The Roma: a Minority in Europe
| ,Index
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anti-Roma prejudice, xviii, 140, 141–2, 165–6. See also discrimination, persecution
anti-Semitism, 26, 47, 119, 120, 163
Antonescu, Ion, xi, xiv, xvi, 89–9 passim, 128
Armstrong, John, 118
army service, 18n, 95
Arrow Cross, ix, xvi, 70, 80, 87n
Aryanism. See racial theories Austria, xv, 37, 39, 55–64, 105, 106, 125
Balkan states, 58, 60, 104, 105, 108. See also under individual countries
Bartlett, Robert, 2
Belgium, 39, 47, 105, 106
Ben-Gurion, David, 120, 121
Bloch, Marc, 1
Bohemia, 2, 4, 39, 47, 105, 131
Bosnia, 109, 143
Britain. See United Kingdom
Browne, Thomas, 7
Bulgaria, 7, 47, 142, 173
Brătianu, Constantin I. C., 91, 98, 100n
Carlos II, king of Spain, 8,
Carlos III, king of Spain, 8, 11
Catholics, 3, 4, 26, 109
Christianity, 5, 7, 8, 9, 41, 46, 109, 110
ompensation, xv, 62, 63, 64, 76, 111, 129
concentration and death camps, xiii, xvi, 13, 34–47, 57–60, 66n, 67n, 69–87, 129, 130; Auschwitz-Birkenau, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49, 56, 58–60, 127
criminality, xiv, 10, 19–29, 36, 56, 63, 64, 89, 142
Czechoslovakia, 14, 141, 142, 155n, 158n, 159n, 166, 169
Czech Republic, xviii, 129, 135, 143–4, 145, 149, 150–4
Denmark, 4, 47,
deportations, 32–42 passim, 47, 49; from Austria, xv, 57–9, 63, from Germany, 114; from Hungary, xvi, 75, 76; from Romania, xvi, 89–102, 128; from Slovakia, 130. See also expulsions
Dekker, Thomas, 6, 9
discrimination, 1–18 passim, 118–19, 163; Nazi Era, 36, 56-7; post-WWII, xv, xviii, 63, 122, 138–50 passim, 164–72 passim. See also economic restrictions, education, persecution, religious conversion, religious minorities
economic restrictions, 4, 32, 165
education, 139, 144, 149, 164
Egypt, 10, 12
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 4, 11
England, 1–5 passim, 10–13 passim. See also United Kingdom
Estonia, 47
ethnicity. See Roma: identity, origins
eugenics, 19–29 passim, 56, 63
European and international organizations, xviii, 129, 135–40, 146, 147–50, 154, 155n, 156n, 157–8n, 171–4; NGOs, 136, 137, 140
Exner, Franz, 46–7
expulsions, 20, 71, 124
Felman, Shoshana, 85
genocide, xi–xi, xv, 18n, 27, 31, 48–50. See also Holocaust; Porrajimos; Soviet Union: prisoners of war
Final Solution (see Holocaust)
Finland, 105, 137
France, 1–5 passim, 12, 39, 47, 105, 109, 140, 153, 154
gadjo (pl. gadje), 10, 64, 105, 114, 115, 119, 125
Germany, xvii, 103–15; Middle Ages, 1, 2, 3–4, 105; pre-World War II, xiv; 20, 22; Nazi era, ix–x, xiv–xv, 13, 27, 31–50, 56, 57, 61, 76, 91 ; postwar, 14, 125, 128, 140, 153, 154
Gheorghe, Nicolae, 98, 157n
Greece, 47, 107
Gypsies. See Roma
Halbwachs, Maurice, 71
Hancock, Ian, 107, 123, 169
Helsinki Declaration (1992), 139
de Herra, Perez Christobal, 9
Heydrich, Reinhard, 35, 37, 39
Himmler, Heinrich, 13, 37, 38, 39, 45, 49, 56–61 passim, 67n
Hitler, Adolf, 33, 42, 44
Hobsbawm, Eric, 124
Holland. See Netherlands
Holocaust, 9, 31–4, 44–50, 55, 72, 120–2; commemoration of, xvii, 117–33, 135. See also Porrajimos
homosexuals, 9, 32, 130
human rights, xviii, 41, 135–54, 156nn, 157–9nn, 164–71 passim. See also European and international organizations
Hungary, xiii, 1, 7, 18n, 125, 126; Nazi era, ix, xv, xvi, 40, 47, 69–85; postwar, 14, 15, 137, 142, 145, 164–71, 173
India, 107, 108, 111, 118, 123, 124, 137. See also Roma: origins
Islam, 109, 123. See also Muslims; religion: conversion
International Commission of Historians on the Holocaust in Romania, 16, 128
Israel, xiii, 118, 120–2, 127
Italy, 4, 47
Jews. See antisemitism; religious conversion; religious minorities; Holocaust; Israel
Joseph II, Roman emperor, 11
Justin, Eva, 44
Katz, Katalin, 13, 126
Kawczynski, Rudko, 112
Kenrick, Donald, 77, 107
Klaus, Vaclav, 129
Kochanowski, Vania, 107
Komárom camp. See concentration and death camps
Kraepelin, Emil, 21
Latvia, 38, 47
legislation and legal status: Middle Ages, 8, 11, 25; Nazi era, 36, 45, 56, 63; post- WWII, 114, 140, 143–4, 146, 147–150, 157n
Lévai, Katalin, 172
Lewy, Guenter, 48
Liebich, Richard, 20
Lithuania, 39, 47
Lombroso, Cesare, 19–21, 23, 26
Lovara, xvii, 56, 106, 155n
Maria Theresa of Spain, 11
Mirga, Andrzej, 165
Mischlinge, 40, 41, 45–6, 49, 58, 60
Muslims, 3, 5, 7, 35, 109, 123. See also religion: conversion
nationalism, see Roma: identity
Netherlands, 3, 39, 47, 105, 106, 172
NGOs. See European and international organizations
Niculescu, Gheorghe, 98
Norway, 47
Nuremberg laws, 41, 45, 56
Nyilas (see Arrow Cross)
Okely, Judith, 124
Peli, Tamás, 141
persecution, xiv–xviii; pre-WWII, 12, 21–2, 28; Nazi era; xv, xvi, 31–53, 55–61, 69– 85, 89–90, 111, 114, 118–131; post-WWII, xv, xvi, 61–4
Poland: Nazi era, x, 31, 33, 37, 39, 47, 106, 112, 130; postwar, xviii, 136, 142–3, 144, 145, 153, 155n, 158n
political representation, 141, 158n, 164, 172
Porrajmos, ix–xi, 65n, 69–85, 123; commemoration of, xvii, 119, 125–131
Protestants, 3, 4. See also religion: minorities
Prussia, 2, 3, 4, 21,
Puxon, Grattan, 77, 165
racial theories, xiv, xvi, 12–13, 23–26, 31, 36–40, 44–7, 49, 56–7, 60–1, 66nn
Reinecke, Hermann, 35
religion. See Catholics, Christianity, Islam, Muslims, religious conversion, religious minorities
religious conversion, 3, 5, 41, 109
religious minorities, 2–5, 8, 48, 109
Reynolds, Brian, 10, 14
Ritter, Robert, 25–6, 27–8, 56, 60
Romania, 106, 110; Nazi era, ix, x, xv, xvi, 89–99, 128; postwar, 14, 128, 140, 142, 144, 157n, 170, 173
Roma: attempts to define, xiv, 5–15, 103–5, 124; groups, 56, 58, 64n, 105–6; identity, xiv, xvii–xviii, 6, 8, 14, 103–115, 118, 122–131, 140, 152, 163–74; language and dialects, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 69, 103-4, 107,-8, 113; nomadism, xiv, 12, 56, 89, 90, 97, 98, 124, 128, 172; occupations, 20, 94, 95–6, 100n, 104; organizations, 12, 98, 108, 110, 112–13, 155nn, 156n, 166–7, 169; origins, xiv, 5–11, 12, 18n, 20, 39, 45, 56, 103–4, 107, 123–4; population and dispersion, 56, 142, 152, 159n. See also Lovara; Sinti; Yenish
Rorty, Richard, 136
Rose, Vinzenz, 110
Rose, Romani, 112, 113
Rúdin, Ernst, 21
Serbia, 38, 39, 47. 48
Shimoni, Gideon, 117
Shoah (see Holocaust)
Sinti, xiv, xv, xvii, 13, 45, 53–64 passim, 105–15, 127, 139, 149
Slovakia: Nazi era, 47, 75, 77, postwar, xviii, 15, 127, 130, 136, 142–6 passim, 150–3, 155n, 158n, 165, 170, 173
Smith, Anthony, 117, 118
Soviet Union, 14; postwar, 138; prisoners of war, x, xv, 32, 34–35, 38, 40, 48; in World War II, x, 31, 33, 34, 37, 41, 44, 47, 100n
Spain, 1–9 passim
Strauss, Walter, 112
Stewart, Michael, 125–6
Thayer, Scott, 130
Transnistria, xvi, 89–99, 100nn, 101nn, 128
Turkey, 109, 149
Ukraine, 34
Ungrika-Rom. See Gypsies: groups
United Kingdom, 14, 104, 105, 111, 140, 153, 154
Vermeersch, Peter, 166
Verspaget, Geraldine, 171, 172
Viernstein, Theodor, 21, 22–3, 24–6
Webber, Eugene, 1
Weiss, Wilhelm, 112
Wiesel, Elie, 128
Willems, Wim, 124
World War II. See Holocaust, Porrajimos and under individual countries
Yad Vashem, xiii, 75, 121,
Yenish, 27, 104, 105, 106
Yugoslavia, 14, 106, 110, 137
Zionism, 41, 110, 111, 118, 119–22, 123
Zigeuner. See Roma
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