Which Socialism, Whose Détente?
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12th Congress PCI, 272(n), 280–281, 284, 286, 288, 291–292, 294, 315(n)
2000 Words Manifesto, 146, 160, 178, 181, 187(n)
20th Congress CPSU, 40(n), 110, 123(n)–125(n), 176, 178–180, 189(n), 193(n)–196(n),210, 224, 235(n), 240(n), 245, 252, 263, 266(n)–267(n), 269(n)–272(n), 280–281, 287–289, 316(n)
Acquaviva, Antoine, 150, 186(n)
Action Program, 136–137, 149, 151–152, 171, 207
Adenauer, Konrad, 53
Afghanistan, 37, 352
Africa, 53, 60, 62, 87, 120(n), 209, 329, 371
Albania, 84, 123(n), 209
Algerian war, 25, 29, 34, 73–75, 81(n)
Allargamento, 88, 108, 176, 212, 262, 265, 266(n), 282, 306, 369
Allende, Salvador, 328
Althusser, Louis, 112, 126(n), 188(n)
Amendola, Giorgio, 64, 69, 79(n), 104–105, 108, 124(n), 174, 179, 194(n)–195(n), 214, 224, 235(n)–236(n), 243–244, 266(n), 280, 286, 288, 293, 315(n), 317(n)
anarchism, 154–156
Andrieu, Rene, 165, 192(n), 221, 238(n)
anti-Americanism, 25, 43(n), 73, 96, 282, 307, 328, 338
anti-semitism, 152
Aragon, Louis, 119, 152, 158, 187(n), 189(n), 247, 267(n), 303, 319(n)
Asia, 60, 65, 87, 120(n), 371
Assistance Fund, 60, 78(n), 85, 97
Astrolabio, 215, 270(n)
Aveu, L’ 228, 303, 319(n), 356(n)
Beijing, 93, 113, 188(n)
Belgrade, 66, 87, 269(n)
Beria, Lavrentiy, 49
Berlinguer, Enrico, 3, 40(n), 43(n), 98, 121(n), 123(n), 179, 184(n), 185(n), 189(n), 194(n), 194(n), 195(n), 196(n), 200(n), 210, 224–225, 235(n)–238(n), 242–234, 252, 258, 263, 265(n)–272(n), 280(n)–284(n), 285–288, 292–293, 315(n)–317(n), 330–331, 343, 347–349, 352, 354(n)–355(n), 357(n), 359(n), 368, 377
Bertone, Franco, 167–168, 172, 192(n)–194(n)
Bilák, Vasil, 136, 145, 147–148, 199, 278, 314(n), 318(n)
Blackmer, D., 8, 39(n)–40(n), 42(n), 45(n), 48(n), 313(n)
Bolshevism, 17, 19, 22, 58, 71, 85, 268(n), 284–285, 305, 309, 349, 357(n)–358(n), 370
BP, 69, 76, 121(n)–123(n), 127(n), 150, 166, 186(n)–187(n), 191(n)–192(n), 217–219, 223, 237(n)–238(n), 240(n), 276(n)–268(n), 270(n)–272(n), 297, 301, 312, 318(n)–322(n), 356(n)–357(n)
Brandt, Willy, 95, 110, 140, 326
Brezhnev, Leonid, 14, 27, 41(n), 60, 84, 87, 93, 98, 100–111, 136, 145–147, 163–165, 178, 182, 183(n), 185(n), 190(n), 200, 202–203, 206–207, 217, 221, 233(n), 244, 256, 263, 268(n), 270(n), 272(n), 310, 312, 319(n), 338(n), 367, 370
Budapest, 40(n), 54, 78(n), 100, 139, 144, 166, 176–177, 184(n), 186(n)–187(n), 189(n), 192(n), 195(n), 243, 247, 255, 257–260, 267(n), 270(n)–272(n), 318(n)
Bufalini, Paolo, 245, 269(n), 288, 293, 316(n)
capitalism, 1, 14, 17, 19, 24, 6768, 76, 101, 104–105, 108, 113, 125(n), 129, 157, 172, 204, 221, 250, 282, 306–307, 334, 340, 349
Carrillo, Santiago, 209, 346, 349–351, 358(n)–359(n)
CC 69, 87, 90, 121(n), 125(n), 127(n), 146, 152, 159, 168, 175, 200, 207–208, 211, 213, 218, 225, 228–229, 240(n), 242, 245, 247, 262, 270(n), 288, 291, 293, 300–303, 305, 331, 334
Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 185(n), 254
censorship, 137, 141, 146, 163, 204–208, 276–277
Černík, Oldřich, 136, 138, 150, 198, 200, 205–207, 318(n)
CESPE, 108
CGIL, 68, 108, 124(n)–125(n), 173, 286, 290, 317(n)
CGT, 78(n), 156–158, 187(n)–189(n)
Charter, 77 233(n)–235(n), 351, 354(n), 357(n)
Che Guevara, 160, 173
China, 28, 84–87, 94, 97, 106, 120(n), 12(n), 143, 154–155, 159, 198, 209, 256–257, 270(n), 284, 287–289, 314(n), 325–326, 344, 371
CIR, 114
CISL, 173, 290
class, 9, 14, 23, 34, 52–53, 71, 73, 99, 150, 152, 159, 169, 201–202, 225, 283, 292, 311, 347–348, 356(n), 358(n)
CME, 113
CMEA, 16, 143, 255
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 154, 156, 158
Cold War, 2, 5–8, 10–11, 13, 16, 18, 20–21, 23–25, 27, 30–31, 36–37, 43(n), 45(n), 51, 59, 60–61, 73–74, 77(n), 81, 92, 93, 109, 123(n), 132, 174, 185(n), 211, 213, 215, 220, 224, 226, 230–232, 283, 307, 324–325, 329, 332, 335, 344, 362, 365–366, 370
Colombi, Arturo, 179, 196(n), 210–211, 213, 224, 239(n), 245, 266(n)–267(n), 269(n)–270(n)
Comecon, 16, 26, 139
Cominform, 15–16, 25, 41(n), 51(n), 57–58, 177, 202, 250, 255, 259
Comintern, 16, 41(n), 58–61, 77(n)–78(n), 177, 202, 255, 259, 319(n)
Communist party of Cyprus, 209
Communist Party of Luxemburg, 209
Communist Party of the United States, 259
Congress of the Union of Writers, 134–135
Courtois, S., 9, 12, 39(n)–40(n), 78(n), 126(n), 127(n)
Couve de Murville, Maurice, 100
CPCS, 26–27, 44(n), 60, 98, 116–117, 121(n), 126(n), 135, 139–141, 144–148, 150–152, 160–161, 163, 165–170, 172, 176–178, 180, 185(n)–186(n), 190(n)–192(n), 198–200, 204, 208, 210–211, 216, 220, 222, 233(n)–238(n), 270(n)–271(n), 276–278, 294–298, 301, 314(n), 318(n)–319(n), 352, 357(n)
CPE, 209, 341, 346, 358(n)
CPN, 41, 44(n), 120(n), 260
CPS, 135, 183(n), 185(n), 195(n), 269(n), 321(n)
CPSU, 15, 44(n), 49–50, 55, 57–59, 61, 64, 77(n), 86, 88, 111, 118, 122(n), 126(n), 158–159, 161–162, 166–167, 171, 187(n), 190(n)–191(n), 193(n), 195(n), 198, 202, 211(n), 212, 215, 234(n), 244, 247–248, 265(n), 267(n), 269(n), 272(n), 293, 306, 340, 347, 356(n)
Cuban Missile crisis, 37, 84, 92
Cultural Revolution, 84, 173, 288, 291
Czechoslovak Communist Party, 12, 26, 116, 133–134, 149, 162, 166, 170, 179, 191(n), 199, 210, 270(n), 356(n)
Czechoslovakia, 1–6, 10–15, 18–20, 25–31, 37–38, 40(n), 43(n)–44(n), 47, 50, 54–55, 58, 60, 77(n), 92, 99, 110, 116, 131, 133–135, 138–153, 158, 160–172, 175–182, 184(n)–187(n), 189(n)–193(n), 195(n)–196(n), 197–203, 205–211, 215–220, 222–226, 228–229, 231–232, 233(n), 235(n)–240(n), 242–249, 253–258, 263, 265, 266(n)–270(n), 273, 275–281, 283, 289, 291–296, 298–305, 308–310, 312, 314(n), 316(n)–320(n), 323–326, 329, 333–337, 342–343, 346, 351–352, 254(n)–356(n), 361–362, 365–370
Daix, Pierre, 152–153, 186(n)–189(n), 319(n)–321(n)
DC 24, 40(n), 102–105, 124(n), 194(n), 239(n), 330–332, 355(n)
de Felice, Franco, 21–22, 24, 40(n), 42(n)–43(n)
de Gaulle, Charles, 24, 29, 34, 73–74, 74, 76, 80(n)–81(n), 96, 99–111, 115–116, 123(n), 126(n), 130, 157–159, 189(n), 230, 268(n), 305, 309, 312, 335, 338, 371
decolonization, 21, 24, 74, 106
democratic centralism, 9, 14, 246
Démocratie nouvelle, 152, 301
Denis, Jacques, 122(n), 189(n), 267(n), 301, 318(n), 344, 345
de-Stalinization, 27, 49–51, 55–56, 62–65, 69–71, 76, 76(n), 118, 134, 148–149, 181, 285
dictatorship of proletariat, 14, 71, 209, 310–311, 336, 341, 350
Direzione, 64, 66, 68, 78(n), 123(n), 167, 171–172, 178–178–180, 190(n), 193(n)–196(n), 210, 214, 216, 224, 225, 227, 235(n), 242, 244, 252, 258, 262–263, 266(n), 269(n)–272(n), 277, 279, 287–288, 314(n), 317(n)
domestic strategy, 2, 11–12, 29, 34, 42(n), 48, 55–57, 64, 67, 71, 76, 89, 96, 104–105, 111, 113, 115–118, 120, 129, 159, 169, 175, 212–213, 217, 219–220, 229, 231–232, 246, 249–250, 273, 275, 280–282, 285–286, 289–291, 294, 299, 302, 304–306, 308–309, 313, 331, 336–337, 341, 344, 349–350, 352–353, 361, 369, 371–372
Dubček, Alexander, 136–138, 140–141, 143–147, 150–152, 159–165, 169–172, 176, 180, 182, 182(n), 184(n)–186(n), 190(n)–191(n), 193(n), 198–200, 204–205, 207–208, 216, 222, 224, 231, 233(n)–235(n), 246, 276–278, 295, 297–298, 314(n), 318(n)
Duclos, Jacques, 71, 112, 126(n), 151, 187(n)–188(n), 217–218, 227, 247–248, 300–301, 312
East Germany, 4, 32, 38, 53, 78(n), 91, 95–98, 100, 107, 110, 116, 118, 122(N), 142–145, 159, 168, 177, 180, 192(n), 198, 200, 209, 229, 241–243, 246, 248, 250, 255, 260–262, 264, 303, 316(n)–317(n), 326–327, 351, 371
Eastern Europe, 9, 26, 28, 39, 41(n)–42(n), 51, 65, 73, 77(n), 84, 99, 109, 117, 123(n), 144–145, 166, 175, 192(n), 210, 217, 233(n), 244, 262, 270(n), 280, 283, 326–328, 331, 337, 350–351, 353, 356(n), 359(n), 365, 366(n), 370
EEC 68, 90, 100, 108–109, 115, 123(n), 331, 338, 342, 345, 349, 356(n), 358(n), 371
Erhard, Ludwig, 95
Eurocommunism, 3, 8, 30–31, 39(n)–40(n), 449n), 77(n), 89, 91, 99, 120(n)–121(n), 235(n), 323–324, 332–333, 336, 339–343, 346–353, 354(n)–355(n), 357(n)–359(n), 361–363, 370, 372
fascism, 15, 21–23,61, 63, 68, 73–74, 102, 174, 202, 243, 310, 329, 330, 334
Ferrara, Maurizio, 210–211, 235(n)–236(n), 243, 265(n)
FGDS 114–116, 126(n), 155–158, 160, 188(n)–189(n), 230, 232, 240(n), 309
Fiat factory, 290
FLN 74–75, 125(n)
Frachon, Benoit, 72, 80(n), 151, 181, 187(n), 189(n), 217, 228, 300
France, 1–2, 4–5, 7–10, 12, 20–25, 33–38, 39(n)–40(n), 42(n)–45(n), 48, 56, 58, 60–62, 66, 72–76, 77(n)–78(n), 80(n)–81(n), 83, 85, 90, 96, 98–101, 111–112, 114–119, 120(n), 122(n)–123(n), 126(n)–127(n), 130, 140, 149, 151, 153–154, 156–163, 165, 167, 170, 173–174, 176, 178, 180–182, 186(n)–192(n), 195(n)–196(n), 198, 209, 218, 220–221, 224, 229–230, 232, 236(n), 238(n), 246–253, 259–261, 265(n), 268(n)–269(n), 271(n), 273, 296–299, 302–303, 306–310, 312–313, 317(n), 319(n)–322(n), 324, 326, 332, 335–341, 344, 347, 349, 353, 356(n)–358(n), 365, 370–371
Franco, Francisco, 346
French Left, 12, 21, 36, 40(n), 117, 126(n), 149, 153–154, 156, 159–160, 189(n)–190(n), 296, 298–299, 309, 312, 339, 371
French Revolution, 22
Galluzzi, Carlo, 110, 123(n), 124(n), 125(n), 178, 179, 180, 189(n), 193(n), 194(n), 195(n), 1969(n), 200(n), 210, 216, 235(n0, 240(n), 245, 252, 263, 266(n), 267(n), 269(n)–272(n), 280(n), 281, 287–289, 316(n)
Garaudy case, 11, 302, 319(n)
Garaudy, Roger, 11, 112, 126(n), 134, 151–152, 158, 217–218, 228, 237(n), 239(n)–240(n), 267(n), 301–303, 317(n), 319(n)–321(n)
Gerõ, Ernõ, 54
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 38, 335
Gomułka, Władysław, 51, 142, 146, 151, 256
Gottwald, Klement, 134, 139
Gramsci, Antonio, 22, 42(n), 61, 65, 78(n), 134, 176, 286, 315(n)–316(n)
Great Leap Forward, 84
Grechko, Andrei, 207, 276–277
Guyot, Raymond, 121(n), 123(n), 148, 159, 162, 165, 186(n), 189(n), 191(n)–192(n), 217, 240(n), 248, 267(n), 297, 300, 307–308
Hallstein doctrine, 95
Hegel, G.W. Friedrich, 134
hegemony, 26, 28, 35, 43(n), 73, 84, 94, 99, 101, 135, 143, 158, 161, 286–287, 289, 350, 365–366
Helsinki agreements, 38, 354(n)
Ho Chi Minh, 93–94, 160
Honecker, Erich, 121, 245, 272(n), 335
Hot Autumn, 11, 289–291, 293, 316(n)–317(n)
Humanité, 63, 115, 119, 127(n), 150, 152, 162, 166, 186(n)–192(n), 221–222, 228, 238(n)–239(n), 247–248, 267(n), 270(n), 295, 301, 318(n)–220(n), 357(n)
Hungarian Communist Party, 54, 63, 163
Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, 54
Hungary, 14, 40(n), 43(n), 47, 51, 54–56, 63, 65, 67, 72, 77(n), 142–143, 146, 163–164, 177, 193(n), 198, 256, 271(n)
Husák, Gustáv, 204–208, 234(n), 276–278, 295, 297, 314(n), 318(n)–319(n)
International Department, 58–59
identity, 1–2, 7, 9, 12–13, 17–20, 23, 26–27, 29, 34, 36–37, 41(n), 47, 49–50, 55, 62–63, 65, 69, 72–74, 102, 104, 131, 138, 155, 197, 211, 214, 223–224, 226, 231–232, 249, 262, 275, 279, 283, 286, 309–310, 312, 323–324, 333, 338, 342, 352–353, 367, 370–371
ideology, 5, 7, 9, 14, 25–29, 34, 39(n), 41(n), 43(n), 62, 67, 112, 173, 260, 317(n), 320(n), 327, 339–340
imperialism, 17, 19, 21–22, 24–25, 43(n), 53, 56, 73–74, 84, 93–94, 97, 106–108, 129, 159, 173, 179, 202, 212, 215, 220–221, 227, 231, 249–250, 275, 282, 289, 307, 310, 347, 361, 370–371
Ingrao, Pietro, 64, 104–107, 124(n)–125(n), 174–175, 179, 194(n), 210, 237(n)–239(n), 263, 266(n), 269(n), 280–281, 288, 292–293, 315(n)
international balance of forces, 7, 178
Iron Curtain, 28, 38, 92, 96, 132
isolationism, 15, 37, 49, 62, 67, 86, 99, 102, 111, 129–130, 165–166, 176, 209, 263, 280, 285, 292, 303, 347
Italian Left, 22, 149, 167, 170, 193(n), 279, 286, 292
Italy, 1–2, 4–5, 7–10, 20–24, 33–38, 39(n)–43(n), 45(n), 48, 58, 60–62, 64, 66–70, 72, 74–75, 77(n)–79(n), 81(n), 83, 85, 87–88, 90–91, 96, 98, 101–106, 108, 112–113, 120(n)–121(n), 123(n)–126(n), 129–130, 140, 149, 159, 161, 163, 167–168, 170, 173–178, 1812, 184, 189(n), 192(n)–195(n), 198, 209–213, 215–216, 224, 226–227, 231–232, 234(n), 236(n)–237(n), 240(n), 243, 245–246, 253, 261–264, 265(n), 271(n), 273, 283, 285–287, 289–292, 303, 308, 314(n)–316(n), 324–325, 329–332, 338, 341, 344–345, 355(n)–356(n), 358(n), 365–366, 371
K213, 141
KAN, 140, 206
Kanapa, Jean, 11, 13, 40(n), 111, 125(n)–126(n), 151, 162, 165, 181, 187(n), 189(n)–192(n), 217, 221, 227–229, 237(n)–239(n), 242, 247, 257, 267(n)–269(n), 296–298, 300, 302, 318(n)–322(n), 334, 337, 339–340, 347, 352–353, 356(n)–359(n), 368
Karlovy Vary Conference, 91, 95, 97–98, 107, 109, 122(n), 251, 266(n)
KGB, 137, 320(n), 352, 359(n)
Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 14, 47, 48(n), 49–51, 53, 57–58, 60, 69, 71–72, 76(n), 79(n)–80(n), 84, 86 93, 97, 106, 113, 126(n), 148, 202, 239(n), 367
Kirilenko, Andrei P., 163, 177–178, 195(n), 243, 265(n)–266(n)
Kliszko, Zenon, 98, 123(n), 177, 195(n)
Kommunist, 301
Komocsin, 163, 190(n)
Kovalev, Sergei, 200–201, 221, 233(n), 247
KPÖ, 98, 209, 235(n), 252–253, 269(n), 357(n)
Kremlin, the, 49, 54, 80(n), 93, 111, 117, 130, 136, 145–146, 182(n), 185(n), 190(n)–191(n), 233(n), 238(n), 268(n), 354(n)
Kriegel, Annie, 8, 17, 39(n)–42(n), 48(n), 62, 77(n)–78(n), 80(n)–81(n), 111, 120(n)–121(n), 125(n), 136, 145(n), 198–199, 205, 233(n)–234(n), 313(n), 322(n), 356(n), 358(n)
Krivine, Alain, 75, 187(n), 322(n)
Kundera, Milan, 135, 303
Lama, Luciano, 196(n), 239(n)
Latin America, 53, 60, 87, 173, 209, 328
Lazar, M., 9, 12, 39(n)–40(n), 42(n)–43(n), 45(n), 77(n)–81(n), 120(n), 126(n)–127(n), 187(n)–188(n), 238(n), 322(n), 357(n)–359(n), 375(n)–376(n)
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 14–15, 17, 24, 51, 53, 202, 228, 247, 305–307, 367, 370
Leninism, 9, 14, 18, 27, 41(n), 47, 50, 52, 57–59, 77(n), 105, 112, 117, 120, 126(n), 135, 138, 147, 150, 194(n), 201, 246, 259, 279, 286, 305, 309–311, 313, 336, 340, 344, 346, 348, 353, 362, 370
Leroy, Roland, 127(n), 151, 152, 158, 191(n), 192(n), 217, 300, 320(n), 359(n)
Lettres françaises, Les, 112, 152, 158, 186(n)–187(n), 189(n), 247, 267(n), 303
Limited Test Ban Treaty, 84
Literarni Lysti, 153, 193(n)
Literaturnaya Gazeta, 247, 267(n)
Lombardo Radice, Lucio, 293, 303, 317(n)
London, Arthur, 148, 186(n), 289, 298, 319(n)
Longo, Luigi, 84, 90, 98, 109, 120(n)–121(n), 124(n), 168, 171–172, 174, 177, 178–180, 193(n)–196(n), 210, 215, 225–226, 235(n)–237(n), 243–244, 252, 254, 268(n)–270(n), 281, 286, 288, 293, 314(n)–317(n)
Lutte ouvrière, 160, 189(n), 228, 239(n)–240(n)
Macaluso, Emanuele, 197, 214, 224
Malenkov, Georgy, 49
Manifesto affair, 227, 289, 293, 361
Manifesto of the, 121 75
Mao Zedong, 84–85, 93, 107
Maoism, 32, 48, 84–88, 93–94, 105, 107, 112–113, 118, 120, 120(n), 126(n), 154–157, 173–174, 188(n), 194(n), 225, 227, 239(n), 279, 288, 290–292, 294, 328
Marchais, Georges, 121(n), 127(n), 152, 156, 158, 188(n), 192(n), 217, 228, 237(n)–238(n), 247–249, 265(n), 267(n)–268(n), 297–300, 302, 307, 314(n), 318(n)–321(n), 335–337, 339–340, 345, 347–349, 352–353, 368
Marcuse, Herbert, 134, 154, 194(n)
Marx, Karl, 14, 41(n)
Marxism, 9, 14, 18, 41(n), 52–53, 57, 59, 61, 64, 70, 80(n), 87–88, 101, 107,112, 119, 133–135, 138–139, 147, 150, 152, 154–155, 158, 168, 170, 173, 201, 243, 246, 272(n), 279, 304, 311, 328, 344, 346, 348, 353
May ’68, 38, 75, 113, 139, 153, 158, 181, 187(n)–188(n), 194(n), 230, 232, 247, 249, 279, 300–301, 303–305, 309–310, 312, 322(n), 335, 362, 371
meritocracy, 34, 75
Middle East, 53, 115, 143, 251, 328, 335
Mitterrand, François, 114–116, 157
MLF, 100, 235
Mlynář, Zdeněk, 44(n), 134, 136, 139, 182(n), 185(n), 205, 351
modernization, 33, 67, 75, 103–104, 154, 312
Mollet, Guy, 72, 74, 114–116, 126(n), 163, 231
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 49, 66, 80(n)
Monde, Le, 160, 189(n), 231, 240(n)
Moranino, Frank, 121(n), 168, 192(n), 278, 314(n)
Moro, Aldo, 103, 329–330, 355(n)
Moscow, 2, 9, 23, 33, 40(n), 44(n), 55, 59–61, 66, 72, 78(n)–79(n), 85, 93–95, 100, 113, 115–118, 120(n), 122(n), 126(n), 144–146, 163–164, 166, 176–179, 185(n), 190(n), 192(n), 195(n), 200, 202, 204–205, 207, 209–210, 216–217, 222, 226, 228, 233(n), 237(n), 241, 243–245, 248–249, 252–257, 250–260, 268(n), 271(n), 278, 280–282, 291, 300, 302, 308, 313, 315(n), 317(n), 319(n)–320(n), 326–327, 329–330, 332, 336, 340, 343–344, 346, 357(n), 367–369
Moscow Conference, 254, 278, 281–282, 291, 300, 302, 308, 317(n), 343–344, 346, 369
Moscow Protocol, 200, 204–205, 216, 222, 228, 233(n), 243, 245
MSI, 102, 330
Muhri, Franz, 209, 269(n)
Munich Agreement, 149
Nagy, Imre, 54
Napolitano, Giorgio, 210, 235(n), 239(n), 263, 266(n), 288, 315(n)
National Front, 136–137, 141, 172, 206
NATO, 15, 38, 43(n), 45(n), 68, 73, 79(n), 92, 95–96, 100, 103, 115, 121(n), 123(n), 130, 145, 166, 198, 231, 282–283, 307, 315(n), 325–326, 331–333, 338, 351, 355(n), 370–372
Natoli, Aldo, 244, 281, 291–293
Natta, Alessandro, 237(n), 266(n), 293, 315(n), 317(n), 318(n)
Natta report, 293
Nazi Germany, 21–23
Nenni, Pietro, 103, 170, 193(n)
neo-Keynesianism, 103–104
New International Journal, 343
new Left, 8, 13, 30, 35, 154, 160–161, 290, 309
New Times, 346
Noirot, P, 152, 186(n), 301, 303, 321(n)
normalization, 1–2, 26, 28, 203–204, 208, 222, 225–226, 230–231, 233(n)–234(n), 238(n), 242, 257, 276, 292, 294–298, 303, 308, 317(n), 323, 368, 371
Nouvel observateur, Le, 160–161, 182(n), 188(n)–190(n), 231, 240(n), 320(n)
Novotný, Antonín, 134, 136–138, 142, 145, 148, 153, 183(n)
Nuovi argomenti, 64–66, 68
Occhetto, Achille, 179, 196(n), 266(n), 316(n)
October Revolution, 22, 305, 358(n), 362
October War, 328
Oder–Neisse line, 95, 110
Operation Danube, 198
Ostpolitik, 37–38, 93, 95, 98–99, 109–110, 116, 122(n), 125(n), 132, 140, 233(n), 307, 325–326
Pajetta, Giancarlo, 40(n), 64, 66, 79(n), 176, 178–180, 190(n), 194(n)–196(n), 210, 213, 224–225, 252, 269(n)–270(n), 281, 288, 292, 314(n)–315(n), 317(n)
Paris Commune, 22
PCP, 209, 328–329, 347
Peasants’ Party, 136
Pelikán, Jiří, 180, 182(n), 205, 233(n)–235(n), 277, 303, 314(n), 352
personality cult, 40–50, 64, 285
Pintor, Luigi, 225, 239(n), 244, 280–281, 286, 291–293
Pirelli factory, 290
Plissonnier, Gaston, 127, 151, 186(n), 192(n), 217, 222, 228, 267(n), 272(n), 300, 318(n), 320(n), 378
Poland, 38, 43(n), 51, 54, 63, 95–96, 98, 100, 142–144, 151–152, 164, 168, 177, 185(n), 198, 256, 270(n), 326–327, 339
Polish Communist Party, 63, 200, 221
Politika, 234(n), 276–277, 314(n)
polycentrism, 47, 49, 64–66, 70, 79(n), 87–90, 106, 129, 169, 252–253, 260, 282, 306, 333, 342, 451, 355(n), 372
Pompidou, Georges, 38, 312–313, 322(n), 329, 335, 356(n)
Ponomariov, Boris, 58–59, 76(n), 123(n), 163, 176, 178, 191(n), 210, 266(n), 280
Popular Front, 23, 51, 61, 73, 104, 114, 158, 310, 328
POUP, 78
Poznań, 63
Prague Spring, 1–2, 26–28, 35, 44(n), 131–135, 137–140, 142–153, 159–163, 165, 167–172, 176–182, 182(n)–186(n), 189(n)–190(n), 193(n), 200, 202–206, 208–209, 212, 219–220, 222, 227, 229, 232(n)–235(n), 276–278, 280, 286, 294–297, 301, 303–304, 306, 312, 318(n)–319(n), 323, 351–352, 362, 366–367
Pravda, 115, 192(n), 199–200, 221, 236(n), 238(n), 243, 247, 251, 267(n), 293, 339
Prchlík, Václav, 139, 147
proletarian internationalism, 5, 9, 14–15, 40(n), 54, 60, 139, 218–219, 347
PSI, 38, 67, 79(n), 102–104, 124(n)–125(n), 194(n), 330–331
PSIUP, 103, 124(n)–125(n), 172–173, 194(n), 226, 231, 239(n), 286
PSOE, 346
PSU, 75, 103, 154, 158, 160, 170–172, 181, 188(n), 193(n)–194(n), 226, 239(n), 309–310, 312, 322(n)
Radical Party, 73, 114
Rákosi, Mátyás, 54
re-alignment, 21, 31, 54, 113, 131–132, 203, 229–230, 241, 249, 254, 256, 258, 264–265, 273, 275, 289, 293, 297, 300, 304, 313, 323–324, 342–344, 362, 368, 372
Red Army, 198
revisionism, 55, 70, 72, 77(n), 86, 91, 118, 177, 189(n), 245, 252, 266(n), 278, 303–304, 314(n), 317(n)
Rinascita, 169, 171–172, 174, 179, 192(n)–194(n), 196(n), 244, 266(n), 355(n).
Risorgimento, 22
Roasio, Antonio, 90, 121(n)
Rochet, Waldeck, 13, 40(n), 72, 76(n), 80(n), 90, 111–112, 114–116, 121(n), 125(n)–127(n), 131, 151–152, 159, 162–166, 178, 181–182, 187(n), 190(n)–192(n), 195(n), 217–218, 220, 222, 227–229, 237(n)–240(n), 242, 247–249, 252, 254, 257, 265(n), 267(n)–272(n), 297, 299–300, 305, 307–308, 311, 319(n), 321(n)–322(n), 336, 362, 368
Romania, 41(n), 55, 84, 87, 95, 100, 139, 142–147, 164, 177, 185(n), 193(n), 198–199, 209, 241, 251, 254–256, 259, 265, 270(n)–271(n), 326, 358(n), 368
Romanian Communist Party, 146, 344
Rossanda, Rossana, 194(n), 244, 280–281, 291–293, 315(n)
Rouge, 231
RPF, 73
Salazar, Antonio, 329
SALT, 326
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 43(n), 72, 75, 189(n)
Second World War, 9, 15, 22–24, 43(n), 50–51, 61, 107, 202, 285, 302
SED, 4, 78(n), 90–91, 110, 116–119, 121(n)–122(n), 125(n), 127(n), 159, 180, 189(n), 192(n), 195(n), 209, 241, 244–245, 247, 250, 252, 266(n)–268(n), 272(n), 303, 317(n), 319(n), 321(n), 334–335
SFIO, 72–75, 114, 116, 154–155, 158, 160, 163, 189(n), 230, 240(n), 309, 312, 322(n)
Šik, Ota, 134, 135, 138, 169, 172, 183(n), 193(n), 205, 234(n), 303, 352, 405
Sino–Soviet conflict, 47–48, 71, 120(n), 256, 287, 289, 367
Slánský, Rudolf, 135, 148, 183(n), 319(n)
Slovak Communist Party, 206
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 321(n), 339
Soviet foreign policy, 1, 43(n), 53, 59, 77(n), 84, 92, 94, 108–109, 122(n), 230, 309, 313
Soviet Union, 1–2, 6–8, 11–13, 15–19, 21–22, 25–33, 37–38, 41(n)–43(n), 44(n), 47, 48(n), 49, 51, 53–55, 58–61, 63–68, 70–74, 76, 76(n)–77(n), 83–87, 89, 91–92, 94, 97, 100, 106, 112, 115, 117–120, 120(n), 122(n)–123(n), 127(n), 129, 139–145, 147–148, 154–155, 158–160, 164–166, 168, 171, 175–178, 189(n), 192(n), 195(n), 203, 209–211, 213–216, 218, 220–222, 225–232, 233(n), 241–245, 247–251, 255–257, 412, 259, 262, 264–265, 267(n), 271(n)–272(n), 273, 275, 280–281,284–285, 287–288, 291–292, 299–300, 303–306,310, 312–313, 316(n), 319(n), 323–329, 331, 333, 335–342, 344, 346–353, 354(n), 356(n), 358(n), 361, 362–363, 365–366, 368–372
Soviet-aligned communism, 6, 14, 30, 48, 56, 224
Spain, 8, 39(n), 56, 60, 77(n), 87(n), 90, 99, 120(n), 209, 235(n), 240(n), 257, 260–262, 269(n), 320(n), 324, 328, 332–333, 341, 346–347, 356(n), 358(n), 362.
Stalin, Joseph, 40(n), 50–51, 53, 61–62, 65, 69–70, 80(n), 202, 255, 270(n), 288, 316(n)
Stalinism, 8, 26–27, 39(n), 41(n)–42(n), 50, 55, 58, 62, 64–66, 69–70, 76, 76(n), 80(n), 104, 134, 142, 148, 150, 181, 194(n), 228, 270(n), 298, 340
student movements, 16, 20, 102, 112–113, 133, 140, 142–143, 153–156, 158–159, 168, 170, 173–175, 181, 184(n), 187(n)–188(n), 194(n), 207–209, 239, 279–281, 289–290, 292–293, 301–302, 304, 309, 318(n)
Suez crisis, 24, 68
Suslov, Mikhail, 59, 121(n), 163, 178, 185(n), 191(n), 210, 236(n), 269(n), 280
Svoboda, Alois, 137, 199–200, 205–207, 216, 222, 277, 314(n)
TASS, 115, 216, 222, 236(n)
Temps modernes, Les, 161, 188(n)–190(n)
Terracini, Umberto, 64, 179, 196(n), 210, 211, 224, 237(n), 266(n)
Third Way, 100, 331, 333, 353
Third World, 13, 16, 25, 53, 59, 84, 88, 93, 107–108, 121(n), 279, 281–282, 284, 289, 308, 326, 371
Thorez, Maurice, 43(n), 58, 61–62, 64, 66, 69–72, 76, 79(n)–80(n), 112, 126(n), 151, 187(n), 192(n), 217–218, 227, 356(n)
Thorez-Vermeersch, Jeannine, 126(n), 151, 217–218, 227
Tillon, Charles, 302–303, 321(n)
Tito, Josip Broz, 55, 66, 70, 80(n), 87, 185(n)
Togliatti, Palmiro, 39(n)–41(n), 58, 61–62, 64–66, 68–69, 79(n), 106, 120(n), 124(n)
totalitarianism, 9, 40(n)
trade union, 9, 13, 16, 33, 40(n), 52, 59–60, 68, 78(n), 151, 155–156, 159, 167, 171, 173, 210, 286, 290, 311, 344
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Arms, 144
Trentes glorieuses, 33.
Trentin, Bruno, 108
troika, 93, 177
Trybuna Ludu, 243, 266(n)
Ukraine, 143, 145
UNEF, 155
Unità, L’, 103, 121(n), 169, 172, 192(n)–194(n), 210–211, 215–216, 235(n)–237(n), 239(n), 243, 245, 265(n)–266(n), 276, 287–288, 313(n), 316(n)–317(n)
United States, 7, 21, 25, 28, 37, 45(n), 61, 68, 80(n)–81(n), 84, 92–94, 96, 99, 103, 109, 115, 123(n), 145, 155, 158, 198, 213, 257, 259, 281, 307, 316(n), 325–329, 331–332, 335, 344, 354(n), 371
UP 175, 195(n), 210, 277, 314(n)–315(n)
Vietnam war, 25, 93, 101, 122(n), 326, 328, 362
Vysocany Congress, 205–206, 216, 222 270(n)
Warsaw Pact, 1, 16, 26, 54, 122(n), 139–140, 143–144, 147, 223, 231
WCM, 16, 32, 57, 63, 66–67, 89, 91, 121(n), 124(n), 129, 162–163, 176, 252–253, 259, 263, 266(n), 305, 307, 315(n), 321(n), 341, 347, 358(n), 369–370
welfare state, 34
West Germany, 28, 37–38, 53, 77(n), 90, 95–96, 98–101, 109–110, 116, 121(n)–123(n), 140, 143, 145, 151, 158, 168–169, 198–199, 209, 233(n), 250, 269(n), 287, 307, 325–326, 329, 332, 334, 371
Western Europe, 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 21, 24–25, 30, 32, 36–37, 39, 43(n), 51–52, 55, 59–60, 62, 66, 85, 92, 94–101, 108–109, 115, 123(n), 139, 155, 165, 175, 181, 185(n), 212, 213, 215, 242, 244, 321(n), 325, 328, 330, 342–345, 347–349, 351, 354(n), 357(n), 359(n), 361, 365–366, 372
world communist movement, 1–2, 4(n), 8, 11, 16–17, 21, 25, 29–33, 43(n), 48, 48(n), 56–57, 59, 62, 66–67, 70, 73, 77(n), 79(n), 83–84, 88–91, 93–94, 97–98, 101, 106–108, 110–111, 117–118, 120(n), 129, 131, 133, 145, 149, 153, 165, 171, 174, 176, 180, 182, 185(n), 197–199, 209, 212, 214, 216–219, 221, 223, 227, 229, 233(n), 241–243, 245–246, 248–253, 259–260, 262–265, 271(n), 273, 275–276, 278, 282, 284, 287, 304, 306, 308, 321(n), 323–324, 333, 339, 341–343, 345, 347–351, 353, 362, 363, 366–370
World Conference of Communist
Parties, 55, 118, 144, 241, 324, 369
World Federation of Democratic
Youth, 16, 123(n), 209, 315(n)
World Peace Council, 16, 149, 209
World Student Union, 16, 209
World Trade Union Confederation, 16
Yalta Memorandum, 106, 124(n)
YLC, 55
Yugoslav League of Communists, 55, 125(n), 146, 301
Yugoslavia, 55, 70, 79(n)–80(n), 86, 95, 105, 107, 123(n), 139, 144, 146, 155, 176, 198, 209, 241, 251, 254–256, 260, 270(n), 318(n), 368, 371
Zagladin, Vadim, 59, 243–244, 266(n), 280, 357(n)
Zhdanov, Andrei, 15, 53, 215, 226, 300
Zoryn, Valentin, 192(n), 159, 189(n), 191(n)
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