aid to, 477, 483, 485486, 504, 615
from U.S., 560, 595-596
from West Germany, 581
Western trade with, 72
Polish United Worker’s Party
(PUWP), 292-306, 355, 550
Central Committee of, 155, 452-459
impact of elections on, 536-537, 604
Ponomarev, Boris, 12, 104, 108
Popov, Gavriil, 194
Porębski, Tadeusz, 301
Portugalov, Nikolay, 36
Powell, Colin, 57, 187, 198
Prague Spring (1968). See Czechoslovakia: Prague Spring (1968)
Pravda, 221
Prečan, Vilém, 127, 203
Primakov, Evgeny, 521, 534, 692
Pudlák, Jan, 436-437
Pugo, Boris, 428-429
Putin, Vladimir, 54, 148
PUWP. See Polish United Workers’ Party
R
Rainer, Janós, 132, 205
Rakhmanin, Oleg, 123-124
Pravda article of, 5-6, 220-221
Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 29, 127-129, 154, 205, 301, 304, 454-455
and Gorbachev, 548, 550
on Polish elections (1989), 454455, 458
and Soviet Politburo, 534
Reagan, Nancy, 110
Reagan, Ronald, xxv, 12, 83, 650
See also United States Eastern Europe and, 275
and Gorbachev, xix-xx, 17, 32, 51, 61, 96, 189, 192-193, 334, 628
and “winning” the Cold War, 50-51
Reykjavik Summit (1986), 17, 185
Rice, Condoleezza, 69, 74, 476
Ridgeway, Rozanne, 264
Rodionov, Igor, 160
Romania, 229, 373-374, 478
See also Ceauşescu, Nicolae and economic reform, 258
Gorbachev’s visits to, 253-254, 490-491, 670
humanitarian aid to, 666
and perestroika, 397-398
revolution in (1989), 49, 91, 662-667
description of, 663-664
Soviet noninterference in, 663, 666-667
Ross, Dennis, 67, 197-198
Rusakov, Konstantin, 6, 12, 218, 220, 221
Russia, 46-47, 97
Ryzhkov, Nikolay, 16, 125
and Czechoslovakia, 259, 411
and Soviet economy, 26, 239, 267, 570
and Soviet Union’s dissolution, 578
and Tbilisi demonstrations, 448
S
Sakharov, Andrei, 27
Savimbi, Jonas, 161
Schabowski, Günther, 84
Schifter, Richard, 660
Schmidt, Helmut, 464
Scowcroft, Brent, 23, 62, 69, 78, 86, 194, 197, 345, 442, 625, 647
SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative (U.S.)
SED. See Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)
Semenov, Vladimir, 137
Shakhnazarov, Georgy, xviii, 6, 8, 12, 16, 21, 43-44, 82, 114-115, 128-130, 168-171, 188, 200201, 209-210, 269
and Brezhnev doctrine, 136
and Gorbachev, 288, 311
on Gorbachev’s East European policy, 144-145, 151, 204, 312
memoranda of, 277-279, 306308, 555-557
on origins of Soviet “new
thinking,” 105-106
proposal for withdrawal from
Czechoslovakia, 244-246
on socialism, 120-121, 270
on Soviet economy, 156
Shalaev, Stepan, 535
and Congress of People’s
Deputies, 429-430
Shatrov, Mikhail, 427
Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 29, 288, 424
Shepilov, Dmitri, 152
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 12, 20, 63, 98, 107, 170, 195, 239, 249, 288, 332
and arms control, 337, 641
and Baker, 213
and Bulgaria, 660
and Congress of People’s Deputies, 424-425
and East Germany, 155, 162163, 515-516
and Eastern Europe, 140, 145, 660
as foreign minister, 159, 162, 170, 172, 190, 195-196, 199, 201-202, 222, 327-330
and Gorbachev, 159-161, 662
and Hungary, 315
and Poland, 533-541
and Romania, 662
on socialism, 270
on Tbilisi demonstrations, 446-447
and use of force, 40, 142
visit to Eastern Europe of (1987), 222, 255-256
Shishlin, Nikolay, 133, 565
Shmelev, Nikolay, 20, 213, 571
Shultz, George, 62, 132, 184, 185, 187, 190, 195, 196, 211, 626
Simons, Tom, 264
Siwicki, Florian, 453, 457
Skubiszewski, Krzysztof, 533, 534
Skvortsov, Oleg, 126-127, 136, 143
Slyunkov, Nikolay, 429
Socialism
erosion of, 164, 229, 266, 270, 356, 366-367, 550
reform of, 13, 16, 105, 114-115, 117-119, 288-289
value of, 693
Socialist countries See also Eastern Europe
debt of, 267
democratization of, 103, 409-410
economic reform and, 232
leadership of, 306-307
and perestroika, 232-234, 236240, 350, 360-361, 414-417, 540
Soviet aid to, 156, 263
and Soviet relations, 134, 152, 157, 224-225, 227, 353-364, 365-380
economic relations, 571
Soviet trade with, 358
U.S. policy toward, 264
Western trade with, 265-266
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
(SED)
and Gorbachev, 544-546
Politburo, 515-516, 552
Sokolov, Sergey, 249
Solidarity (Poland), 41-42, 52, 81, 129, 156, 204-205, 694
popular support for, 294
and Soviet trade unions, 535
Soloviev, Yu., 337, 426-427
Soviet armed forces economic burden of, 387-388
military capability of, 339
military expenditures of, 158, 262, 339, 624
military policy of, 249-251, 262, 335-338
troop reductions of, 59-60, 171
use of force by, xxii, 1, 24, 28, 38-46, 82, 131, 165
estimates, 281, 285
Soviet Communist Party (CPSU)
election losses, 420-431
membership in, 287 and perestroika, 58
19th Party Conference (1988),
11, 26, 58, 109-110, 116, 286-289
Soviet Communist Party Central
Committee (CC CPSU)
International Department, 353-364, 668-672
Plenums, 5, 217 Soviet Communist Party Politburo, 230
on the Baltic Republics, 450-451 and Congress of People’s
Deputies, 420-431
meeting notes, 226-229, 234-235, 241-243, 247-249, 249-252, 259-260, 265-267, 269-270, 286-289, 349-351, 411
on perestroika, 332-340
Protocol 166, 533-541
on secession of Baltic Republics, 577-580
on socialist countries, 236-240
on Tbilisi crisis (1989), 446-448
Soviet Congress of People’s Deputies, 501
1989 elections, 26-27, 420-431
Soviet Defense Council, 251
Soviet economy conditions in, 15, 25-26, 50, 125, 213
consumer goods, 440-441
reform of, 257, 261-262, 384385, 523, 697-698
prices, 677
Soviet Union
See also Gorbachev, Mikhail Catholicism and, 694
democratization of, 421-422, 528
dissolution of, 126, 137, 182, 202, 578, 699
domestic policy of, 25, 326, 523-524
nationalism within, 27-29, 170, 331, 386, 523, 544-545
news media, 536, 578-579
place in Europe of, 690
political reform of, 151, 155, 188, 326-329, 697
presidential powers, 676-677
and Soviet Republics, 577-578, 698
stability of, 432-435, 568
Supreme Soviet, 509-510 technological development of, 134, 231, 267, 350, 544
U.S. economic aid to, 622 U.S. relations with, 189-196, 333, 506-510, 683
See also National Security
Directive 23
“back-channel” communications, 341-344, 345-346, 352
U.S. agenda for, 401-406
U.S. leverage on, 399-400
State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 257-258
Stoph, Willi, 148, 515-516 Strategic Defense Initiative (U.S.), 52, 262
Štrougal, Lubomir, 125, 148, 203, 242, 259-260
Sununu, John, 647
Suslov, Mikhail, 104, 108, 112, 129, 157
Svoboda, Ludvík, 133 Szűrös, Mátyás, 313, 314, 315, 318, 321, 323
T
Tarasenko, Sergei, 106-108, 140, 158-163, 196, 200-202, 210-211
Tbilisi demonstrations (1989), 28, 135, 446-448
See also Georgia (Soviet Union)
use of gas in, 159-160
Teltschik, Horst, 36, 309, 463, 466, 559, 597
Thatcher, Margaret, 19, 30, 33, 51, 222, 309, 389
comparing Reagan and Bush, 440
and Evgeny Primakov, 521
and German reunification, 33, 51, 92, 532, 547, 649-650
and Gorbachev, 10, 19, 30, 73, 75, 250, 332, 438-441
conversations, 438-441, 530-532
and Western fears of Soviet
Union, 250, 332
Third World. See Developing
countries Tőkés, László, 661, 663
Trilateral Commission, 349-351
Truman Doctrine, 136
Truman, Harry, 508
U
Ukraine, 28-29
United Kingdom, 222
and Eastern Europe, 521, 531
and perestroika, 439
United States
See also Bush, George H.W.
See also Reagan, Ronald
economic aid to Soviet Union from, 180-181, 191, 206-208
and end of Cold War, xxv, 49, 211
military capability of, 637
pressure on Soviet bloc from, 141-142
public diplomacy, 403, 529
relations with Eastern Europe, xvi, 52, 56, 264, 377, 527
(See also under specific U.S. presidents and countries)
relations with West Germany, 479-481, 484-487
relations with Soviet Union.
See Soviet Union, U.S. relations
With
role in Europe, 640-641
troops in Europe, 37, 70, 93, 679-680
United States Embassy, Bulgaria, 101, 574-576, 660
Urban, Jerzy, 454, 456
V
Varennikov, Vitaly, 158
Vehres, Gerd, 518-520
Veres, Milan, 663-665
“Vladimirov” article. See Rakhmanin, Oleg, Pravda article of Volkogonov, Dmitry, xviii
Vorontsov, Yulii, 317, 395-396
Vorotnikov, Vitalii, 289, 332, 339, 340, 424, 578
W
Wałęsa, Lech, 41, 80, 84, 157, 205, 296, 580-585, 694
and Soviet Politburo, 534
Warsaw Treaty Organization, 4, 20, 37, 42, 45, 218, 376-377
See also Military-political alliances
Committee of Defense Ministers, 158, 160
Committee of Foreign Ministers, 515
and Gorbachev, 499-502
military policy of, 137-138, 277-279
and NATO, 234
and Poland, 603 Political Consultative Committee, 14, 226, 277
reform of, 106-107, 379
and response to Polish elections, 30-31
Summit (1989), 149 Webster, William, 132
Weizsacker, Richard von, 30, 682
and Gorbachev, 468-469
Werblan, Andrzej, 129
Whitman, Walt, 488
Wohlforth, William, 131
Wolff, David, 132, 166
World War II (1939-1945), 475, 514
Y
Yakovlev, Alexander, 7, 12, 21, 22, 62-63, 64, 113, 119, 151, 228, 241, 249, 327-330, 337-338
and East European leaders, 313-324
and Henry Kissinger, 341-344
and Zbigniew Brzezinski, 563-668
Yazov, Dmitri, 46, 158, 277, 332, 338, 340, 446, 448, 533, 535, 541
Yeltsin, Boris, 27, 116, 120, 202
and Congress of People’s
Deputies, 427-428, 431
Soviet support for, 415-416
U.S. support for, 145, 193-194, 210
Yugoslavia and perestroika, 255
political conditions in, 478
and Romania, 664-665
and Soviet nonintervention, 268
Z
Zagladin, Vadim, 24, 100, 108, 389, 436-437, 492, 547, 694
Zaikov, Lev, 250, 340, 428
Zhao Ziyang, 169
Zhivkov, Todor, 144, 149-150, 156, 159, 212, 236, 237, 242, 255, 355, 417, 478, 490, 491, 562, 574-576, 651, 652
removal of, 101, 586, 660
Zhurkin, Vitalii, 20
Zimyanin, Mikhail, 217-218, 221
Zoellick, Robert, 197-198
Zubok, Vladislav, 121, 135, 150151, 155, 165, 173-174, 213-214
and summary of Musgrove conference documents, 99-102
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