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A Complex Polity

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Anne-Marie Peatrik

Bibliography

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1. Books & articles

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Neumann, A. H. 1898 Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa (Being an Account of Three Years’s Ivory Hunting under Mount Kenia and among the Nodorobo Savages of Lorogi Mountains, including a Trip to the North End of Lake Rudolph) (Londres, Rowland Ward Ltd.).

Njeru, B. K. 1972 “Egoji clan of Meru”, in A. Molnos (ed), Cultural Source Materials for Population Planning in East Africa (Nairobi, East African Publishing House), vol. II, pp. 98-108. 1973 “Egoji clan of Meru”, in A. Molnos (ed), Cultural Source Materials for Population Planning in East Africa (Nairobi, East African Publishing House), vol. III, pp. 68-78.

Nurse, D. 1982 “Segeju and Daisû: A case study of evidence from oral tradition and comparative linguistics”, Histor y in Africa, 9, pp. 175-208. 1997 “The contribution of linguistics to the study of history in Africa”, The Journal of African Histor y, 38 (3), pp. 359-391.

Nyaga, D. Fr. 1988 Mîkarîre na Mîtûûrîre ya Amîîrû. Nteto chia bajûûjû betû (Nairobi, Heinemann Kenya) [ “Paroles et Façons d’être des Meru. Le comment de nos aïeuls”]. 1997 Customs and Traditions of the Meru (Nairobi-Kampala, East African Educational Publishers).

Ogot, B. A. (ed). 1976 Kenya before 1900. Eight Regional Studies (Nairobi, East African Publishing House).

Ole Sankan, S. S. 1971 The Maasai (Nairobi, Kenya Literature Bureau).

Orde Browne, G. 1913 “Circumcision ceremonies among the Amwimbe”, Man, 79, pp. 137-140. 1915 “The circumcision ceremony in Chuka”, Man, 39, pp. 5-68. 1925 The Vanishing Tribes of Kenya. A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Primitive and Interesting Tribes Dwelling on the Vast Southern Slopes of Mount Kenya, and their Fast Disappearing Native Methods of Life (Londres, Seeley, Service and Cº).

Parkin, D. 1991 Sacred Void. Spatial Images of Work and Ritual among the Giriama of Kenya (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press) [Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, 80].

Paulme, D. (ed). 1971 Classes et Associations d’âge en Afrique de l’Ouest (Paris, Plon) [Recherches en sciences humaines, 35].

Peatrik, A.-M. 1985a Sociologie des polities à générations d’Afrique orientale, mémoire de maîtrise (Nanterre, Université de Paris X), non publié. 1985b “La “fécondocratie” dassanetch”, Production pastorale et Société, 17, pp. 91-106. 1989 Génération meru: modes d’emploi. Une enquête sur les implications sociologiques d’un système générationnel bantou (Meru Tigania-Igembe, Kénya), thèse de troisième cycle (Nanterre, Université de Paris X), non publiée. 1991 “Le chant des hyènes tristes. Essai sur les rites funéraires des Meru du Kenya et des peuples apparentés”, Systèmes de pensée en Afrique noire, 11, pp. 103-130 [Le Deuil et ses rites, 2]. 1993 “Âge, génération et temps chez les Meru Tigania-Igembe du Kenya”, Africa, 63 (2), pp. 241-260. 1994 “Un système composite: l’organisation d’âge et de génération des Kikuyus précoloniaux”, Journal des africanistes, 64 (1), pp. 3-36. 1995a “La règle et le nombre: les systèmes d’âge et de génération d’Afrique orientale”, L’Homme, 134 (2), pp. 13-49. 1995b “Introduction”, L’Homme, 134 (2), pp. 7-12. 1995c (ed) Âges et Générations. Ordres et désordres (Des sociétés aux rythmes du temps), numéro thématique de L’Homme, 134 (2). 1997 “Du ménage à l’unité domestique. Un décalage fécond entre la démographie et l’ethnographie”, in M. Pilon et al., Ménages et Familles en Afrique. Approches des dynamiques contemporaines (Paris, ceped), pp. 31-54 [Les Études du ceped, 15].

Peristiany, J. G. [1939] 1964 The Social Institutions of the Kipsigis (Londres, Routledge and Kegan Paul).

Philippson, G. 1982 “Quelques données nouvelles sur la classification des langues bantou d’Afrique orientale”, in M.-F. Rombi (ed), Études sur le Bantu oriental (Paris, selaf, lacito), pp. 147- 158 [Documents Afrique, 9].

Pilon, M., Locoh, T., Vignikin, C., and Vimard, P. (eds). 1997 Ménages et Familles en Afrique. Approches des dynamiques contemporaines (Paris, ceped) [Les Études du ceped, 15].

Pison, G. 1989 “Les jumeaux: fréquence, statut social et mortalité”, in G. Pison, E. Van de Walle and E. Sala-Diakanda (eds), Mortalité et Société en Afrique (Paris, Presses universitaires de France), pp. 245-269 [Travaux et Documents de l’ined, 124].

Prins, A. H. J. 1953 East African Age-Class Systems (An Inquiry into the Social Order of Galla, Kipsigis and Kikuyu) (Groningen, J. B. Wolters).

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. [1950] 1975 “Introduction”, in A. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde (eds), African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (Londres, Oxford Univ. Press), pp. 1-85.

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., and Forde, D. (eds). [1950] 1975 African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (Londres, Oxford University Press).

Republic of Kenya. Kenya Population Census 1969, 1979, 1989 (Nairobi, Government Printer).

Rigby, P. 1969 “Some Gogo rituals of purification”, in E. R. Leach (ed), Dialectic in Practical Religion (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 153-178.

Rimita, D. M. 1988 The Njuri-Ncheke of Meru (Meru, Kolbe Press).

Rosa, P. 1987 “Physical anthropology and the reconstruction of recent precolonial history in Africa. II: A dermatoglyphic survey from Kenya”, History in Africa. A Journal of Method, African Studies Association (ucla), vol. XIV, pp. 229-256.

Roscoe, J. [1911] 1965 The Baganda. An Account of their Native Customs and Beliefs (Londres, Mac Millan and Cº).

Ruel, M. J. 1962 “Kuria generation classes”, Africa, 32 (1), pp. 14-36.

Saberwal, S. 1970 The Traditional Political System of the Embu of Central Kenya (Nairobi, East African Publishing House for the Makerere Institute of Social Research).

Sanders, E. R. 1969 “The Hamitic hypothesis: Its origin and functions in time perspective”, Journal of African Histor y, X (4), pp. 521-532.

Schapera, I. 1949 Some Problems of Anthropological Research in Kenya Colony (Londres, Oxford University Press) [Memo XXIII of The International African Institute].

Schurtz, H. 1902 Älterklassen und Männerbünde, eine Darstellung der Grundformen der Gesellschaft (Berlin, Raimer).

Shackleton, E. R. 1930 “The Njuwe”, Man, XXX (143), pp. 201-202.

Singularités. Les Voies d’émergence individuelle. 1989 Textes pour Éric de Dampierre présentés par le Laboratoire d’ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (Paris, Plon).

Smith, P. 1971 “Les échelons d’âge dans l’organisation sociale et rituelle des Bedik”, in D. Paulme (ed), Classes et Associations d’âge en Afrique de l’Ouest (Paris, Plon), pp. 185-204 [Recherches en sciences humaines, 35]. 1975 Le Récit populaire au Rwanda (Paris, A. Colin) [Classiques africains, 17]. 1979a “L’effcacité des interdits”, L’Homme, 19 (1), pp. 5-47. 1979b “Naissances et destins: les enfants de fer et les enfants de beurre”, Cahiers d’études africaines, numéro spécial en l’honneur de Denise Paulme, 73-79, pp. 329-352. 1981 “Royautés sacrées (Bantous de la région des Grands Lacs)”, in Y. Bonnefoy (ed), Dictionnaire des mythologies et des religions des sociétés traditionnelles et du monde antique (Paris, Flammarion), t. II, pp. 389-394.

Spear, T. T. 1976 “The Mijikenda”, in B. A. Ogot (ed), Kenya before 1900. Eight Regional Studies (Nairobi, East African Publishing House), pp. 262-285. 1978 Compte rendu de J. A. Fadiman, Mountain Warriors: The Pre-Colonial Meru of Mt. Kenya (Athens, Ohio, Ohio University Press, 1976), in The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 11 (1), pp. 131-134. 1981 Kenya’s Past. An Introduction to Historical Method in Africa (Londres, Longman). 1997 Mountain Farmers. Moral Economies of Land and Agricultural Development in Arusha and Meru (Oxford/Dar es-Salam/Berkeley, James Currey/ Mkuki na Nyota/University of California Press).

Spencer, P. 1965 The Samburu: A Study of Gerontocracy in a Nomadic Tribe (Londres, Routledge and Kegan Paul). 1973 Nomads in Alliance. Symbiosis and Growth among the Rendille and Samburu of Kenya (Londres, Oxford University Press). 1988 The Maasai of Matapato. A Study of Rituals of Rebellion (Bloomington, Indiana University Press).

Stewart, F.H. 1977 Fundamentals of Age-Group Systems (New York, Academic Press).

Tapinos, G. 1985 Éléments de démographie. Analyse, déterminants socio-économiques et histoire des populations (Paris, A. Colin) [collection U].

Tate, H. R. 1904 “Journey to the Rendile Country, British East Africa”, The Geographical Journal, XXIII, pp. 220-228.

Tcherkézoff, S. 1983 Le Roi nyamwesi, le droite et la gauche. Révision comparative des classifications dualistes (Cambridge/Paris, Cambridge University Press/Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’Homme).

Thomas, L. M. 1998 “Imperial concerns women’s affairs: state efforts to regulate clitoridectomy and eradicate abortion in Meru, Kenya, c. 1910-1950”, The Journal of African History, 39 (1), pp. 121-145.

Tornay, S. 1969 “Essai sur le vocabulaire des Keyo du Kenya”, L’Homme, IX (2), pp. 113-135. 1979 “Générations, classes d’âge et superstructures: à propos de l’étude d’une ethnie du cercle karimojong (Afrique orientale)”, in Équipe Écologie et anthropologie des sociétés pastorales, Production pastorale et Société. Actes du colloque international sur le pastoralisme nomade, Paris, 1-3 décembre 1976 (Cambridge/Paris, Cambridge University Press/Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’Homme), pp. 307-327. 1989a “Status individuel et émergence de l’homme exemplaire dans une société sans chef”, in Singularités. Les Voies d’émergence individuelle. Textes pour Éric de Dampierre présentés par le Laboratoire d’ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (Paris, Plon), pp. 49-63. 1989b Un système générationnel: les Nyangatom du sud-ouest de l’Éthiopie et les peuples apparentés, thèse de doctorat (Nanterre, Université de Paris X), 6 vol.; microfilm 1991: Lille-Thèses issn nº 0752.10611. 1995 “Structure et événement: le système générationnel des peuples du cercle karimojong”, L’Homme, 134 (2), pp. 51-80.

Toweett, T. 1979 Oral Traditional History of the Kipsigis (Nairobi, Kenya Literature Bureau).

Townsend, N. 1977 “Age, descent and elders among the Pokomo”, Africa, 47 (4), pp. 386-397.

Turnbull, C. M. [1972] 1984 The Mountain People (Londres, Triad Granada).

Turner, V. 1967a The Forest of Symbols. Aspects of Ndembu Ritual (Ithaca, Cornell University Press). 1967b “Color classification in Ndembu ritual: A problem in primitive classification”, in V. Turner (ed), The Forest of Symbols. Aspects of Ndembu Ritual (Ithaca, Cornell University Press), pp. 59-92. 1967cMukanda: The rite of circumcision”, in V. Turner (ed), The Forest of Symbols. Aspects of Ndembu Ritual (Ithaca, Cornell University Press), pp. 151-279.

Van Gennep, A. [1909] 1981 Les Rites de passage (Paris, Picard).

Vansina, J. 1955 “Initiation rituals of the Bushong”, Africa, 25 (2), pp. 138-153.

Verdeaux, F. 1995 “Classes de séniorité chez les lagunaires de Côte d’Ivoire. Une redistribution de l’identité et de la différence », L’Homme, 134 (2), pp. 81-109.

Ville, J.-L. 1985 “Âge et succession générationnelle chez les Kikuyu”, Production pastorale et Société, 17, pp. 83-89.

Viveiros de Castro, E. 1993 “Structures, régimes, stratégies”, L’Homme, 125 (2), pp. 117-137.

Volpini, D. 1978 Il Seme del ricino. Iniziazione tribale e mutamento culturale fra i Tharaka del Kenya (Roma, Officina Edizioni).

Willis, J. 1993 Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda (Oxford, The Clarendon Press).

2. Archives & other non-published sources

– Kenya National Archives: archives of Meru District, Marsabit District and of Central Province.

– Archives of the Library of the University of Nairobi: Lambert Private Papers.

– Archives of the Kenya Historical Association (department of History of the University of Nairobi): there are kept interviews of oral history conducted by students for their dissertation, among which three of them were very useful.

– Rokeby Archives, Red Hook, N.Y., USA: there are kept archives of the Chanler/Höhnel expedition (1892-1893): “The original glass plate negatives were all damaged by accidental immersion in water during the expedition, and accordingly the prints can be no clearer nor in better resolution than were the plates, which as far as we known have been destroyed” (mail from John W. Aldrich, 2018 May 5).

Kamunchulu, J. T. S. 1973 Meru Participation in Mau Mau: The Case Study of ex-Field Marshal Mwariama, B. A. Dissertation (University of Nairobi, Department of History).

Kangoi, B. M. I. 1972 A History of the Tigania of Meru to about 1908, B. A. Dissertation (University of Nairobi, Department of History). Twenty one informators have been interviewed in 1972; interviews, sum up in English are numbered from 1 to 21: the informator’s name is followed by the name of his set and sub-set, his territorial section ( “sl” for sublocation, and “l” for location), and the date of the interview. 1. M’Rusha, Kiramunya kaberia, Ametu, June 14th, 1972, September 30th, 1972. 2. M’Kaunga, Michubu kobia, Erotia, June 3rd, 1972. 3. M’Thitwa, Ithalie ndinguri, Amatû (Kianjai l), July 7th, 1972. 4. M’Thiritu, Ithalie ndinguri, Antuamakia (Mikinduri l), June 20th, 1972. 5. Kiome, Kiramunya ndinguri, Antûamburi (Thingamburi sl, Kianjai l), May 22nd, 1972. 6. M’Lithumai, Kiramunya kaberia, Athinga (Muthara l), May 27th, 1972. 7. M’Kinambe, Ithalie ndinguri, Njau (Kunati sl, Mikinduri l), September 18th, 1972. 8. M’Kirathi, Michubu kobia, Antuamongu (Amugaa sl, Mikinduri l), February 19th, 1972. 9. Mutumwa, Kiramunya ndinguri, Antûbaita, September 27th, 1972. 10. M’Athiru, Ithalie ndinguri, Akairû, July 4th, 1972. 11. M’Maitai, Kiramunya kaberia, Mwiganda (Kianjai l), May 19th, 1972, June 14th, 1972. 12. M’Amuru, Kiramunya kaberia, Amatû (Kianjai l), September 21st, 1972. 13. M’Linguya, Kiramunya kaberia (Uringû sl, Kianjai l), September 24th, 1972. 14. M’Limbua, Kiramunya ndinguri, Athanja, September 23rd, 1972. 15. Nguluu, Kiramunya kobia, Anjilu (Mbeu sl, Kianjai l), May 25th, 1972. 16. M’Kumbuku, Kiramunya kaberia (Athinga sl, Muthara l), May 30th, 1972. 17. Remi, Ithalie, Thingamburi (Anjuki sl, Mikinduri l), June 17th, 1972. 18. M’Ithumbiri, Ithalie ndinguri, Antuanthanjû (Kitheo sl, Akîthîî l), June 30th, 1972. 19. M’Imunya, Kiramunya kaberia (Karama sl, Muthara l), June 13th, 1972. 20. M’Amwira, Michubu kaberia, Gikana (Kunati sl, Mikinduri l), September 28th, 1972. 21. M’Ndatu, Ithalie ndinguri, Antûammugwe (Kitheo sl, Akîthî l), July 2nd, 1972.

Kinyua, J. I. 1970 A History of Njuri in Meru, 1910-1963, B. A. Dissertation (University of Nairobi, Department of History). Fourteen interviews sum up in English, numbered from 1 to 14, conducted between August 1969 and Januray 1970 with informators involved with public adminsitration and local politics; two of them are from Tigania and Igembe.

Kotrba, F. 2008 William Astor Chanler (1867-1934) und Ludwig von Höhnel (1857-1942) und Afrika, Master (Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Walter Sauer, Universität Wien, Austria). Rokeby Papers 8290-8444: copy of 155 photographs prints after glass plate negatives taken during Chanler/Höhnel Expedition (2008: 210).

3. Topographic maps

1/250 000

Chuka (rev. 1973)

Garba Tula (rev. 1975)

1/50 000

Lare (1977)

Maua (1975)

Meru (1976)

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