Divine Presence in Spain and Western Europe 1500-1960
|Index
Texte intégral
Abraham, 38, 41, 246n66
Achas (Pontevedra), 239n30
Acuña, Maria Paula, 5
Ágreda (Soria), fraud 1665, 76
Agres (Alicante), 117
Aix-la-Chapelle/Aachen 1920, 86
Ajofrín (Toledo), vision in drought, 242n46
Alacoque, Marguerite-Marie, St. (Paray–le–Monial), 118, 133, 157
Alberti, Leon Battista, 97, 103, 265n35
Alcalá de Henares, Minims, 70
Alcanar (Tarragona), 116
Alcañiz (Huesca), 245n60
Alcobendas (Madrid) 1646, 66–71, 260n73
Alcolea de Cinca (Huesca), 246n69
Alcorisa (Teruel), 246n69
Alcoy (Alicante), 244n58
Alcudia (Mallorca), 250nl 3
Alfonso XIII, washes feet, 37, 245n64
Alicante, 255n41
Almería, pilgrim in, 244n58
altar cloths, animation relics, 57, 57, 65
Alzonne (Aude), visions, 162–63,167
anarchism, 81, 134
angels: 11, 41; Ayora, 24–25, 25; children as, 133,152–53; guardian, 133 150–52; as pilgrims, 38–39; in WWI 182
Anne, St., 16, 89–91, 89–93
Anthony of Padua, Oran 1677, 258n58
anticlericalism, 161, 133
Aparicio Buendía, Esperanza (El Bonillo), 77, 260n72
apparitions: Christ, 11; Mary, 5; oral retelling, 104; proofs, 14–15; signs for Catholic France, 133; vs. visions, 45; see also apparitions by place, visions
apparitions by place: Agres, 117; Álava 1931, 235n2; Alzonne 1913–1914, 162; Belgium 1932,119–20; California City (Our Lady of the Rocks), 5; Ezquioga, 6,124–25, 235n2; Guadalajara 1931, 23 5n2; Guadamur 1931,2 3 5n2; Hellín 1938, 78; Jafre 1460,25, 242n45; La Salette, 15; Mendigorría 1931, 2 39n22; Montserrat, 122–23; Navarra 1931, 2 3 5n2;
Orgiva 1931, 235n2; Rielves 1931, 235n2; Sigüenza 1931, 2 3 5n2; Torralba de Aragón 1931, 2 39n22
Ariño (Teruel), 241n36
Arjona (Jaén) 1628–1646, 249nl 2
artists, and animated images, 51,63, 95, 255n38
Augustinians, and animations, 52–53, 61, 62, 78
Auñón (Guadalajara), 241 n36
Austria, 263n6
Axpe y Sierra, Martin de, 250n21
Ayora (Valencia), 24–25, 25, 43
Badajoz, drought saints, 16–17
Baños de la Encina (Jaén) 1641, 255n39
Barbastro (Huesca), 246n69
Barcelona, 19, 104,161
beards, holy, 35, 35, 51, 55
beatas, frauds by, 73
beatification procedures, 51
Beauraing (Namur), 31,119–20
beggars: 34, 36–39, 42, 245n62, 245n64
Beirut, Christ of, 249n11
Belchite (Zaragoza), 241n36
Belgium: apparitions, 31,119–20; composite family images, 202, 215, 218–19, 231; Delcampe, 100; Siracusa devotion, 88, 88
Bellême (Orne), 131
Bellpuig de Urgel (Lleida), 239n31
Belsue (Huesca), 241n40
Berbinzana (Navarra), Christ 1920, 261n81
Bernadette, see Lourdes
Bernardo, San, vision, 115
Bible, 36–39, 246n66
Bitel, Lisa, 5
Blacker, Carmen, 40–42
blasphemy, and animated images, 59, 90
blood on images: from fingers, 50, 74, 89–93 91,92; history 48–19, nature of, 49–50, 52, 76–77; as relics, 86, 92. See also images with blood, sweat or tears, by place.
Bordeaux, 85, 85, 162
Borox (Toledo), 2 38n20
Brihuega (Guadalajara), battle 1710, 258n60
Brittany, 170
brotherhoods, 21, 49, 52–53, 64–66, 259n64
Budapest, 83,137
bullfights, 12
Burgos, Christ of, 21, 48, 51, 78, 79, 249nl 1; see also Cabra del Santo Cristo (Jaén)
Burguillos de Toledo (Toledo), 31, 31–34, 233
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 48
Cabra del Santo Cristo (Jaén), 21, 54, 79, 255n39
Calatayud (Zaragoza), 59, 60, 246n69
Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), 37
Capuchins, mission Limpias 1919, 82
captives in Africa, 50, 75
Caravaca, cross of, 30
Carcassonne, 162
caridades (ceremonial food handouts), 13, 20, 39, 241n40
Carmelite friars, 54
Carrascosa del Campo (Cuenca), 239n26
Casar de Talavera, El (Toledo), 241n36
Casas de Benítez (Cuenca): attitudes to vision, 30; caridades, 13, 39; evil eye, 40, 247n73; fiesta, 11–12; hail 1929, 12, 41; image to Cuenca, 239n29; images burned, 233; Holy Week, 16; La Poza, 10, 43, 44; politics, 238n21; Roma beggars, 40; shrines and devotions, 45; transhumant route, 74; visión 1931,6–8
Casellas, Ramon, 240n32
Catalonia, 9, 61,71–72
catechism, and pilgrims, 36–39
Catherine, St., in Alzonne visions, 162
celestial anomalies, 15, 62,121
children: and angels, 133,150–53; and evil eye, 40; and Father Christmas, 133,155–56,180; as holy, 85; with parents, 220, 222, 224–29, 231; with parents absent, 191–92, 205, 201–208, 213, 215–16, 218–19; as pilgrims, 84, 91; as seers, 119–20, 126,144, 162
Christ: apparitions, 8–9, 11; devotional shift to, 71; image less dressed, 257n54; image and pilgrims, 38–39, 245n60, 246n69; image punished, 18,71; meets Mary, 16; Montmartre, 118, 170,173; prayers to, 190–91; Sacred Heart, 118,153,170–73; WWI, 170–73,184–85. See also Christ, specific images;
Christ, visions; emotions; images with blood, sweat or tears.
Christ, specific images: Agreda, 76; Alcaniz, 245n60; Alcobendas (de la Columna), 66–71; Alcolea de Cinca, 246n69; Barbastro (de los Milagros), 246n69; Beirut, 249nl 1; Berbinzana, 260n81; Burgos, 21, 48, 51, 78, 79, 249nl 1; Cabra del Santo Cristo, 21, 54, 79, 255n39; Calatorao, 246n69; El Bonillo, 61–64; Galtelli, 252n25; Gelsa, 246n69; Henarejos (de la Salud), 240n33; Igualada, 52–53; Ixmiquilpan, 252n25; Limpias, 81–83, 83; Linares (Cabra), 255n39; Madrid (Injurias), 71; Mañeru, 261n81; of Martínez, 74–75; Medina de Rioseco (de Castilviejo), 54–58; Miguelturra, 78; Mirebeau-en-Poitou (Sacred Heart), 85–86, 86, 264nl9; Monlora (de la Columna), 81, 260n79; Oran, 258n58; Piedramillera, 261n81; Piera 26–29, 27,28; San Carlos del Valle, 246n68; Sant Quirze de Besora, 261n82; Sisante, 45, 237n8; Tembleque, 246n68; Vic hospital, 60–61; Villalba del Rey, 246n68
Christ, visions: Burguillos 1935, 32; El Bonillo 1638, 62; Emmaus, 38; Paray-le-Monial 1673–1674,118, 151. See also Casas de Benitez
Christmas, 37, 23, 133,152,154–56, 164,180–81
Ciudad Real, Siracusa shrine, 87–88, 88
Civil War, Spanish, 12, 26, 33, 47, 78, 232–33
Civil War, US, missing and dead, 265n34
Civitavecchia (Italy), blood on Marian image, 93, 95
Claret, Antonio Maria, 36–39
clergy: examine animations, 52–53, 54–57, 60, 62–64, 65, 67–70, 72; first mass, 153; killed, 47; as manipulators, 22–23, 49–50; and rain processions, 10, 21–22, 26, 21, 21, 29; promote animations, 85–88; skeptical of animations, 50–51, 74–77,81, 89,90, 92; wash beggars’ feet, 37; see also religious
Cocentaina (Alicante) 1520, 71, 82, 257n55
Cohen, Lynne, 263nl
Cold War, and animations, 88
collecting, 98–99
Compiegne (Oise), 131
composite photographs: absence and presence, 132; battles in sky, 162–63,161–69; Bernadette 1864, 133,144; commercial vs. private, 202; dreams, 133,140,141,195–91; family photographs, 202–203, 205–19, 231; ghosts, 132–33, 141; living and dead, 132–33,142–43,148; people like saints, 166, 202; postcards, 1896–920, 202,149–56; postcards of prayer, 145–46,190–91; postcards in WWI, 169,111–80,182–83, 188,190–201; prisoners of war, 202, 215–16, 218–19, 231; separated persons, 132, 205–19, 231; soldiers and families, 132,209–19, 231; Spiritualist, 132–33,143,148; stereo 1894, 146, 141; studio, France, 212, 213; studio, in WWI 212–19, 231; studio, Italy, 211; studio, Spain, 206–10; visions, 132–33, 141,181–88,198, 201
conflict, and image animation, 71–72
conversion, Siracusa, 86
Copts, and image animation, 93
coronation of images, 82, 239n29
Corporal Works of Mercy, 36, 31, 39, 36–39
cotton, relics of animated image, 81, 87–88, 88, 92, 95
Croatia, 169
Cubas (Madrid), 247n74
Cuenca: beggars feet washed 1928, 245n64; bishop, 66, 74, 245n64; coronation image, 239n29; newspapers, 6; synod, 66
Davis, Natalie, 1–2, 42–43
de Belluga, Luis Antonio, 258n59
de Huelves Crespo, Léon (poet), 235n3
de la Cruz, Deirdre, 264nl8
de Valera, Cipriano, 51
dead: and living, 97; in photographs, 142–43; visions of, 43
death, 62, 157 158 174,191
del Castillo, Elena (Burguillos), 33
del Castillo, Fausto (Burguillos), 31, 31–34, 40–41
del Val, Toribia (“la Vaquera”), 6–11, 30, 39–10, 98, 247n73
Delcampe.com, 100
devil, 159, 162
devotions, 46–48; 21, 48, 51, 78, 79, 80, 249n11
Diana, 43
Díaz, Anton (El Bonillo), 61, 62–63
Dijon, 111
diocesan investigations, 53, 54, 54–57, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 72, 82, 86–87,89, 250n21, 254n31, 255n39, 255n41, 256n47, 258n59
discernment of liquids, 62–63, 65, 68
doctors, as evaluators, 52, 54, 87, 90, 91, 95, 254n36
Dominicans, 65, 70, 76–77
Domrémy (Vosges), 105,128–31
dreams, commercial images, 133,140,141,194191
drought: Ajofrín 242n46; Alcobendas 1646, 66; Alcudia 1507, 54; Andalusia el728, 29–30; animation context, 49; Badajoz, 16–17; Cabra del Santo Cristo 1698, 21, 54; Casas de Benítez 1931, 7–9; Medina de Rioseco 1602, 54; Piera, 26–29; procedures, 18–21; visión during, 242n46; vows, 19; vs. epidemic, 25–26; see also processions for rain
Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume, 103
Dufour, Paul (Tarbes), 133
Eastern Europe, state socialism, 233
Ecija (Sevilla), 247n74
El Bonillo (Albacete) 1640, 61–64, 77, 77–78
El Milacre (Riner, Lleida), 116, 247n74
Emmaus, 38
emotions, of animated Christ images: afflicted (afligido) 252n24, 252n25; agony (agonia), 53, 82, 83, 249nl6; angry (enojado, ayrado) 66, 252n25, 256n46; anguish, anguished (congoja, congoxado) 67, 252n24, 65 256n42; favorable (favorable) 252n25; happy (alegre) 252n25; sad (triste) 65, 252n25, 255n42; tired (cansado, fatigado) 65, 254n34, 256n42; travail (treball) 53, 250nl6; upset (desfigurado, demudado), 55, 250n21, 252n24
emotions, of observers of animated images: devotion (devoción), 68,257n50; as discernment, 62–63; fear, awe (temor, terror), 52, 64, 68, 252n25, 255n38, 257n50; joy (contento), 68,257n50; mercy (misericordia), begging for, 52, 65, 68; reverence (reverencia), 68, 255n38, 257n50; shock (espanto), 251n24; solace in heart, consolation (consuelo) and comfort 62, 63; tenderness (ternura), 59, 68, 257n50; wonder (admiración), 57,68, 76, 252n24, 252n25, 257n50 end times, and image animation, 94
England, 49–51
Entrecruces (A Coruña) 1954, 88–89
Entrevaux (Alpes-de Hte-Provence) 1953–1961, 89–93, 90–91, 96
epidemics: animation context, 49; Ayora, 25, 25; Jafre 1460, 25, 242n45; Oran 1677, 258n58; Osa de la Vega 1914, 77; Vic, 61; and visions, 23–24
Escalona (Segovia) 1490, 249nl2
Escalonilla (Huesca), 245n60
Estampa (Madrid), 31, 31, 33
Ethiopia, 59
evil eye, 13, 40
exvotos, 1, 69,116
eyes: sweat placed in, 62, 65, 68; upturned in vision, 102,101–13
Ezquioga (Gipuzkoa), apparitions 1931–1934: 104,124–25; and Casas de Benítez, 6, 14, 23; and Mirebeau-en-Poitou, 86; photos of seers, 31, 102,109–10, 262nl00
fairy tales, 40
Fañanás (Huesca), 241n40
farm laborers, 11, 12, 34,168, 257n51
farmers, and WWI, 168,114,188
Fatima, 23, 31 121
Fedele, Anna, 235nl
Feijóo, Benito Jerónimo, 76
Ferchaud, Claire (Loublande), 164
Fernández de Madrigal, Alonso, 50–51
Ferrer, Francisco, 161
film: 23, 91–92, 94, 99, 105,261n90
fingernails, of images, 51
flagellants, 21, 52–53, 65, 68–69, 73, 259n63
flowers, as animation relics, 69, 81,87
food and drink: alcohol, 141; bread, 14, 26–27, 40, 40; broad beans (habas), 6, 11, 34; codfish, 12; for strangers, 26–27, 29, 31–32 34, 40–11; water, 29, 31, 32 36, 36–37; see also caridades
Foulds, Mrs. R., 143
Foz (Mondoñedo, Lugo) 1954–1955, 89
France: allegories in postcards, 151–60, 164,114–18; animated images, 85–86, 85, 86; daughter of the Church, 170; family photos, 190,192,194–98, 200, 202, 213–14,216, 220, 223–28, 230–31; God protects, 151–59,171–73; heroes in sky, 118–19; and Jeanne d’Arc WWI, 171–72,179,188–89; postcards, 163–64, 263n6; visions, 157
France–Dimancbe (Paris), 91,92, 93, 92–93
Francis, St. painting with blood 72, 72–73
Franciscans, 20, 61–62, 72, 87
fraud: Agreda 1665, 76; confession of, 92, 93, 92–93; Gandía
1918, 84; inquests rule out, 53; Martinez, 73–75; possibility
dismissed, 70; Salvadé, 89–93; serves enemies of the faith,
53; by shrine keepers, 72, 73; textile town, 261n82; and
trembling, 50, 74; warning against, 72
Freedberg, David, 48
Freemasons, 86, 134,157,159
Fresno, Diocese, 5
Gainer, Matt, 5
Galicia, 43
Gallur (Zaragoza), 242n41
Galtelli (Sardinia) 1612,2 52n2 5
Gandhi, Mohandas, 91
Gandía (Valencia) 1918, 84
García Rodero, Cristina, 17, 239n30
García Rubio, Ana, beata (Honrubia), 255n41
Garlaschelli, Luigi, 262nl01
Garmendia, José (Legazpia), 109
Gell, Alfred, 48
Gelsa (Zaragoza), 246n69
gender, and human liquids, 95; of witnesses, 54,63, 70–71
Germany: 9, 163–64, 262n6; illustrated postcards, 263n6; image
animation, 248n5; photos 227, 221–22, 226, 231; postcards
136,140–41,145,149,152,169,183,193,199, 201
ghosts, 43, 133,141
Goa, 58, 252n25
God, proofs of existence, 22, 237n7–8
Golden Legend, 38
Gonne, Maud, 162, 264nl9
grace, alertness to new, 46, 47, 96
Granada, Sacromonte, 249n12
grottos, 23, 93,127
Guadalupe (Cáceres), 34, 48
Guadamur (Toledo), 235n2, 241n38
Gyor (Hungary), 58,252n25
Habsburgs, and Limpias, 83
hail, 9, 12, 18, 22–23, 41, 65, 238nl8
hair, on images grows, 51
handkerchiefs, with sweat as relics, 68
Hecho (Huesca), 241n36
Hellín (Albacete), visions in jail, 78
Henarejos (Cuenca), 18
herders, 28, 34,117,119, 242n43, 242n46
hermits, pilgrims as, 244n59
holy cards, and visions, 23,117
Holy Week: images Alcobendas, 66; Burguillos, 31; Casas de
Benítez, 16; Igualada, 51–53; Jerusalem as model, 79; Osa de
la Vega, 64–65
Hondón (Alicante), 246n69
honey, as blood, 49. 50, as tears, 50
Honrubia (Cuenca) c. 1630, 255n41
hosts, bleeding, 50
Hungary: animation Győr 1697, 58; devotion to Limpias, 83;
emigrant to South America, 203; folklore, 40,247n72;
pilgrim saint, 244n59; postcards, 191,199
Huss, Monique, 165
iconoclasm, 37; 232–33
idolatry, 50
Ignatius Loyola, St., 58–60; 59
Igualada (Barcelona) 1590, 51–53
images animated: devotion grows, 56,77, 81,81; draw alms,
55–56; pedigrees, 58–62, 76, 79–80, 257n55; private, 80, 93;
speak, 71, 80; specialness, 58, 77; wood to flesh, 252n25; see
also emotions
image animation: arguments against, 55, 72–73; color changes,
65; and conflict, 71–72, 77; and conversions, 59; as fraud,
49–50; fraud confessed, 73–75, 92, 93,92–93; history, 48–49;
as kinetic energy, 60; geography of, 248n5,248n7; judicial
confirmation, 51, 53, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 249nl2, 250nl4; and
local pride, 55–56, 78–79; in Orthodox and Coptic homes,
93; in processions for rain, 21, 54, 66–61; skepticism, 32,
50–51, 59, 75–76, 84, 86, 103, 261n82, 262n91, 263n02,
262nl01; and wage disputes, 261n82
images: abandoned, 27; bathed for rain, 18; beauty and awe, 64;
color changes, 53; emotions of, 65, 67, 69; iconoclasm, 47;
immanence of, 48; in pageants and rituals, 49; as people,
249n8; left by pilgrims, 245n60; pilgrims make or fix, 246n69;
potential energy of, 60; rescue captives, 50; specialness in, 48;
stars around, 64; veiled, 60,63; willed, 80
images that move, by place: Berbinzana Christ 1920, 261n81;
Ireland Lourdes grottos 1985–86, 93; Italy, 58; Limpias
Christ 1919 on, 81–83, 82–83; Madrid Christ 1631, 71;
Maneru Christ 1920, 261n81; Mexico, 58; Papal States 1795–
96,77; Piedramillera Christ 1920, 261n81; Sant Quirze de
Besora, 261n82
images with blood, sweat or tears, by place: Ágreda crucifix
1665, 76; Alcobendas Christ 1646, 66–71; Ávila San Segundo
1594, 259n64; Baños de la Encina Veronica 1641, 255n39;
Bordeaux Mary 1907, 1911–1913, 85, 85; Cabra del Santo
Cristo 1698, 20,21; Christ of Burgos, 78; Cocentaina Mary
painting 1520, 71, 82, 257n55; El Bonillo crucifix 1640,
62–64; Entrecruces Miraculous Mary 1954, 88–89; Entrevaux
St. Anne 1953, 89, 89–93; Foz Immaculate Heart 1954–1955,
89; Galtelli crucifix 1612, 252n25; Gandía crucifix 1918,
84; Igualada crucifix 1590, 52–53; Ixmiquilpan crucifix
1621, 252n25; LaGuardiaMary 1755, 76–77; LimaVirgen
Copacabana, 252n25; Limpias Christ, 1919, 82; Linares
Cristo de Cabra 1641, 255n39; Martinez crucifix c1728, 30,
74–75; Medina de Rioseco crucifix 1602, 55; Miguelturra
crucfix 1768, 78; Mirebeau Sacred Heart 1911–1921, 85–86,
86; Monlora Christ 1630, 81; Munebrega Loyola 1623,
58–59; Murcia Sorrowing Mary 1706, 258n59; Or an images
1675, 72; Osa de la Vega Veronica 1644, 64–65; Parma
Christ 1646, 66; Siracusa Immaculate Heart, 86–88, 86–88;
Templemore statues 1921, 84, 84; Tobed Mary Veronica,
257n55; Traid St. Francis 1710 72, 72–73; Vic crucifix, 1633,
60–61Villalba de la Sierra Mary Mt. Carmel 1959, 89, 89
Inquisition, 14–15, 28, 49, 75, 254n35
Ireland, 58, 84, 84, 91, 93,147; see also Yeats
Isidro Labrador, San, 7, 9, 11–12, 15–16
Italy, 58, 66, 93, 202, 211; see also Siracusa
Ixmiquilpan (Mexico), 252n25
Jaén, 245n64, 255n39, 255n41
Jafre (Girona), 25, 43, 242n45
jail, for fraud, 93; for defending image, 77, 78
James, William, 1
Jannuso, Antonina and Angelo (Siracusa), 86, 86
Japan, 59, 41–42
Jeanne d’Arc: in Alzonne visions, 162–63; visions depicted, 105,
128–31; and WWI, 164–65,171 173,188–89, 264nl3
Jerusalem, 46, 79
Jesuits: letters, 66; and Munebrega, 58–60; evaluate testimony,
70; martyrs, 59; missions and activations, 255n39; protests at
expulsion 1768, 77
Joffre, Joseph, 164; 179
Jones, Nathaniel, 263n2
Joseph, St., 16–17, 258n58
journalists, and animations, 91–92, 91–93, 94
Kasl, Rond a, 4, 248nl
Kron, Joan, 98
Kumbakorum (India), 127
La Almunia de Doña Godina (Zaragoza), 244n59
La Guardia (Jaén) 1755, 76
La Roda (Albacete), 45
La Salette, 15, 104, 133,157
land agitation, 1931, 12
lantern slides, 104, 133
Le Pèlerin (Paris), 162, 164–65
letters, visible in images, 136,139,193,199, 209–10, 215
Lillafüred (Hungary), 83
Lima (Peru), 252n25
Limpias (Cantabria) 1919, 81–83, 82–83
Liñana (Ayora visionary), 24–25, 25
Linares (Jaén) 1641, 255n39
liquid on images, 95; see also blood, sweat, tears
literacy, 8
Livorno, earthquake 1646, 66
Llamas García, Marisol (Casas de Benítez), 8–9,10,43,44,
236n6, 237n7–8, 237nl6, 239n23
Lleida, 246n69
Lleopart, María, 26–27, 28, 41
Llers (Girona) 1640, 258n57
Lopez Portana, Vicente, 25, 30, 61, 64
Loreto, Our Lady of, 244n59
Loublande (Deux Sèvres), 164
Louis, St., and France in WWI, 173
Lourdes: animate images in Ireland 1985–86, 9, 93; apparitions,
119, 133; composite images, 133,144; depictions 119,126–
27; dream WWI 185; and France, 157; grottos worldwide, 9,
93, 105,127; India, 127; reenactment, 126; sets pattern, 23,
31; tears on image Bordeaux 1907, 85; and WWI, 164
Lucena (Córdoba), 246n69
Lucy, St., 29
Luers, Helmfried, 263nl
Lugg, Andrew, 263nl
Luke, St., 39, 257n55
Lynchburg (Virginia), 100
Madrid: 9, 10, 12, 15–16, 69, 71, 237nlO
magic, image animation as, 261n86
Mallorca, 51
Mañeru (Navarra), Christ 1920, 261n81
Mantero, Piero (Udine), 262n98
María de Ágreda, crucifix, 76
María de la Cabeza, Santa, 7, 9, 15
Marianne, 134, 164
Maroto, Marilina (Casas de Benítez), 43, 44
Martin I of Aragón, 257n55
Martínez, Diego Ramón (Casas de Benítez), 43, 44
Martínez, Francisco, purported visionary, 28–30, 41,43, 73–75,102
Martínez, Pascual (Madrid and Casas de Benítez), 3, 10, 14, 40,
237nll, 237nl5, 238nl6, 238n21, 247n73
martyrs, 59
Mary the Egyptian, St., 108
Mary: images made by pilgrims, 246n69; images more clothed,
2 57n54; and male saints, 16–17; in rain processions, 21;
punishes in visions, 247n74; and WWI, 162, 164,167,173,
185–87
Mary, apparitions and visions: 5; Alzonne 162; Beauraing,
119–20; California City, 5; Fatima, 23, 31 121; Guadalajara,
235n2; Guadamur, 235n2; Jafre, Fuensanta, 25,242n45;
Medjugorje, 93; Mendigorría, 239n22; Ireland, 93; Palma
de Mallorca, 77; La Salette, 15, 104; Medjugorje, 93;
Montserrat, 48,122–23; Orgiva 1931, 235n2; Pius XII,
121; Riel ves 1931, 235n2; Saint Bernard, 115; Santa Gadea
del Cid 1399, 247n74; Sigüenza 1931, 235n2; Torralba de
Aragón 1931, 239n22; WWI, 164,186–87; see also Ezquioga,
Lourdes, Rosary
Mary, specific images by place: Agres, 117; Alcanar, Remei, 116;
Alcobendas, Peace 66–67, 69; Alcobendas, Soledad, 66; Ariño,
Arcos, 241n36; Belchite, Pueyo, 241n36; Belsue, Linares,
241n40; El Casar de Talavera, Alcoba, 241n36; Fañanás,
Bureta, 241n40; Guadalupe, 34, 48; Hecho, Escabués,
241n36; La Roda, Fuensanta, 45; Montserrat, 48, 104,122–
23; Riner, Milacre, 116; Uncastillo, Banales, 241n36; see also
images with blood, sweat or tears, by place
Masnou (Barcelona), 153
matins, Osa de la Vega, 65
medals, for El Bonillo women, 77, 77–78
Medina de Rioseco (Valladolid), 54–58, 250n21
Medjugorje, 93
Mendigorría (Navarra) 1931,23 9n22
Mendívil, Marcelina, (Ezquioga), 110
Menénd ez, Josefa, 107
Mesmin, Marie (Bordeaux) 1907–1913, 85, 85
Mexico, 39, 58
Michael, St. in Alzonne visions, 162,172–73
Miguelturra (Ciudad Real), 1768, 78, 260n73
Minims, evaluate testimony, 70
miracles: Alcobendas, 69, 259n73; boards proclaiming, 57, 81, 81,
257n55; challenged, 59; debunked, 49–51; during sermons,
58; El Bonillo, 64; Entrevaux, 91; Eucharistic, 248n5;
exvotos, 1, 69,116; failed, 73–77; gluts, 73; and gullibility,
235n3; in rain processions, 19–20, 241n36; and images,
248n3; Munébrega, 58–59; need for, 56; notaries take down,
28; Osa de la Vega, 65; permission to paint, 64; predicted
by stranger, 30; Quero 1931, 12; Sacedón, 256n41; sign of
special image, 48; stricter procedures, 75; and visions, 15; see
also image animation, blood, sweat, tears
Mirebeau-en-Poitou (Vienne) 1911–1921, 85–86, 86, 264nl9
missions: foreign 59, 82,119,127; parish, 82, 241 n38
Molina de Aragón (Guadalajara), 29, 72, 258n60
Monlora (Zaragoza) Christ of the Column 1720, 81, 260n79
Montesquiu (Barcelona), 261n82
Montmartre, 118,170,173
Montserrat, 48,122–23
Moriscos, and image animation, 71
Mourelo, Suso, 4, 248nl
Munébrega (Zaragoza), 58–59
Muñoz, Miguel, 9, 43, 44
Murcia, tears on Sorrowing Mary 1706, 258n59
Napoleon, 77,179
Navarra, moving crucifixes 1920, 84
Neo–Jansenism, 73
Netherlands, 51, 63, 202, 264n22
newspapers, online searches, 6, 236n5
Nicodemus, 39
Nocito (Huesca), 239n31
non-events, 5–6,14, 44
notaries, 28, 51, 52, 68, 250nl3, 258n57
Novéant-sur-Moselle (Moselle), visions 1920, 265n30
Noyes, Dorothy, 240n32
Nuévalos (Zaragoza) 1525, 258n55
nuns, 76, 80,107,118,127
odors, 62–63, 254n36
Olds, Katrina, 255n39
Olot (Girona), 258n57
omens, 58, 65, 66
Oran, image activations 1675 and 1677, 72
Osa de la Vega (Cuenca) 1644, 64–66, 77, 257n51
painters, as evaluators, 52, 54,72
paintings, of image animation, 21, 61, 64, 78, 81, 82
Palencia, 54–55, 25ln21
Palma de Mallorca, Mary 1768, 77
Pamplona (Navarra), 121, 246n69
Papal States, statues move 1795–1796, 77
Paray-le-Monial, visions 1673–1674,118, 133,157
Paris, 91–92,160, 263n6
Parma, Christ weeps blood 1646, 66
peasants, alleged mental inferiority, 6–7, 23, 235n3
Pedrosa, José Manuel, 247n72, 248n74
Pellitero, Gabriel (Medina de Rioseco), 57
penance: flagellation, 21, 52–53, 65,68–69, 73, 259n63; of
pilgrims, 244n59; public, 256n44; for rain, 18–19, 21, 68–69;
result of animations, 56
pharmaceuticals, and religious orders, 78
pharmacists, as evaluators, 95; test blood, 90–91, 91
photographs, abundance, 99; accessibility, 202; and death, 203;
democratization of image, 233; and image animation, 86,
87–88, 81, 94, 94, 99; vs. postcards, 203; and self-awareness,
99–100; of soldiers and families, 203, 209–31; treasured icons,
202–203, 233; visible in postcards or photographs, 83, 81, 94,
193–94,199, 214, 218–19, 231;and visions, 5, 97, 101–103;
websites, 100–101; see also composite images photomontage, see composite images
Piedramillera (Navarra), Christ 1920, 261n81
pilgrims: animations attract, 55–56, 65, 69; as hermits, 244n59;
held holy, 35–39, 244n59, 245n61; outfits, 30, 31, 35, 35;
leave relics, 245n60; spread vision stories, 23; to Entrevaux,
90–91; to Limpias, 82–83, 83; to Santiago, 35, 35, 244n58;
247n69; to Templemore, 84; man in Almería 1947, 244n58;
man in Tarragona 1947, 244n58; woman in Tortosa 1888,
244n59
pilgrims, apparitions of: Burguillos, 31–34; Piera (Barcelona),
26–29, 27, 28, 29, 43, 233; as angels or Christ, 36–39; leave
paintings and images, 38–39, 59–60, 246n69; as strangers,
34–35, 37
Pilgrim's Prayer, 37
Pius XII, vision, 121
Pócs, Eva, 247n72
pope, and France, 134,159; vision, 121
Portugal, 61, 71, 141
postcards, commercial: abundance 1895–1920, 99–101, 263n6;
of animated images, 82–83, 85, 89–90, 91; in Church-State
struggle, 133, 157–60; composite images, 122–25, 132–33,
136–50, 163–66, 168–69, 177–19, 182, 190–201; depict
people with photographs, 165, 192–93, 199; hold-to-light,
104, 122–25; models for visions, 162; sale, 197; sent to and
from soldiers, 142, 146, 165, 168, 175, 178, 182–83, 185–86,
188, 190–91, 193–94, 196–98, 200; spread vision models, 23;
of visions, 104–05, 111, 114–15, 118–20, 122–26, 128–31,
132–33, 138, 144, 147, 149, 168–69, 171–19, 186–88, 198,
201; as votive images, 166; websites, 100–101
Pozoamargo (Cuenca), 7, 9, 10
Prat, Joan, 244n58
prayers, 29, 145–46, 169, 173,190–91
presence and absence: commercial postcards, 135–42; prewar
photos, 203, 205–11; spirit photography, 143,148; WWI
photos, 213–31
prisoners of war, 202, 215–16, 218–19, 231
processions for rain: continuities, 2; and emotions, 19;
and failure, 18–19, 240n33–34; images meet in, 17,17;
innovations, 15–16; miracles in, 19–20, 241n36; music,
10,21; occasions for fights, 67; preaching, 21, 240n34;
procedures, 18–19; ridicule, 18; as social control, 22–23; and
visions 26; vows, 241n35
procession for rain by town: Ajofrín 16th century, 242n46;
Alcobendas 1646, 66–67; Borox, 238n20; Cabra del Santo
Cristo 1698, 21, 54; Casas de Benítez 1931, 7, 8–10;
Henarejos, 18; Piera, 26–29, 27, 29; Quero Toledo 1931, 12,
Tirteafuera 17, 17; Toledo, 241n39; Vic, 61
processions out of town, 17, 18–19, 21, 25, 27–28, 29
Protestants, 20, 51, 53, 79, 86
Puig i Ferreter, Joan, 240n32
punishment: animation omen of, 252n25; by divinities, 247n74;
of doubter, 59; drought as, 22; hail as, 12, 22, 41; of image,
18,71, 2 40n3 3; by mysterious stranger, 3 2, 40–42
purgatory, 43
Quero (Toledo), 12, 19
rain, see processions for rain
Reinosa (Cantabria) rain processions, 241n39
relaciones topográficas, 241n35, 246n68
relics: blood of animated images, 86, 92, 92; divine sweat as, 68;
of Martinez’s clothes, 75; pilgrims leave, 245n60; of Siracusa
tears, 87, 88, 87–88; sources of grace, 46; specialness, 48;
stained altar cloths as, 57, 57, 65; stones where image found,
75
religion, continuity in, 1–2, 232
religious: debunk animation, 76,262n91; evaluate animation,
52–53, 61, 62, 65, 70, 72,76; promote animation, 76, 78, 82,
87,248n7, 255n40; see also individual orders, clergy
República (Cuenca), 6, 18
ribbons (mides), 69
Riudarenes (Girona), 257n57
rivers, images meet in, 17; bathing of images, 18
Roch, St., 35
Roma, 34, 40
Rome, 46, 61–62
Roncesvalles (Navarra) 35
rosaries, 29, 68, 75
Rosary, Our Lady of, 52, 76–77, 258n58
Sacedón (Guadalajara) 1689, 256n41
Sacred Heart of Jesus: in Alzonne visions, 162; blesses France,
157,170,173; Mirebeau-en-Poitou (Vienne) 1911–1921,
85–86, 86, 264nl9
Sagristá, F., 161
Saint Michael, and France, 157
saints: and animated images, 76, 246n69, 259n64; living, 46; male
and female, 15–17; people acting as, 249n8; having visions,
107–108, 114–13, 118, 128–31; in visions, 129–31, 157, 152,
162, 164,171–73, 179, 188; see also individual saints
Salvadé, Jean (Entrevaux), 89–93, 102
San Carlos del Valle (Ciudad Real), 246n68
Sant Quirze de Besora (Barcelona), 261n82
Santa Compana, 43
Santiago de Compostela, 34, 35, 33, 244n58, 247n69
Sebastian, St., 246n69
seers: faces depicted, 102–103; with seen in art, 114–21; without
seen, 107–13; themselves spectacles, 103
Segundo, San (Ávila), 259n64
Serbia, 229
sermons, 56, 58, 81, 82; see also missions
Sertillanges, Antonin–Gilbert, 172
Seville, 19, 259n63
shrines: animations lead to, 51, 55–56, 64, 69–70, 71, 86–87;
caridades at, 40; continuity of, 2; desecration, 47; and rain
processions, 16–20, 241n36; and constellation of grace, 45–
48; to pilgrims, 36, 244n59; and vows, 244n58; see also Christ,
Mary, saints, pilgrims, and individual shrines
Sicart, Joaquin (Ezquioga), 86
Siracusa, 1953, 86–89, 86–89
Sisante (Cuenca), 45, 237n8
Socialism: Casas de Benítez, 13; and Limpias, 81; press, 22–23
sociocentrism, 78–79
soldiers: with families, WWI, 220–31; postcards to and from,
142,146, 165,168,175,178,182–83,185–86,188,190–91,
193–94,196–98, 200; see also prisoners of war
Soltau (Hannover), 231
Spain: animated images in, 45–84,88–89; mysterious strangers
in, 5–44; photos 109–110,112,153, 205–210; Civil War 12,
26, 33, 47, 78, 232–233; postcards 101, seers and visions 107,
109–110,116–117,122–125
specialness, 48, 58, 60, 62, 98
speech, by images, 71,80, 86
spirits, in photographs, 132–33
Spiritualism, 132–33,143,148, 162–63
springs, healing, 2, 25, 242n45
Staehlin, Carlos María, 262n91
Stations of the Cross, 79
Stead, W. T., 148
Stoichita, Victor, 103
stories, 43–14, 232–33
strangers, mysterious: in catechisms, 36–39; in folklore 40–42;
and food, 7; leave images, 39, 246n68; occasional, 98; and
punishments, 40–43; in Spanish countryside, 34–35; topos,
34–43; see also pilgrims, angels
strangers, mysterious, by place: Ajofrín, 242n46; Ayora, 25, 25;
Burguillos 1935, 31–34; Casas de Benítez 1931, 6–11;Jafre
1460, 25; Munebrega 1623, 59–60; Piera, 26–28, 28; Villa de
San Esteban c.1728, 29–30, 73–74
sun, 15,121
sweat on images: as divine displeasure, 63; history, 48; natural
causes, 70; nature of, 56–59,62–63, 253n26; in processions, 20;
as relic, 68. See also images with blood, sweat or tears, by place
Tarancón (Cuenca), 45, 238n 19
Taravilla (Guadalajara), 28, 74–75
Tarazona (Zaragoza), 241n37
Tarbes, 132,144
Tarragona, pilgrim 1947, 244n58
taste, discernment of liquids, 62, 65, 87, 96
Taves, Ann, 248n2
tears of people, 68, 70, 252n25, 256n44
tears on images: 48–50, 89. See also images with blood, sweat or tears, by place
telegraph, 135
telephone, 138
television, 88
Tembleque (Toledo), 246n68
Templemore (Co. Tipperary), Ireland 1921, 84, 84
Thérèse of Lisieux, and WWI, 164, 265n28
Tirteafuera (Ciudad Real), 17
Tobed (Zaragoza), 257n55
TodoColeccion.com, 4, 101
Toledo, 63, 241n39
Toribia, see del Val, Toribia
Torralba de Aragón (Huesca) 1931, 239n22
Torrente de Cinca (Huesca), 241n36; 1703 241n40
Tortosa (Tarragona), 244n59
Traíd (Guadalajara) 1710, 72–75
transhumancy, 73–74
trees: holy, 2; visions on, 117,119–21,131, 162,167
trembling, during fraud, 50, 74
Trent, Council of, 51, 249nl2
Trexler, Richard, 257n54
tricksters, 42
Trinitarians, 255n40
Uncastillo (Zarago za), 241 n36
Urbez, San(Nocito), 239n31
Urda (Toledo), missions 1921, 241 n38
Vachère de Grateloup, abbé, 85–86, 261n86, 264nl9
Valencia, 246n69
Valtablado del Río (Guadalajara), 239n31
Vara del Rey (Cuenca), 2 38n21
veils, on images, 63
Vera Cruz, brotherhood, 64–65
Veronicas: Alicante, 255n41; Banos de la Encina 1641, 255n39;
Honrubia, 255n41 ; Jaén, 255n41 ; Osa de la Vega, 64–66;
Sacedón, 255n41; Tobed, 257n55, and St. Luke, 257n55
Vic (Barcelona) 1633, 53, 60–61
video, evidence of image animation, 94
Vienna, and postcards, 100
Villalba de la Sierra (Cuenca) 1959, 89, 89
Villalba del Rey (Cuenca), 246n68
Villalgordo del Júcar (Cuenca), 238n21
Villamayor de Calatrava (Ciudad Real), 17
Villarejo de Fuentes (Cuenca), 256n42
Villarrubio de Santiago (Toledo), 235n3
Villaviciosa de Tajuña (Guadalajara), battle 1710, 258n60
vision depictions: art vs. photography, 103; in art, 25,28, 36–37,
103,108,114–25; Bernadette, 126–27; Jeanne d’Arc, 128–31;
media, 23; in photography, 103–106,107,109–10,126–31,
147,187–88,198, 201; poses, 102; in statues, 104
visions: allies in heaven, 170–73; Ayora, 25, 25; battles in sky,
163,167–69; Casas de Benítez 1931, 6–9; by children, 23–24;
by married women disregarded, 24; by San Bernardo, 115;
cultural persistence, 233; during epidemics, 23–25; in hold–
to–light postcards, 122–25; Inquisition discourages, 24; lead
to processions, 6–9, 23–24; Noveant 1920,187; Paray-le-
Monial 1673–1674,118; proofs, 30, 32, 34, 242n46; types of,
23–24; vs. apparitions, 45; in WWI, 163–64,167–73, 185–87;
see also apparitions
vows: in Ágreda 1665, 76; for caridades, 13; to Christ of Sisante,
237n8; in drought, 19, 241 n35; for pilgrimage, 244n58; for
processions, 22
War of 1870, 105
War of Spanish Succession, image activations, 72, 258n59
Wentila, St., 244n59
witnesses, ages 257n51; gender, 69, 70–71
women: as absent, 137, 140, 141, 195–96, 199–200, 205–206,
209–11, 217; as allegories, 134, 161; France as, 157–60,
174–78; and images, 70–71, 77, 77–78, 80; as spirits, 142–A3,
147–50, as visionaries, 5, 23–24, 107, 110, 118, 128–31; as
witnesses, 54, 69, 70–71
World Fairs, 263n6
World War I: absent soldiers, 132; allies in heaven 170–73; and
animated images, 86; battles in sky, 167–69; and postcards,
163–64, 167–89, 190–201, 263n6, 264n22; photos, 213–31;
visions, 164, 185–87
X–ray, of Entrevaux statue, 91, 262n93
Yeats, William Butler, 163, 264nl9
Zagreb, 169
Zamora, 246n69
Zaragoza, press, 22–23
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