• Contenu principal
  • Menu
OpenEdition Books
  • Accueil
  • Catalogue de 15987 livres
  • Éditeurs
  • Auteurs
  • Facebook
  • X
  • Partager
    • Facebook

    • X

    • Accueil
    • Catalogue de 15987 livres
    • Éditeurs
    • Auteurs
  • Ressources numériques en sciences humaines et sociales

    • OpenEdition
  • Nos plateformes

    • OpenEdition Books
    • OpenEdition Journals
    • Hypothèses
    • Calenda
  • Bibliothèques

    • OpenEdition Freemium
  • Suivez-nous

  • Lettre d’information
OpenEdition Search

Redirection vers OpenEdition Search.

À quel endroit ?
  • Accademia University Press
  • ›
  • Collana dell'Associazione Italiana di Li...
  • ›
  • Proceedings of the Third Italian Confere...
  • ›
  • Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-...
  • Accademia University Press
  • Accademia University Press
    Accademia University Press
    Informations sur la couverture
    Table des matières
    Liens vers le livre
    Informations sur la couverture
    Table des matières
    Formats de lecture

    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral 1 Introduction 2 Previous Work 3 Data and Method 4 Experiments 5 Discussion Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Auteurs

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    Ce livre est recensé par

    Précédent Suivant
    Table des matières

    Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-Inchoative Verbs with Word Embedding

    Edoardo Maria Ponti, Elisabetta Jezek et Bernardo Magnini

    p. 253-257

    Résumés

    Lexical sets contain the words filling the argument positions of a verb in one of its senses. They can be extracted from corpora automatically. The purpose of this paper is demonstrating that their vector representation based on word embedding provides insights onto many linguistic phenomena, such as causative-inchoative verbs. A first experiment aims at investigating the internal structure of the sets, which are known to be radial and continuous categories cognitively. A second experiment shows that the distance between the intransitive subject set and transitive object set is correlated with the spontaneity of the event expressed by the verb, defined according to morphological coding and frequency.

    I set lessicali contengono le parole che occupano le posizioni argomentali di un verbo in una delle sue accezioni, e possono essere estratti in modo automatico dai corpora. L’obiettivo di questo articolo è dimostrare che la loro rappresentazione vettoriale illumina alcuni fenomeni linguistici, come i verbi ad alternanza causativo-incoativa. Un esperimento investiga la struttura interna degli insiemi, che a livello cognitivo sono ritenuti categorie radiali e continue. Inoltre, un secondo esperimento mostra che la distanza fra l’insieme dei soggetti intransitivi e l’insieme degli oggetti transitivi è correlata alla spontaneità dell’evento espresso dal verbo, definita secondo la marca morfologica e la frequenza.

    Texte intégral 1 Introduction 1.1 Word Embedding 1.2 Causative-Inchoative Alternation 2 Previous Work 3 Data and Method 4 Experiments 5 Discussion Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Auteurs

    Texte intégral

    1 Introduction

    1Lexicographic attempts to cope with verb sense disambiguation often rely on “lexical sets” (Hanks, 1996), which represent the lists of corpus-derived words that appear as arguments for each distinct verb sense. The arguments are the “slots” that have to be filled to satisfy the valency of a verb (subject, object, etc.). For example, {gun, bullet, shot, projectile, rifle...} is the lexical set of the object for the sense ‘to shoot’ of to fire. In previous works, e.g. Montemagni et al. (1995), lexical sets were collected manually and were compared through set analysis. The measure of similarity between two sets was proportional to the extent of their intersection. We believe that possible improvements may stem from deriving the lexical sets automatically and from exploiting the semantic information of the fillers fully. In this work, we devise an extraction method from a huge corpus and use a distributional semantics approach to perform our analyses. More specifically, we represent fillers as word vectors and compare them with spatial distance measures. In order to test the relevance for linguistic theory of this approach, we focus on a case study, namely the properties of verbs undergoing the causative-inchoative alternation. Section 1.1. outlines a framework for word embeddings and section 1.2 introduces the case study. Section 2 presents the method and the data, whereas section 3 reports the results of a couple of experiments.

    1.1 Word Embedding

    2The full exploitation of the semantic information inherent to argument fillers for verbs can take advantage from some recent developments in distributional semantics. Recently, efficient algorithms have been devised mapping each word of a vocabulary into a corresponding vector of n real numbers, which can be thought as a sequence of coordinates in a n-dimensional space (Mikolov et al., 2013). This mapping is yielded by unsupervised machine learning, based on the assumption that the meaning of a word can be inferred by its context, i.e. its neighbouring words in texts. This model has some relevant properties: the geometric closeness of two vectors corresponds to the similarity in meaning of the corresponding words. Moreover, its dimensions have possibly a semantic interpretation.

    1.2 Causative-Inchoative Alternation

    3A possible testbed for the usefulness of representing the argument fillers as vectors are the verbs showing the so called causative-inchoative alternation. These verbs appear either as transitive or intransitive. In the first case, an agent brings about a change of state; in the second, the change of a patient is presented as spontaneous (e.g. to break, as in “Mary broke the key” vs. “the key broke”).

    4The two alternative forms of these verbs can be morphologically asymmetrical: in this case, one has a derivative affix and the other does not. The first is labelled here as “marked”, the second as “basic”. Italian verbs with an asymmetrical alternation derive from the phenomenon of anticausativization. The intransitive form is marked since it is sometimes preceded by the clitic si (Cennamo and Jezek, 2011). Haspelmath (1993) maintain that verbs that show a preference for a marked causative form (and a basic inchoative form) cross-linguistically denote a more “spontaneous” situation. Spontaneity is intended by the author as the likelihood of the occurrence of the event without the intervention of an agent. This work is non-committal with respect to whether spontaneity be an actual semantic factor. Rather, it is considered a notion useful for labelling the observed variations in morphology and frequency.

    5In this way, a correlation between the form and the meaning of these verbs was demonstrated. Moreover, Samardzic and Merlo (2012) and Haspelmath et al. (2014) argue that verbs that appear more frequently (intraand cross-linguistically) in the inchoative form tend to morphologically derive the causative form, too. This time, the correlation holds between form and frequency. Vice versa, situations entailing agentive participation prefer to mark the inchoative form and occur more frequently in the causative form.

    2 Previous Work

    6In the literature, many methods are available for the automatic detection of verb classes, such as causative-inchoative verbs. They exploit features based on argument alternations, such as subcategorization frames (Joanis et al., 2008). The identification of verb classes displaying a diathesis alternation was also performed through the analysis of selectional preferences. Most notably, the lexical items were compared via distributional semantics (McCarthy, 2000).

    7These features were usually induced from automatic parses of heterogeneous and wide corpora (Schulte Im Walde, 2000). In particular, the extraction of subcategorization frames was refined including e.g. noise filters based on frequency (Korhonen et al., 2000). Our work is inspired by these attempts to automatically induce lexical information regarding verbs, but its direction of research is reversed. Indeed, rather than classifying verb classes given this information, it analyses this information given a verb class in order to shed light on its properties from the perspective of linguistic theory.

    3 Data and Method

    8The data are sourced from a sample of ItWac, a wide Italian corpus gathered through web crawling (Baroni et al., 2009). This sample was further enriched with morpho-syntactic information through the MATE-tools parser (Bohnet, 2010)1 and filtered by sentence length (< 100). Eventually, sentences in the sample amounted to 2,029,454 items. A target group of 20 causative-inchoative verbs was taken from Haspelmath et al. (2014): they are listed here based on the reported transitive/intransitive frequency ratio, from the highest to the lowest.

    close>open>improve>break>fill>gather>connect>split>stop>go out>rise>rock>burn>freeze>turn>dry>wake>melt>boil>sink

    9The extraction step consisted in identifying their argument fillers inside the sentences in the sample. In particular, the arguments considered were the subjects of intransitives (S) and objects (O) (Dixon, 1994)2. These arguments are relevant because they are deemed to share the same fillers (Pustejovsky, 1995).

    Figure 1: Distance of vectors from their centroid.

    Image 100000000000049D000003313ECD1C85.jpg

    10These operations resulted in a database where each verb lemma had a single entry and was associated with a list of fillers, divided by argument type. With this procedure, lexical sets were extracted automatically, although they were not divided by verb sense. Afterwards, each of the argument fillers was mapped to a vector relying on a space model pre-trained through Word2Vec (Dinu et al., 2015)3.

    4 Experiments

    11In order to bring to light the linguistic information concealed in the automatically extracted lexical sets, we devised two experiments. One investigates the internal structure of lexical sets. In fact, previous works based on set theory treated them as categoric sets, of which a filler is either a member or not. Research in psychology, however, has long since demonstrated that the members of a linguistic set are found in a radial continuum where the most central one is the prototype for its category, and those at the periphery are less representative (Rosch, 1973; Lakoff, 1987)4. Word vectors allow to capture this spatial continuum.

    12Once the fillers have been mapped to their respective vectors, a lexical set appears as a group of points in a multi-dimensional model. The centre of this group is the Euclidean mean among the vectors, which is a vector itself and is called centroid. In the first experiment, we calculated the coordinates of the centroid of the lexical sets S and O for any selected verb5. Then we evaluated the cosine similarity of every vector member of the sets from its centroid. The value of this metric goes from 0 (overlap) to 1 (maximum distance) and is useful to evaluate how far a filler is from its prototype. We obtained two sets of cosine similarity values for each verb: these can be plotted as boxes and whiskers, like in Figure 1. The example represents those of dividere ‘to split’. The rectangles stand for the values in the second and third quartiles, whereas the horizontal line for the median6. From all these distance values, we picked the median value for each lexical set. The plot of these medians for the S set and the O set of each verb ordered according to Haspelmath’s ranking is shown in Figure 2.

    13Two main results can be observed from these plots: the S lexical set lies in a more compact range of distances, whereas O is more scattered. On the other hand, the vectors of S tend farther from the centroid. This is demonstrated by the ranges where their distance values fall. Moreover, the averages of medians for the ten verbs on the left part of the scale (frequently transitive) and for the ten verbs on the right (frequently intransitive) were compared. The average median in S was 0.696567 for the former and 0.585263 for the latter. The average median in O was 0.556878 for the former and 0.522418 for the latter. This shows that the variation in O appears to be random. On the other hand, the median of the distances in S is normally lower for verbs that lie in the bottom half of the Haspelmath’s scale.

    14The second experiment consisted in estimating the cosine distance between the centroid of S and the centroid of O for each verb. This operation was aimed at finding to which extent the lexical sets of S and O overlap. In fact, Montemagni et al. (1995) and McCarthy (2000) assessed in a corpus some asymmetries between these lexical sets, which in principle should share all their members.

    Figure 2: Medians of S (left) and O (right) distances for verbs ranked by position in Haspelmath’s scale.

    Image 100000000000049D000001A11950D5B4.jpg

    15Inspecting our results, the distance between S and O seems to behave as a measure of spontaneity, intended as cross-linguistic frequency and morphological markedness of a verb: the more the centroids tend to be set apart, the more the verb tends to have a morphologically unmarked and more frequent intransitive form. In fact, we compared the ranking of 20 alternating verbs according to the ratio of their cross-linguistic frequency of transitive and intransitive forms (Haspelmath et al., 2014) and a ranking based on the centroid distances of the same verbs. Both these rankings are plotted in Figure 3: every verb is associated with its position in the two scales.

    16Both scales display a common tendency. In particular a Spearman’s ranking test was performed over them, yielding a mild positive correlation of ρ = 0.56391 with a quite strong confidence, i.e. with p < 0.017.

    Figure 3: Ranking based on cross-linguistic form frequencies (green triangles) against ranking based on distance of the centroids of S and O in Italian (blue squares).

    Image 100000000000049D000003E110B4D31E.jpg

    5 Discussion

    17The representation of lexical sets of Italian causative-inchoative verbs as vectors was demonstrated to provide insights into their internal structure and their relation with spontaneity defined according to morphological coding and frequency. The distances of the objects appeared to be distributed more uniformly, whereas those of the intransitive subjects more densely and remotely from the centroid. This difference cannot stem from the frequency of anaphoric fillers (contraryto transitive subjects), since both these argument positions share the discursive function of introducing new referents, and are hence occupied by fully referential fillers (Du Bois, 1985). Moreover, the medians of the distances of the subject fillers from their centroid were shown to vary. An interpretation is that they are sensible to the frequency scale: this implies that frequently transitive (hence, non-spontaneous) verbs have semantically less homogeneous sets of referents, since they are farther from the prototype. Possibly this discovery can be related with the fact that non-spontaneous verbs impose less selectional restrictions on subjects (McKoon and Macfarland, 2000).

    18The lack of a perfect correlation between these vector distance and frequency measures is maybe due to errors in the automatic extraction and data sparseness for the former, or an insufficient sample

    Bibliographie

    Elisabetta Jezek and Patrick Hanks. 2010. What lexical sets tell us about conceptual categories. Lexis, 4(7):22.

    Eric Joanis, Suzanne Stevenson, and David James. 2008. A general feature space for automatic verb classification. Natural Language Engineering, 14(03):337–367.

    Anna Korhonen, Genevieve Gorrell, and Diana McCarthy. 2000. Statistical filtering and subcategorization frame acquisition. In Proceedings of the 2000 Joint SIGDAT conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing and very large corpora, pages 199–206. Association for Computational Linguistics.

    George Lakoff. 1987. Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Cambridge University Press.

    Diana McCarthy. 2000. Using semantic preferences to identify verbal participation in role switching alternations. In Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics conference, pages 256–263.

    Gail McKoon and Talke Macfarland. 2000. Externally and internally caused change of state verbs. Language, pages 833–858.

    Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In Workshop at ICLR.

    Simonetta Montemagni, Nilda Ruimy, and Vito Pirrelli. 1995. Ringing things which nobody can ring. a corpus-based study of the causative-inchoative alternation in italian. Textus online only. 8 (1995), N. 2, 1995, 8(2):1000–1020.

    James Pustejovsky. 1995. The generative lexicon. The MIT Press.

    Eleanor H Rosch. 1973. Natural categories. Cognitive psychology, 4(3):328–350.

    Tanja Samardzic and Paola Merlo. 2012. The meaning of lexical causatives in cross-linguistic variation. Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 7(12):1– 14.

    Sabine Schulte Im Walde. 2000. Clustering verbs semantically according to their alternation behaviour. In Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics-Volume 2, pages 747–753.

    Diarmuid O Séaghdha. 2010. Latent variable models of selectional preference. In Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 435–444.

    Notes de bas de page

    1 LAS scores for the relevant dependency relations: 0.751 with dobj (direct object), 0.719 with nsubj (subject), 0.691 with nsubjpass (subject of a passive verb).

    2 Subjects of forms with si were treated as intransitive subjects. Subjects of passive verbs were treated as objects.

    3 It was generated by a CBOW algorithm with negative sampling, 300 dimensions, a context window of 10 tokens, pruning of infrequent words and sub-sampling.

    4 For previous work on lexical sets considering prototypicality in the context of the notion of shimmering, see Jezek and Hanks (2010).

    5 Every filler was weighted proportionally to its absolute frequency.

    6 The median is the value separating the higher half of the ordered values from the lower half.

    7 An alternative measure was considered for the ranking: the cardinality of the S-O intersection weighted by the set union. In this case, Spearman correlation was ρ = 0.42255, but it was not significant because p ≈ 0.06.

    Auteurs

    • Edoardo Maria Ponti

      University of Cambridge - ep490@cam.ac.uk

    • Elisabetta Jezek

      Università degli Studi di Pavia - jezek@unipv.it

    • Bernardo Magnini

      Fondazione Bruno Kessler - magnini@fbk.eu

    Précédent Suivant
    Table des matières

    Creative Commons - Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

    Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Creative Commons - Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.

    Voir plus de livres
    Proceedings of the Second Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2015

    Proceedings of the Second Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2015

    3-4 December 2015, Trento

    Cristina Bosco, Sara Tonelli et Fabio Massimo Zanzotto (dir.)

    2015

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    5-6 December 2016, Napoli

    Anna Corazza, Simonetta Montemagni et Giovanni Semeraro (dir.)

    2016

    EVALITA. Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    EVALITA. Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    Proceedings of the Final Workshop 7 December 2016, Naples

    Pierpaolo Basile, Franco Cutugno, Malvina Nissim et al. (dir.)

    2016

    Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017

    Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017

    11-12 December 2017, Rome

    Roberto Basili, Malvina Nissim et Giorgio Satta (dir.)

    2017

    Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

    Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

    10-12 December 2018, Torino

    Elena Cabrio, Alessandro Mazzei et Fabio Tamburini (dir.)

    2018

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    Proceedings of the Final Workshop 12-13 December 2018, Naples

    Tommaso Caselli, Nicole Novielli, Viviana Patti et al. (dir.)

    2018

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian Final Workshop

    Valerio Basile, Danilo Croce, Maria Maro et al. (dir.)

    2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2020

    Bologna, Italy, March 1-3, 2021

    Felice Dell'Orletta, Johanna Monti et Fabio Tamburini (dir.)

    2020

    Proceedings of the Eighth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CliC-it 2021

    Proceedings of the Eighth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CliC-it 2021

    Milan, Italy, 26-28 January, 2022

    Elisabetta Fersini, Marco Passarotti et Viviana Patti (dir.)

    2022

    Voir plus de livres
    1 / 9
    Proceedings of the Second Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2015

    Proceedings of the Second Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2015

    3-4 December 2015, Trento

    Cristina Bosco, Sara Tonelli et Fabio Massimo Zanzotto (dir.)

    2015

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    5-6 December 2016, Napoli

    Anna Corazza, Simonetta Montemagni et Giovanni Semeraro (dir.)

    2016

    EVALITA. Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    EVALITA. Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    Proceedings of the Final Workshop 7 December 2016, Naples

    Pierpaolo Basile, Franco Cutugno, Malvina Nissim et al. (dir.)

    2016

    Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017

    Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017

    11-12 December 2017, Rome

    Roberto Basili, Malvina Nissim et Giorgio Satta (dir.)

    2017

    Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

    Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

    10-12 December 2018, Torino

    Elena Cabrio, Alessandro Mazzei et Fabio Tamburini (dir.)

    2018

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian

    Proceedings of the Final Workshop 12-13 December 2018, Naples

    Tommaso Caselli, Nicole Novielli, Viviana Patti et al. (dir.)

    2018

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian Final Workshop

    Valerio Basile, Danilo Croce, Maria Maro et al. (dir.)

    2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2020

    Proceedings of the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2020

    Bologna, Italy, March 1-3, 2021

    Felice Dell'Orletta, Johanna Monti et Fabio Tamburini (dir.)

    2020

    Proceedings of the Eighth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CliC-it 2021

    Proceedings of the Eighth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CliC-it 2021

    Milan, Italy, 26-28 January, 2022

    Elisabetta Fersini, Marco Passarotti et Viviana Patti (dir.)

    2022

    Voir plus de chapitres

    What’s in a Food Name: Knowledge Induction from Gazetteers of Food Main Ingredient

    Bernardo Magnini, Vevake Balaraman, Simone Magnolini et al.

    The E3C Project: Collection and Annotation of a Multilingual Corpus of Clinical Cases

    Bernardo Magnini, Begoña Altuna, Alberto Lavelli et al.

    Lexical Opposition in Discourse Contrast

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    Lexical Opposition in Discourse Contrast

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    From General to Specific: Leveraging Named Entity Recognition for Slot Filling in Conversational Language Understanding

    Samuel Louvan et Bernardo Magnini

    LICO: A Lexicon of Italian Connectives

    Anna Feltracco, Elisabetta Jezek, Bernardo Magnini et al.

    Investigating Proactivity in Task-Oriented Dialogues

    Vevake Balaraman et Bernardo Magnini

    Simple Data Augmentation for Multilingual NLU in Task Oriented Dialogue Systems

    Samuel Louvan et Bernardo Magnini

    From Cambridge to Pisa: A Journey into Cross-Lingual Dialogue Domain Adaptation for Conversational Agents

    Tiziano Labruna et Bernardo Magnini

    Contrast-Ita Bank: A corpus for Italian Annotated with Discourse Contrast Relations

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    Tracing Metonymic Relations in T-PAS: An Annotation Exercise on a Corpus-based Resource for Italian

    Emma Romani et Elisabetta Jezek

    Clustering verbal Objects: manual and automatic procedures compared

    Ilaria Colucci, Elisabetta Jezek et Vít Baisa

    Voir plus de chapitres
    1 / 12

    What’s in a Food Name: Knowledge Induction from Gazetteers of Food Main Ingredient

    Bernardo Magnini, Vevake Balaraman, Simone Magnolini et al.

    The E3C Project: Collection and Annotation of a Multilingual Corpus of Clinical Cases

    Bernardo Magnini, Begoña Altuna, Alberto Lavelli et al.

    Lexical Opposition in Discourse Contrast

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    Lexical Opposition in Discourse Contrast

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    From General to Specific: Leveraging Named Entity Recognition for Slot Filling in Conversational Language Understanding

    Samuel Louvan et Bernardo Magnini

    LICO: A Lexicon of Italian Connectives

    Anna Feltracco, Elisabetta Jezek, Bernardo Magnini et al.

    Investigating Proactivity in Task-Oriented Dialogues

    Vevake Balaraman et Bernardo Magnini

    Simple Data Augmentation for Multilingual NLU in Task Oriented Dialogue Systems

    Samuel Louvan et Bernardo Magnini

    From Cambridge to Pisa: A Journey into Cross-Lingual Dialogue Domain Adaptation for Conversational Agents

    Tiziano Labruna et Bernardo Magnini

    Contrast-Ita Bank: A corpus for Italian Annotated with Discourse Contrast Relations

    Anna Feltracco, Bernardo Magnini et Elisabetta Jezek

    Tracing Metonymic Relations in T-PAS: An Annotation Exercise on a Corpus-based Resource for Italian

    Emma Romani et Elisabetta Jezek

    Clustering verbal Objects: manual and automatic procedures compared

    Ilaria Colucci, Elisabetta Jezek et Vít Baisa

    Accès ouvert

    Accès ouvert

    ePub

    PDF

    PDF du chapitre

    1 LAS scores for the relevant dependency relations: 0.751 with dobj (direct object), 0.719 with nsubj (subject), 0.691 with nsubjpass (subject of a passive verb).

    2 Subjects of forms with si were treated as intransitive subjects. Subjects of passive verbs were treated as objects.

    3 It was generated by a CBOW algorithm with negative sampling, 300 dimensions, a context window of 10 tokens, pruning of infrequent words and sub-sampling.

    4 For previous work on lexical sets considering prototypicality in the context of the notion of shimmering, see Jezek and Hanks (2010).

    5 Every filler was weighted proportionally to its absolute frequency.

    6 The median is the value separating the higher half of the ordered values from the lower half.

    7 An alternative measure was considered for the ranking: the cardinality of the S-O intersection weighted by the set union. In this case, Spearman correlation was ρ = 0.42255, but it was not significant because p ≈ 0.06.

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    X Facebook Email

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    Vous pouvez vous connecter à votre bibliothèque à l’adresse suivante : https://freemium.openedition.org/oebooks

    Suggérer l’acquisition à votre bibliothèque

    Si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez nous écrire à access[at]openedition.org

    Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016

    Vérifiez si votre bibliothèque a déjà acquis ce livre : authentifiez-vous à OpenEdition Freemium for Books.

    Vous pouvez suggérer à votre bibliothèque d’acquérir un ou plusieurs livres publiés sur OpenEdition Books. N’hésitez pas à lui indiquer nos coordonnées : access[at]openedition.org

    Vous pouvez également nous indiquer, à l’aide du formulaire suivant, les coordonnées de votre bibliothèque afin que nous la contactions pour lui suggérer l’achat de ce livre. Les champs suivis de (*) sont obligatoires.

    Veuillez, s’il vous plaît, remplir tous les champs.

    La syntaxe de l’email est incorrecte.

    Référence numérique du chapitre

    Format

    Ponti, E., Jezek, E., & Magnini, B. (2016). Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-Inchoative Verbs with Word Embedding. In A. Corazza, S. Montemagni, & G. Semeraro (éds.), Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016. Torino: Accademia University Press. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.aaccademia.1833
    Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Elisabetta Jezek, et Bernardo Magnini. « Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-Inchoative Verbs With Word Embedding ». In Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-It 2016, édité par Anna Corazza, Simonetta Montemagni, et Giovanni Semeraro. Torino: Accademia University Press, 2016. doi:10.4000/books.aaccademia.1833.
    Ponti, Edoardo Maria, et al. « Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-Inchoative Verbs With Word Embedding ». Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-It 2016, édité par Anna Corazza et al., Accademia University Press, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.aaccademia.1833.

    Référence numérique du livre

    Format

    Corazza, A., Montemagni, S., & Semeraro, G. (éds.). (2016). Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016. Torino: Accademia University Press. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.aaccademia.1666
    Corazza, Anna, Simonetta Montemagni, et Giovanni Semeraro, éd. Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-It 2016. Torino: Accademia University Press, 2016. doi:10.4000/books.aaccademia.1666.
    Corazza, Anna, et al., éditeurs. Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-It 2016. Accademia University Press, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.aaccademia.1666.
    Compatible avec Zotero Zotero

    1 / 3

    Accademia University Press

    Accademia University Press

    • Plan du site
    • Se connecter

    Suivez-nous

    • Facebook
    • Flux RSS

    URL : http://www.aaccademia.it/

    Email : info@aaccademia.it

    Adresse :

    Accademia University Press

    Via Carlo Alberto 55

    I‐10123

    Torino

    Italia

    OpenEdition
    • Candidater à OpenEdition Books
    • Connaître le programme OpenEdition Freemium
    • Commander des livres
    • S’abonner à la lettre d’OpenEdition
    • CGU d’OpenEdition Books
    • Accessibilité : partiellement conforme
    • Données personnelles
    • Gestion des cookies
    • Système de signalement