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L’effendiyya ou la modernité contestée

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Lucie Ryzova

Références bibliographiques

Volltext

I. Matériaux, sources et documents

A. Sources non publiées

Archives

Public Records Office, Londres, Séries 141 et 371.

141/618, 1935, Students : political activities and strikes.

141/543, 1936, Students : political activities and strikes.

141/892, 1943, Education and student employment.

141/1223, 1947, Propaganda : British : Effendi Class.

371/ 52365, 1946, Relations between Great Britain and Middle East effendis.

371/61538, 1947, The effendi problem in the Middle East.

371/ 61542, 1947, Youth movements in the Middle East.

Papiers privés en possession des informateurs et de l’auteur.

Entretiens

Robert Mabro, Oxford, juillet 2002.

Fulath Hadid, Oxford, février 2002.

Bashîr al-Sibacî, Le Caire, février 2003.

Nadia Muhammad Fathî Hilal, Le Caire, avril 2003.

Marie-Thérèse Aclimandos, Le Caire, février 2003.

Alî Daghar, Le Caire, avril et mai 2003.

cAziza cAbd al-Gawâd Mustafa, Le Caire, avril et mai 2003.

Rifcat al-Sacld, Le Caire, mai 2003.

B. Sources publiées romans et mémoires

Romans et mémoires

Al-Hakîm Tawfîq, 1992, The Prison of Life, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Haqqi Yihya, 2001, Qandîl Um Hâshim, Le Caire, Dâr al-Macarif.

Hussain Taha, 1932, An Egyptian Childhood : The Autobiography of Taha

Hussain, traduction E. H. Paxton, New York, Routledge.

–, 1987, The Stream of Days, dans The Days, Le Caire, AUC Press.

–, 1976, A Passage to France, traduction K. Cragg, Leiden, E. J. Brill.

Karîm Muhammad, 1972, Mudhakkirat Muhammad Karîm, Le Caire, Kutub al-idha’a, wa’l-televizion.

Kharrat Edouard, 1993, Girls of Alexandria, traduction F. Liardet, Londres, Quartet Books.

–, 1989, City of Saffron, traduction F. Liardet, Londres, Quartet Books. Mahfouz Naguib, 1994, Palace Walk, traduction W. Hutchins et O. Kenny, Londres.

–, 1953, Al-Qâhira al-jadîda, Le Caire.

–, 1991, Palace of Desire, Londres, Black Swan.

–, 1992, Sugar Street, Le Caire, AUC Press.

–, 2001, Midaq Alley, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Mohi El Din Khaled, 1995, Memoirs of a Revolution, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Naguib Muhammad, 1955, Egypt’s Destiny, Londres.

Al-Rihani Naguib, 1959, Mudhakkirat Nagîb al-Rihanî, Le Caire, Dâr al-Hilal.

Rushdi Fatma, s.d., Mudhakkirat Fatma Rushdi, Beyrouth, Dâr al-thaqâfa.

Sadat Anwar, 1957, Revolt on the Nile, traduction T. Graham, Londres.

–, s. d., Asrâr al-thawra al-misriyya, Le Caire, Dâr al-Hilâl.

Uways Sayyid, 1989, L’histoire que je porte sur mon dos, Le Caire, CEDEJ.

Presse (Avec lieu de publication et années consultées)

Abu NadDâra (Le Caire, 1945), al-Abtal (Le Caire, 1933), Akhbar ad-donya (Le Caire, 1947-8), Akher Sa’a (Le Caire, 1946-53), Akher Sa’a al-Musawwara (Le Caire, 1945), Ala kefak (Le Caire, 1938), Ana wa anta (Le Caire, 1946), al-’Arusa (Le Caire, 1930-35), al-’Arusa wa’l-fann al-sinima’i (Le Caire, 1935), al-Di’aya (Le Caire, 1944), Donia al-fann (Le Caire, 1946-47), al-Donya al-Gedida (Le Caire, 1945-47), al-Donia al-musawwara (Le Caire, 1930), al-Fagr (Le Caire, 1934-5), al-Fann (Le Caire, 1950), al-Fu’ad (Le Caire, 1946), al-Fukaha (Le Caire, 1927), al-Funun (Le Caire, 1948), al-Fusul (Le Caire, 1944-56), al-Gadid (Le Caire, 1930), al-Hilal (1947), al-Hosan (1942), Isma’ (Le Caire, 1944), al-Ithnayn (Le Caire, 1945-52), al-Kawakib (Le Caire, 1932-34, 1949), Kilma wa nuss (Le Caire, 1947), Kulli shay wa’l-’alam (Le Caire, 1930), Kulli shay wa’l-doniya (Le Caire, 1927-8, 1934-5), al-Lata’if al-Musawwara (Le Caire, 1923, 1930-34), al-Magalla al-gadida al-usbu’iyya (Le Caire, 1934), Magallati (Le Caire, 1937), al-Mahragan (Le Caire, 1937), al-Mallahi al-musawwara (Le Caire, 1931), Masr al-haditha al-musawwara (Le Caire, 1927), al-Masri (Le Caire, 1930), al-Masri effendi (Alexendrie, 1953), Musamirat al-geib (Le Caire, 1945, 49), al-Musawwar (Le Caire, 1927-8, 1938, 1947-57), al-Nagma (Le Caire, 1931), al-Qissa (Le Caire, 1950), Qisas li’l-gami’ (Le Caire, 1951), al-Radio w’al-bakuka (Le Caire, 1946-52), al-Riyada al-badaniyya (Le Caire, 1932), Riwayat al-geib (Le Caire, 1941) Riwayat al-usbu’ (Le Caire, 1952), Roz al-Yusif (Le Caire, 1925-27, 1934-5, 1945-49), al-Sabah (1927-30, 1951-3), al-Safir (Alexandrie, 1935), al-Sarih (Le Caire, 1933), al-Sarkha (Le Caire, 1931, 1936), al-Sitar (Le Caire, 1950-54), al-Shabab (Le Caire, 1936), Shahrazad (Le Caire, 1937), Shik (Le Caire, 1947), al-Studio (Le Caire, 1950-1), al-Usbu’ (Alexandrie, 1950).

Films

Abu Sayf Salah, 1952, Al-Usta Hasan, Le Caire, Aflâm Salah Abu Sayf.

–, 1953, Rayya wa Sakkina, Le Caire, Aflâm al-Hilal.

–, 1966, Qahira 30, Le Caire, Sharikat al-Qahira li’l-sinima.

–, 1956, Shabab imra’, Le Caire, W. Farid et R. Nagib production.

–, 1957, Al-futuwwa, Le Caire, Aflâm al-ahd al-jajid (F. Shawqi).

–, 1960, Bidaya wa nihaya, Le Caire, Dinar Films.

cAbd al-Wahhab Hasan, 1948, Laita al-shabab, Le Caire, Lotus Films.

cAbd al-Wahhab Fatin, 1951, Beit al-ashbah, Le Caire, G. Telhami prod.

–, 1952, Al-ustaza Fatma, Le Caire, Amir Film.

Badrakhan Ahmad, 1937, Nashid al-amal, Le Caire, Aflâm al-Sharq.

–, 1940, Dananir, Le Caire, Aflâm al-Sharq.

–,1942, ‘Aida, Le Caire, Aflâm al-Sharq.

Barakat Hinri, 1942, Law kunt ghani, Le Caire, Lotus Films.

–, 1947, Habib al-omr, Le Caire, Aflâm Farid al-Atrash.

–, 1950, Amir al-intiqam, Le Caire, Assia Films (Assia Dagher).

–, 1950, Shati’ al-gharam, Le Caire, Ittihad al-fanniyyin.

–, 1952, Min qalb li qalb, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

Fawzi Husain, 1954, Al-Aziza, Le Caire, H. Fawzi production.

Galal Ahmad, 1938, Bint al-basha al-mudir, Le Caire, Lotus Films.

Hafez Bahiga, 1937, Laila bint al-sahra, Le Caire, Fanar Films.

Al-Imam Hasan, 1950, Sa’a li qalbak, Le Caire, Assia Films (Assia Dagher),

Kamil cAbbas, 1949, Mandyl al-helw, Le Caire, Nahhas Films.

–, 1951, Fairuz Hanem, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1950, Asmar wa Gamil, Le Caire, Shuruk Films.

Karim Muhammad, 1933, Al-Warda al-baida’, Le Caire, ‘Abd al-Wahhab Films.

–, 1935, , Le Caire, ‘Abd al-Wahhab Films.

–, 1938, Yahiya al-hobb, Le Caire, ‘Abd al-Wahhab Films.

–, 1940, Yawm sa’id, Le Caire, Abd al-Wahhab Films.

–, 1942, Mamnu’ al-hobb, Le Caire, ‘Abd al-Wahhab Films.

–, 1944, Russasa fi qalb, Le Caire, ‘Abd al-Wahhab Films.

Kramp Fritz, 1936, Wedad, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

–, 1937, Lashin, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

Lama Ibrahim, 1935, Al-dahaya, Alexandria, Fanar Film (Bahiga Hafez).

–, 1947, Al-badawiyya al-hosna, Le Caire, Condor Film.

Mizrahi Togo, 1934, Al-mandubani, Alexandrie, Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1935, Al-duktur Farahat, Alexandrie, Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1937, Al-Riyadi, Alexandrie, Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1937, Al-sa’a 7, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1938, Ana taba’i keda, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1939, Othman wa ‘Ali, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1939, Sallifni 3 gineh, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1939, Laila mumtira, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1940, Al-bashmuqawil, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1941, Alf laila wa laila, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1941, Layla bint al-rif Le Caire, Aflâm Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1941, Layla bint al-maDâris, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-‘Arabiyya.

–, 1942, Layla, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1943, Al-tariq al-mustaqim, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

–, 1944, Kidb fi kidb, Le Caire, Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1944, Laila fi zalam, Le Caire, Sh. al-aflâm al-Misriyya (T. Mizrahî).

Mustafa Niazi, 1937, Salama fi kheir, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

–, 1939, Al-Duktur, Le Caire, Sharikat Misr li’-l tamthil wa’l-sinima.

–, 1941, Si Omar, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

–, 1944, Shara’Muhammad ‘Ali, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-Misriyya.

–, 1950, Qamar 14, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

Rafla Hilmi, 1949, Fatma wa Marika wa Rashil, Le Caire, Aflâm Muhammad Fawzi.

–, 1950, Al-batal, Le Caire, Al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1950, Al-milioner, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1951, Hamati qunbula zirriyya, Le Caire, Aflâm al-Qahira.

Salim Kamal, 1939, Al-’azima, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

–, 1945, Al-muzahir, Le Caire, Togo Mizrahi.

Sidqi Husayn, 1949, Al-Masrî effendî, Le Caire, Aflâm Misr al-hadithâ.

Shahîn Yûsef, 1951, Ibn al-Nil, Le Caire, Mary Queeny production.

–, 1952, Sayyidat al-qitar, Le Caire, A. Nasr production.

Al-Tilimsani Kamal, 1945, Al-Suq al-sawda’, Le Caire, Studio Misr.

Volpi Mario, 1932, Unshudat al-fu’ad, Le Caire, Nahhas Sphinx Films.

Wagdî Anwar, 1945, Laila bint al-fuqara’, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1946, Laila bint al-agniya’, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1947, Qalbi dalili, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1948, ‘Anbar, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1949, Ghazal al-banat, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1950, Yasmin, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1951, Habib al-ruh, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1953, Bint al-akabir, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

–, 1954, 4 banat wa zabit, Le Caire, Sharikat al-aflâm al-muttahida.

Wahbi Yûsef, 1944, Ibn al-haddad, Le Caire, Aflâm Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1945, Al-fannan al-’azim, Le Caire, Aflâm Togo Mizrahi.

–, 1950, Al-avokato Madiha, Le Caire, Madiha Yusri production.

Zulficar cIzz al-Din, 1953, Ibn al-hâra, Le Caire, Aflâm al-jil al-jadid.

–, 1957, Rudda qalbi, Le Caire, Assia (Assia Dagher).

Documentaires

Danielson Virginia, s. d., A Voice Like Egypt, Washington, Arab Film Distribution.

Khoury Marianne, 2002, Les Passionnées du Cinéma, Le Caire, Misr International Films.

Al-Qaliubi Muhammad K., 1990, Muhammad Bayyumî, waqa’i’ al-zaman al-da’i’, Le Caire, Ministère de la Culture.

II Travaux académiques

Abdalla Ahmad, 1985, The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt, 1923-73, Londres, Saqi Books.

cAbd al-Rahmân Majdî, 2002, Râ’idât al-sinima fi Misr, Alexandrie, Bibliotheca Alexandrina.

Abu Lughod Janet, 1971, Cairo : 1001 Years of the City Victorious, Princeton UP.

Aclimandos Tewfik, s.d, Officiers et Frères musulmans, Le Caire, CEDEJ.

Aclimandos Tewfik, « Regard rétrospectif sur la révolution égyptienne, ou le 23 juillet 1952 », Égypte/Monde arabe, nos 4-5, Le Caire, CEDEJ.

Allen Roger, 1992, A Period of Time,A Study and Translation of Hadith cIsa Ibn Hisham by Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Reading, Ithaca Press.

Anderson Benedict, 1994, Imagined Communities, 4e édition, Londres, Verso.

Armbrust Walter, 1996, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, Cambridge UP.

Armbrust Walter, (dir.), 2000, Mass Mediations, New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, University of California Press.

Armbrust Walter, 2000, “Golden Age before the Golden Age”, dans W. Armbrust, Mass Mediations, New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, University of California Press, p. 292-327.

Armbrust Walter, 2002, “Impact of Media on Egyptian Music”, dans Virginia Danielson, Dwight Reynolds et Scott Marcus, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, volume 6 (The Middle East), New York, Routledge, p. 233-242.

Ayalon Amy, 1995, The Press in the Arab Middle East : A History, Oxford UP.

Badran Margot, 1995, Feminists, Islam and Nation : Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt, Princeton UP.

Badrawi Malak, 2000, Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1924, Secret Societies, plots and Assassinations, Londres, Curzon Press.

Baer Gabriel, 1962, A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt 1800-1950, Oxford UP.

Baer Gabriel, 1958, “Egyptian Attitudes towards Land Reform, 1922-55”, dans W. Z. Laqueur (dir.), The Middle East in Transition, Londres, p. 80-99.

Baron Beth, 1994, The Women’s Awakening in Egypt. Culture, Society, and the Press, Yale University Press.

Barthes Roland, 1977, Image, Music, Text, Londres, HarperCollins.

Beinin Joel, 2001, Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge UP.

Beinin Joel, 1998, “Egypt : Society and Economy, 1923-52” dans C. F. Petry (dir.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, Cambridge UP.

Beinin Joel et Lockman Zachary, 1989, Workers on the Nile : Nationalism, Communism and the Egyptian Working Class, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Benjamin Walter, 1968, Illuminations, Londres, Pimlico.

Berger Morroe, 1957, Bureaucracy and Society in Modern Egypt : A Study in the Civil Service, Princeton UP.

Berger Morroe, 1958, “The Middle Class in the Arab World” dans W. Z. Laqueur (dir.), The Middle East in Transition, Londres.

Berque Jacques, 1967, Égypte, impérialisme et révolution, Paris, Gallimard.

Bocock Robert et Thompson Kenneth, 1992, Social and Cultural forms of Modernity, Cambridge, Polity Press.

Booth Marylin, 1990, Bayram Tunsi’s Egypt. Social Criticism and Narrative Strategies, Exeter, Ithaca Press.

Botman Selma, 1988, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939-70, Syracuse UP.

Botman Selma, 1998, “The Liberal Age”, dans C. f. Petry (dir.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, Cambridge UP, p. 285-308.

Brooks Peter, 1976, The Melodramatic Imagination : Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama and the Mode of Excess, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Butovski Avriel, 1995, “Languages of the Egyptian Monarchy”, dans A. Butovski, The Languages of History : Selected Writings on the Middle East, Cambridge, Harvard UP.

Caton Steven C, 1999, Lawrence of Arabia, A Film’s Anthropology, Berkeley University of California.

Colombe Marcel, 1951, L’évolution de l’Égypte, 1924-1950, Paris, Maisonneuve.

Danielson Virginia, 1997, The Voice of Egypt : Um Khulthum, Arabic Song and Egyptian Society in the Twentieth Century, University of Chicago Press.

Dârwîsh Hasan, 1990, Min ajl abî Sayyid Dârwîsh, Le Caire, GEBO.

Davis Eric, 1983, Challenging Colonialism : Bank Misr and Egyptian Industrialisation, 1920-41, Princeton University Press.

Deeb Marius, 1979, Party Politics in Egypt : The Wafd and its Rivais, 1919-1939, Londres, Ithaca Press.

Eisenstein Elizabeth, 1979, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, 2 volumes, Cambridge UP.

Erlich Haggai, 1989, Students and University in Twentieth-Century Egyptian Politics, Londres, Frank Cass.

Fahmy Khaled, 2001, “Medicine and Power : Towards a Social History of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Egypt” dans E. Hill (dir.), New Frontiers in the Social History of the Middle East, Papers in Social Science, Vol. 23, n° 2, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Farid Samir, 2002, Fusul min tarikh al-sinima al-Masriyya, Le Caire, Maktabat al-usra.

Gershoni Israel et Jankowski James, 1995, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-45, Cambridge UP.

Gershoni Israel et Jankowski James, 1986, Egypt, Islam and the Arabs. The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930, Oxford University Press.

Gershoni I., Erdem H. et Wokock U., 2002, Histories of the Modern Middle East : New Directions, Londres, Lynne Rienner.

Ghânim Ibrâhîm Al-Bayyûmî, s.d., Al-fikr al-siyasi li Hasan al-Banna, Le Caire, Dâr al-Shurûq.

Goldberg Ellis, 1986, Tinker, Tailor, Textile Worker : Class Politics in Egypt, 1930-54, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Goldschmidt Arthur Jr., 1988, Modern Egypt, The Formation of a Nation State, Boulder, Westview Press.

Gordon Joel, 2002, Revolutionary Melodrama : Popular Film and Civic Identity in Nasser’s Egypt, University of Chicago Press.

Hafez Sabry, 1993, The Genesis of Arabic Narrative Discourse, Londres, Saqi Books.

Higgins John (dir.), 2001, The Raymond Williams Reader, Oxford, Blackwells.

Hill John et Gibson Pamela Ch. (dir.), 2000, American Cinema and Hollywood : Critical Approaches, Oxford University Press.

Hirszowicz Lukasz, 1966, The third Reich and the Arab East, Londres, Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Hourani Albert, 1962, The Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939, Oxford UP.

Hunter Robert, 1984, Egypt under the Khedives, 1805-1879 : From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy, Pennsylvania, Pittsburg University Press.

Hussaini Muhammad, 1956, The Moslem Brethren, Beyrouth.

Husayn Mahmoud, 1973, Class Conflict in Egypt, 1945-70, Londres, MR.

Issawi Charles, 1947, Egypt, An Economic and Social Analysis, Oxford UP.

Issawi Charles, 1954, Egypt at Mid-Century, Oxford UP.

Jankowski James, 1975, Egypt’s Young Rebels : “Young Egypt”, 1933-52, Hoover Institutions Press, Stanford University.

Kazziha Walid, 1977, “The Jarida-Uma Group and Egyptian Politics”, Middle East Studies, 13.

Kedourie Elie, 1994, Democracy and Arab Political Culture, Londres, Frank Cass.

Kedourie Elie et Haim Sylvia, 1980, Modern Egypt : Studies in Politics and Society, Londres, Frank Cass.

Landau Jacob, 1958, Studies in Arab Theater and Cinema, Philadelphie.

Leca Jean, 1994, « La démocratisation dans le monde arabe : incertitude, vulnérabilité et légitimité » dans Salamé Ghassan, Démocraties sans démocrates : Politiques d’ouverture dans le monde arabe et islamique, Paris, Fayard.

Levine L. W., 1988, Highbrow/Lowbrow : The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America, Cambridge, Harvard UP.

Lewis Bernard, 1997, “Effendi” dans Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, E.J. Brill.

Lockman Zachary, 2002, “Exploring the Field : Lost Voices and Emerging Practices in Egypt, 1882-1914” dans I. Gershoni, H. Erdem, et U. Wokock, Histories of the Modern Middle East. New Directions, Londres, Lynne Rienner.

Lutfî Hamdî, 1977, Thawra yûlyu : al wajh al âkhar, Le Caire, Kitâb al-Hilâl.

Mabro Robert, 1974, The Egyptian Economy 1952-1972, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Malkmus Lizbeth et Armes Roy, 1991, Arab and African Film-making, Londres, Zed Books.

Marc i Farîda (dir.), 1996, Sahâfa al-sinima fi Misr, Le Caire, Ministère de la Culture.

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Marsot Afaf, 1985, A Short History of Modern Egypt, Cambridge UP.

Meijer Roel, 1995, Quest for Modernity : Secular Liberal and LeftWing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945-58, Amsterdam, doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam.

el-Messiri Sawsan, 1978, Ibn al-Balad : A Concept of Egyptian Identity, Leiden, E. J. Brill.

Mitchell Richard P., 1969, The Society of Muslim Brothers, Londres, Oxford, University Press.

Mitchell Timothy, 1988, Colonising Egypt, Cambridge UP.

Mohi El Din Khaled, 1995, Memoirs of a Revolution, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Nelson Cynthia, 1996, Doria Shafiq, Egyptian Feminist : A Woman Apart, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Ohman Richard, 1996, Selling Culture : Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century, Londres, Verso.

Owen Roger et Pamuk Sevket, 1998, History of the Middle East Economies in the 20th Century, Londres, Tauris.

Qâsim Mahmûd, « Adaptation, égyptiannisation et remake » dans Wâsif Magda, 1995, Égypte : 100 ans de cinéma, Paris, Éditions Plume.

Quraishi Muhammad, 1967, Liberal Nationalism in Egypt, New Delhi.

Ramzî Kamâl, 1997, Waqâ’i’ al-sinima al-Masriyya fi mâ’at ‘âm, 1896-1995, Le Caire, Supreme Council for Culture.

Reid Donald Malcolm, 1990, Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Reid Donald Malcolm, 1977, “Educational and Career Choices of Egyptian Students, 1882-1922”, International Journal of Middle East Studies.

Reid Donald Malcolm, 1974, “The Rise of Professions and Professional Organisation in Modern Egypt”, Comparative Studies in History and Society, XVI/1.

Reynolds Nancy, 1999-2000, “Sharikat al-bayt al-Misri : Domesticating commerce in Egypt, 1931-56”, Arab Studies Journal, VII/VIII.

Riad Hasan, 1964, L’Égypte nassérienne, Paris, Minuit.

Roussillon Alain (dir.), 1995, Entre réforme sociale et mouvement national : identité et modernisation en Égypte (1882-1962), Le Caire, CEDEJ.

Safran Nadav, 1961, Egypt in Search for Political Community, Harvard UP.

El-Said Rifcat et Ismael Tarek, 1990, The Communist Movement in Egypt, 1920-88, Syracuse UP.

Scholch Alexander, 1981, Egypt for the Egyptians ! The Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt, 1879-82, Londres, Ithaca Press.

Schulze Robert, 1991, “Colonisation and Resistance : The Egyptian Peasant Rebellion, 1919” dans F. Kazemi et J. Waterbury (dir.), Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East, Miami, Florida UP.

Shafîq Viola, 1998, Arab Cinema : History and Cultural Identity, Le Caire, AUC Press.

Shamis cAbd al-Muncim, 1991, Qahâwî al-adab wal-fann fi’l-Qâhira, Le Caire, Dâr al-Macârif.

Al-Sharqâwî Jalâl, 1970, Risâla fi târîkh al-sinima al-’Arabiyya, Le Caire, ministère de la Culture.

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Smith Charles, 1983, Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt, A Biography of M. H. Haykal, Albany.

Stam Robert, 1992, Subversive Pleasures : Bakhtin, Cultural Criticism, and Film, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Starrett Gregory, 1998, Putting Islam to work : Education, Politics and Religious Transformation in Egypt, University of California Press.

Terry Janice, 1982, Wafd, 1919-52 : Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power, Londres, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing.

Tignor Robert, 1966, Modernisation and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914, Princeton UP.

Tignor Robert, 1984, State, Private Enterprise and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952, Princeton UP.

Twitchell James, 1992, Carnival Culture : The Trashing of Taste in America, Columbia University Press.

Vatikiotis Panayotis, 1991, The Modern History of Egypt, 4e éd., Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Vitalis Robert, 1995, When Capitalists Collide : Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt, Berkeley.

Vitalis Robert, 2000, “American Ambassador in Technicolor and Cinemascope” dans Armbrust, Mass Mediations..., University of California Press, p. 269-291.

Warriner Doreen, 1948, Land and Poverty in the Middle East, Londres, riia.

Wasif Magda, 1995, Égypte : 100 ans de cinéma, Paris, Éditions Plume.

Waterbury John, 1991, “Peasants Defy Categorisation” dans F. Kazemi et J. Waterbury (dir.), Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East, Miami, Florida UP.

Zuhur Sherifa, 2001, Asmahan’s secrets, Woman, War and Song, Austin, The University of Texas.

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