Life, Fish and Mangroves
|Index
Volltext
A
ACLEDA bank, 98
adaptive governance, 20
aquaculture (fish farming), 40
access and control of, 44
development encouraged by prime minister, 31, 47
freshwater, 43
owner-operated small-scale, 56, 88
ponds, 124
shrimp, 88
start-up capital for, 40
strategy for longer-term survival, 88
in Tonle Sap lake and Mekong River, 40
aquatic species, 29, 41, 62n9, 83, 94, 104, 108
aquatic stocks
decline in, 53, 148
depletion of, 44
large-scale resource extraction and, 77
management at local level, 77
Asian fishing communities, 139
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 9
B
Béné, Christopher, 5, 137, 154
Berkes, Fikret, 5
biodiversity reserves, 141
biophysical system, 18
biotic resources, 43–44
blast fishing, 48, 77
bottom fish, 42
business entrepreneurs, 76, 121, 123, 126–28, 132, 146
C
Cambodia
authoritarian roots, 26
bombing during Vietnam War, 13
Charcoal Ban, 71
competition within main fishing grounds, 71
corrupt officials share corrupt money, 143
democratic elections, local-level, 24
economic growth in, 15, 131–32
factories and migrant labour, 15
fisheries, total annual production, 42–43
fisheries as fourth-largest employer in, 42
fishery sector reform, 30
fishing gear, theft of, 59–60, 71, 81, 97–101
food/economic crisis, 71
France, independence from, 7
Khmer Rouge regime, genocidal, 7, 13, 50
land and biotic resources, competing claims over, 43–44
levels of inequality, rising, 15
market liberalization, 53
markets, fluctuations in, 71
national budget and foreign funding, 32
policy framework for resource governance, 25
political consolidation and government departments, 134–36
population in rural areas, 132
population of, 15
poverty rates, 15, 56
regulatory agencies ignore environmental and social safeguards, 125
resources, decline in, 71
royalty fees from sand mining, 126
rule by strong leaders, 29
sand export sector, 125
socialist economic practices, 53
state-controlled marketing system, 54
trade embargo by the West, 13
Vietnamese occupation, 49
Cambodia at the Crossroads: Strengthening Accountability to Reduce Poverty (World Bank), 23, 164
Cambodian embassy, 126
Cambodian government
Fisheries Policy, 25
Forestry Policy, 25
Land Policy, 25
legislation with strong decentralization mandate, 23
Local Governance Policies, 25
logging activities, enforced ban on, 82
military access to forest areas, 14
Protected Areas Policy, 25
Supportive policies, 25
Cambodian royalty, 50
Cambodia People Party (CPP), 27–28
Canada, 21
capture fisheries in Asia-Pacific region, 41
catfish stock, 20
centralist perspective of governing resources, 22
Chandler, David, 54
change, social, economic and political, 9
Charcoal Ban, 71
charcoal kiln owner, 1
charcoal kilns, 68
charcoal production, 10, 15, 54, 64, 75–76, 124
Chief of Police’s support of illegal activities, 112–13
Chinese merchants, 50
Chrouy Pros
artificial reefs to protect seagrass areas, 117–20, 128
commune councils, elected, 116–19
commune planning policy, 116–20
concerns, environmental and livelihood, 116
environmental education, 118
fishing conflicts, 116–17
Koh Kong’s provincial governor and, 117–18
mangrove replanting, 116, 118
net destruction by trawls, 120
push-net fishers, 119
resource management committee, 113
resource management committees, village-level, 116
seagrass conservation areas, 119–20
Chrouy Pros Bay (fishing grounds), 88, 99, 105, 109–18, 121, 124, 141
Chrouy Pros village, 112
civic duty, 29
civic virtue, 138
civil service, 7
civil war funding from timber sales, 14
classic agrarian questions à la Bernstein, 4–5
climate variation, 18
coastal fishers, 44, 46
coastal management, 40
coastal resources, 2, 11, 51, 56, 126, 147
cockles, 104
cod fishery, Canadian, 18–19
collective rights, 19
collectivization, 52
co-management adaptive, 20
commons governance theories of, 19–20
community-based, 33
community patrols and, 136
community vs. governmental approach to, 36
finances, lack of, 140
fisheries, 20, 30
of fisheries, 20, 30
of fisheries resources, 82
governance approach of, 20
with government technical departments, 24
internal struggles to promote the adoption of, 140
Khmer society functions and existing hierarchies vs., 149
of natural resources, 36
other terms for, 20
of poverty reduction and empowerment of the marginalized, 21
shared responsibility and authority for decision-making, 20
with technical departments of Ministries, 24
common pool resources, management of, 19
commons governance, 19, 138
Commune Chief of Police, 112
commune council
commune development planning and, 116
commune planning and, 117
CPP-dominated, 28
Koh Sralao elected to, 82–84
Ministry of Interior’s mandate to, 26
resource management, 2
responsibilities of elected, 116
role in resource management activities, 28
Wayne Som Sak elected to, 1
Commune Development Plans, 85, 116
commune planning, 116, 118–19
Commune Police, 112
community-based management, 16, 20, 33, 36, 80, 82
community-based natural resource management site, 34
community fisheries management, 20
policies and programs, 128
sites, 31–32
Community Fisheries Office, 30, 140
Community Fisheries Sub-decree, 31–32, 110, 113
community forestry, 19, 30
community forestry management, 20
Community Forestry Sub-decree, 25
community groups, 19
community watershed management, 20
conflict-resolution mechanisms, 21, 48, 96
conflicts
fisheries-related, 44
larger-scale, 109
corruption, 8–9, 24, 125, 139, 143
corrupt officials share corrupt money, 143
CPP. See Cambodia People Party (CPP)
crab
fishers, 64–65, 69
fishery, 10, 67
fishing, 64–65, 68–69, 71
species, decline in, 72
stocks, decline in, 100
traps, 62, 64, 97–101, 110
credit markets, 98–99
culture of impunity, 9
D
DANIDA. See Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), 27
debt collection, 99
debt loads, high, 73, 75, 97–98, 126, 129, 137
decentralization, 6
agenda, global, 20
of fisheries sector, 29–32
as major governance reform, 23
national interests promoting, 27–29
of natural resources, 18
policies, 28, 36
policy implementation and adaptation to change, 17
as political and economic process, 22
processes, 7
processes in Western countries, 20–21
as redistribution of power and resources, 22
reforms, 6, 17, 140
as way to govern natural resources in and around villages, 11
decentralized
resource governance, 5–6, 17, 19, 22, 24, 79, 144, 148–49
resource management, 36, 134
deforestation, 10, 13–14, 77, 81, 147–48
deforestation rates, 14
democratic
decentralization, 24, 26
elections, local-level, 24
elections at commune level, 29
rule, decentralized, 16
democratization process, 2
Denmark, 21
development aid, 8
dive resorts, 47
diversity loss, 18
diversity of fish species, 41
dog-meat soup, 65, 69
donor(s)
agencies, 23, 33
agenda, 20, 26, 77
community, 16, 20, 143
development thinking of, 17
programs, 2
dynamite fisher, 1
dynamite fishing, 64, 76, 85, 91, 110
E
ecological degradation, 9
ecological impact of sand mining, 73
economic classes, newly empowered, 27
Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ), 47
ecosystem
havoc, 10
healthy, 35
services, payment for, 147
ecotourism, 88, 98
EEZ. See Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ)
elections for commune chiefs and councils, 27
elite alliances, 27
elites benefit from resource extraction, 127
Emerging Trends, Challenges and Innovations:
Community Based Natural
Resource Management (CBNRM) in Cambodia, 35
empowerment of poor and vulnerable groups, 17
entrepreneurs, well-connected, 10
environmental
education campaign, 92
impact assessments, 48, 123, 127, 142
sustainability, 17, 126
excess capacity, 45–47
external actors, 6, 9
extractive industries, 47, 72, 142
F
failures
in national leadership, 141–43
of village-government
partnerships, 139–41
at village level, 136–39
FAO. See Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
fisheries
as Cambodia’s fourth-largest employer, 42
co-management, 20, 30
community, 31–32, 128
as complex systems of dynamic, interlinked social and biophysical elements, 42
concession leases, 50
conflicts, deaths from, 115
contribution to nutrition, livelihoods and GDP in Cambodia, 39
decline in, 2, 39–41
ecosystems, 41–42
excess capacity, 45–47
governance challenges, 12
governance practices, 12
laws and policies, 45
laws and policies, absence of enforcement of, 45
neo-Malthusian narratives about, 45
open access nature of, 46
output controls for industrial, 46
provide animal protein for rural Cambodians, 43
provide a range of livelihood and developmental values, 39
sector, decentralization of, 29–32
small-scale, 39, 45–46, 50–51, 137
Southeast Asia, 44
total annual production, 42–43
upland, 43
user-group rights for small-scale, 46
Fisheries Administration
bans on trawls in shallow water not inforced, 128
co-management with technical departments of, 24
community-based fisheries management focus, 49
community emphasis and, 32
democratic decentralization, support for, 26
fishing disputes, reluctance to deal with, 101
fishing gear, confiscation of, 114
fish rangers, lacked, 111
local fish rangers, 115
patrolling, limited budget for, 128
policies, fails to follow its own, 141
resource management, endorsed local-level, 80
sand mining not permitted in protected areas, 127
trawls, unable to regulate, 117
underfunding, chronic, 113
villagers’ right to prevent illegal fishing activities, 31
Fisheries Federation, 87–88
Fisheries Law, 25, 31, 51, 53, 109–10, 114
fisheries management
activities a local level, 31
in and around villages, 55
“bay wide” approach to, 88
committees and community fisheries, 32
common regulations and approaches to, 88
community-based groups and, 31, 49
fisheries governance and, 41
fisheries officer explains the rules, 112
fisheries officers insist on following regulations of, 114
hands-off approach, 29
history of, 40, 49–55
local fisheries management, 58
local fishers and, 55
mangrove or flood forest protection, 146n20
multiple actors vying for aquatic and coastal resources, 58
national plans and policies promoting exportation of fisheries vs., 46
output controls for industrial fisheries, 46
patrolling and encouraging changes in mesh size of nets, 102
policing approaches to, failure of, 30
quota and licencing, 46
shared interest by fishers and the state, 30
strategies, 101–3
user-group rights for small-scale fisheries, area-based, 46
at the village level, 55
Fisheries Policy, 25
fisheries resources
decline in, 104
inshore, near-shore, and offshore water areas, 45
open-access nature of, 136
regulating access to, 45
during Vietnamese occupation, 49
fisheries sector reform, 34
fisheries sites, community, 31
fishers
coastal, 44, 46
crab, 64–65, 69
larger-scale, 46
local, 55
migrant, 108
push-net, 119
small-scale, 45–46, 103
trawl, 108, 112–13, 119
fishery stock, decline in, 30, 51
fishing
area, commercially zoned, 30
boat licencing, 46
explosives use in, 33
gear, legislation restricting, 49
gear, taxable, 43
gear restrictions, 29
grounds converted into exclusive “fishing lots,” 37
lots, 30
resource-based livelihood activity, 15
rights auctioned to private bidders, 50
fishing gear
police have vested interest in continuing theft of, 98
theft and excess capacity issues, 81
theft and resource management committee, 97–99, 138
theft of, 59–60, 71, 81, 97–101
fish selling, 1
flood forest, 55
Flyvbjerg, Brent, 5
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 14, 33
foreign
aid, 32
dredging companies, 72–73
trawls, 46, 53
forest exploitation, 71
forest management, informal system of, 55
Forestry Administration, 24, 80, 93–94
forestry issues, communities working on, 80
Forestry Policy, 25
forests converted for agriculture production, 37
French colonial administration, 40, 50
French colonial archives for Cambodia, 49
G
gap between rich and poor, 9
garbage bins for each household, 92
gas prices, 76, 91
gas prices, high, 76
gift-giving, 8
gill nets
crab fishing using, 65
for crabs, 58
fishing in Chrous Pros Bay, 74
illegal use in shallow-water, 109–10
less wealthy households fished with, 62
replacing, 108
stolen or destroyed, 71, 99–100, 107–8
global
decentralization agenda, 20
fish production, 43
forest cover survey, 14
inland fisheries production, 43
South, 21
Global Witness reports, 123, 125–27, 140
governance
adaptive, 20
institutions, 6
local-level, 33
mechanisms, local, 150
at multiple levels, 7
process adapted to cultural context, 128
reforms, 2, 9, 80, 145n19
reforms emphasizing
decentralization, 9
scholars, 7
government bureaucrats, 29, 132, 134–35, 140
government-led research team, donorfunded, 81
grassroots participation, 36
Gulf of Thailand, 14, 39, 41, 44, 51, 53
H
hierarchical power structure, 36
honey bees, 35
Hun Sen, prime minister, 8, 27, 30–32
hunting activities, 55
I
IDRC. See International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
illegal
activities, Chief of Police support for, 113
activity and bureaucrats, 140
charcoal production, 64, 68
cutting of trees, 33
cutting or hunting activities, 55
dynamite fishing, 110
fishers, 113
fishers, forest cutters and hunters, 83
fishers/fishing, 31, 113
fishing, 31, 48, 90, 96, 113
fishing boats, 96
fishing equipment, 31
hunting or fishing practices, 84
logging activities, 94
poaching, 110
resource extraction, 10, 89–90
sand mining, 95
stealing of fishing gear, 98
trawling, 91, 95, 109–10, 114, 128
trawling or blast fishing, 77, 85
wildlife hunting, 110, 115
incentive structures, 139
Indonesia, 27
industrial fisheries, 46
industrial fishing fleets, 47
information, place-based, 22
institutional actors, 6
internal actors, 6, 9
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 33, 81n13
international fishing fleets, 43–44, 105
invertebrates, 42
K
Khmer Rouge
army strongholds, 13–14
culture, 8, 69
era, 10, 40, 49, 52
opposition forces, 14
regime, genocidal, 7, 13, 50
resistance army, 7
society, 23, 149
stronghold, 10
Koh Kong Island, 108n17, 121, 124
Koh Kong’s provincial governor, 85, 117–18
Koh Sralao’s Mosque Association, 58
Koh Sralao village
artificial reefs to protect seagrass areas, 91
basement rental for gamblers, 68–69
beauty products, 64
charcoal kilns, 68
charcoal production, 64, 75–76, 124
crab fishers, 64–65, 69
crab fishery, 67
crab fishing, 64–65, 68–69, 71
crab species, decline in, 72
crab traps, 62, 64, 97–101, 110
debt collection, 99
debt loads, high, 73, 75, 97–98, 126, 129, 137
deep-sea traps, setting, 64
doctor, monthly visit by, 60
dog-meat soup, homemade, 65, 69
Dom (key informant), 63, 65, 69–70, 90
dynamite fishing, 64, 76, 85, 91, 110
ecotourism, 88, 98
electricity generator, 67
environmental education campaign, 85
factory worker, 65
female-headed household, 62
fines for fishing illegally, 90
fisheries management strategies, 101–3
fishing conflicts, 84, 116
fishing gear, theft of, 59–60, 71, 97–101
fishing gear theft, strategies to handle, 99
fishing middleperson, 64
fish worker, 68
fruit tree planter, 66
garbage bins for each household, 92
gill nets destroyed by trawlers, 107
government-led research team, donor-funded, 81
household water supply business, 66
illegal trawling, reduction of, 91
karaoke shop, 69
land redevelopment, 69–70
livelihood activities, 74
livelihood stresses, 70–75
livelihood trajectories of villagers, 59
local ecology curriculum, 84
log transporting, 65
mangrove estuary forests, 59
mangrove forests, wildlife and aquatic habitats, protection of, 77
mangrove replanting by, 83–84, 86–89, 93–95, 99, 104, 136
Mat Sok, 57–59
middle-income earners, 75
middleperson, village, 40, 57, 61, 64–67, 97–98
Milorn (key informant), 62–63, 65, 68–69
moneylender, 64, 66n10, 68, 70
mung beans planter, 66
Muslim community, 58
narcotics plantation, 64–65
Narin (Sok’s wife), 58
open access to resources, 71
out-migration, 59, 65, 73, 76
patrolling activities, 84–91, 95–96, 99–104, 110–14
patrolling committee, 96
petition, thumb-print, 84
petition against illegal trawling, 95
pig raising, 65, 68
police bribes, 69
poorer households, 15, 39, 45, 48, 60, 74–75, 104, 148
Preun (key informant), 64, 67, 97
resource extraction activities, nonfishing-related, 62–63, 70
resource management activities, 83–89, 98–99
resource management plan, 79
rice wine seller, 68
rich households, 75
sand mining, 71–73, 75, 77, 83–85, 88
sand mining, petition to stop, 88, 95
sand mining activities, 124
services in, 61
signposting of protected areas, 84, 98
Sok (key informant), 65, 67–68, 70, 107–8, 120
Sovanna (key informant), 63–64, 66–67, 70, 82–84, 93, 124, 147
Sralao’s resource management committee, 72, 77, 80–84, 115, 121, 147
study tours, 98
taxi boat driver, 64
taxi boats, four, 63
trap fishing, 64
video on resource governance, 87
village middleperson as money lender, 61
village school, 58, 60–61
walkie-talkie radio system, 60
waste management, 88, 92–93, 95, 98–99
waste management awards, 93
water seller, 68
Wayne (key informant), 63–64, 66, 103
wildlife poaching, patrolling area of, 91
Korean buyer, 11
L
labour, unskilled surplus, 148
land
allocation, 26, 40
and biotic resource claims, 43–44
encroachment, 79
prices, 132
speculation, 131
larger fishing boats, 15
large-scale
conflicts, 109
fisheries, 50–51
fishers, 46
fishing operations, 53
industry, 48
resource extraction, 77, 105
Law on Commune Administration, 24–25, 109
legislation restricting fishing gear, 49
livelihood
activities, 4, 10, 16, 74
mobility, 148
opportunities, 4
perspectives, 5
livelihood studies, 4n3, 5
local ecological systems, 21–22
local elites, 21
local governance, 7, 16, 89
local governance regimes, 18
local knowledge, 22, 85n14, 95
local-level democratic elections, 9
local-level governance, 33
local resource governance about, 55–56, 77, 79
processes, 6, 11, 141, 144
tragedy of the commons and, 21
local resource protection and management, 15–16
logging, moratorium on, 131
logging activities, 10
M
Making Social Science Matter (Flyvbjerg), 5, 157
Malgovernance solutions, 22
mangrove
charcoal, 93
ecosystem, 53–54
ecosystem, sustainability of, 54
estuary forests, 59
estuary villages, 1, 10, 129, 141
propagules, 94–95
replanting, 83–84, 86–89, 93–95, 99, 104, 116
trees, decline in, 10
map of Cambodia and research area, xi
marginalization, 75, 79
marijuana, 57–58, 76
marijuana plantation, 62
marine protected areas, 20, 48
market liberalization, 53
medium-scale fisheries, 50–51
middle-income earners, 75
middleperson, village, 40, 57, 61, 64–67, 97–98
migrant fishers, 108
migrant labour, 15
migration patterns, shifting, 15
Millennium Development Goals, 17, 30
mineral development, 129, 132–33
mineral extraction, 14, 44
mining companies, international, 131
Ministry of Agriculture, 52
Ministry of Environment
co-management with technical departments of, 24
democratic decentralization, support, 26
environmental impact assessments, 123, 127, 142
illegal trawling activities and, 85
local park rangers, supports, 89
park rangers, 89–91, 96, 99, 111, 115
policies, fails to follow its own, 141
resource management, endorsed local-level, 80
sand dredging impact on the environment, 123
sand mining, permits for, 121
sand mining, petition to stop, 121
sand mining not permitted in protected areas, 127
sand mining operations delegation, 123
Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, 142
Ministry of Interior, 26, 28
Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, 121, 142
moneylender, 64, 66n10, 68, 70
moratorium on logging, 131
mud crabs, 62n9, 104
multilateral lending agencies, 17
multi-party elections, 9
multi-party governance, 27
multi-stakeholder collaboration, 21
multi-stakeholder governance, 20
N
narcotics plantation, 64–65
National Environment Day, 87, 95
national fishing fleets, 46
national governance, 136
National Poverty Reduction Plans, 24
natural resource conservation, 19, 36, 145–46
natural resources
in and around villages, protection of, 147
conservation, 145
decentralization of, 16–22
depleted and rural livelihood impacted, 132
exploitation of, 4
land, forests and fish as commodities, 3
maintenance of diversity of, 4
protection of, 2
rural livelihoods affected by rights to access to, 133
sector, 6
struggles over access to, 6
utilitarian and the ecosystem functions of, 3
neo-liberal policies, 134
neo-liberal prescriptions, 8
nepotism, 8–9, 24, 134
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5
non-governmental organization (NGO), 32–34, 36, 54, 79–80, 86, 91
non-resource based livelihoods, 10
O
obedience to authority, 8
ODA. See Overseas Development Aid (ODA)
offshore trawls, 45
oil, gas and mineral development, 131–32
oil and gas exploration, 14, 47, 142
one-party rule, authoritarian, 9
open-access nature of fisheries resources, 136
Organic Law, 25, 28
Ostrom, Elinor, 5, 19
overfishing, 13–14, 44–45, 70, 103, 105, 131
Overseas Development Aid (ODA), 33
overseas development assistance, 32
P
parcelingTonle Sap lake
parceling off to highest bidder, 51
Paris Peace Agreement, 8
park rangers, 89–91, 96, 99, 111, 115
Participatory Management of Coastal Resources (PMCR), 11n5, 81n13
patrimonial power bases, traditional, 149
patrolling activities, 84–91, 95–96, 99–104, 110–14
patronage networks, 8, 149
patronage structures, 8–9, 37
patron-client relations, 26
Philippines, 27
picked mushrooms, 62
planktivorous pelagic fish, 42
PMCR. See Participatory Management of Coastal Resources (PMCR)
poaching of wildlife, 79, 86, 91, 110
pole cultivation, 35
police
bribes, 69
Chief of Police’s support of illegal activities, 112–13
ignore the law, 89
rent-seeking activities, 114
vested interest in gear theft continuing, 98
political pluralism, 29
political system, multi-party, 8
Pol Pot, 8
poorer households, 15, 39, 45, 48, 60, 74–75, 104, 148
population in rural areas, 132
population of Cambodia, 15
poverty, 2
alleviation, 36, 39, 137
Cambodia at the Crossroads: Strengthening Accountability to Reduce Poverty (World Bank), 23, 164
rates, 15, 56
reduction, 21
rural, 132
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 17
property rights, 141
Protected Areas Policy, 25
public accountability, 17
push-net fishers, 119
R
Ramsar site, 126, 141
resource extraction
business entrepreneurs and high levels of, 14
Cambodia’s elite benefits from, 127
deforestation and overfishing from, 14
development opportunities for villagers from, 59
ecosystem, negative effect on, 77
employment opportunities from, 15–16
forest depletion from, 131
illegal, 10
international headlines about, 132
large-scale, 77, 105
lawlessness and, 71
livelihood opportunities from, 2, 11, 133, 138
natural resource base, depletion of, 14, 131
natural resources depleted and rural livelihood impacted, 132
nonfishing-related, 62
as the norm, 132
oil, gas and mineral development, 131–32
overfishing from, 131
patrolling for illegal, 89
power dynamics of people vying for, 96
resource governance and, 77, 80
resource governance legislation for, 132
resource protection vs., 2
schism between livelihood opportunities vs., 2
sustainable, 149
resource governance
certification schemes and, 147
decentralized, 5–6, 17, 19, 22, 24, 79, 144, 149
decision-making between state and nonstate actors, 3
defined, 3
ecosystem services payment, 147
failure, probing, 133–43
legislation for resource extraction, 132
local, 35–36
within local fishing grounds, 12
partnerships, 20
policies, 12, 128, 134
policies over a twelve-year period, 12
policies to support, 25
policy platforms promoting local, 145
resource extraction and, 77, 80
schism between livelihood
opportunities vs., 2
strategies in coastal Cambodia, 2
village-run, 10
resource industry, privileged interests of, 19
resource management “command and control,” 18
from commons management
perspective, 134
decentralized, 36, 134
local, 35, 55, 58, 81, 83, 85, 134
operational decisions of, 2–3
village-government collaboration on, 140
resource management committee artificial reefs and demarcation of seagrass sanctuaries, 120
businesses with permits from capital, 109
central state ministry retains ultimate decision-making power, 26
Chrouy Pros’s, 113
confidence in handling issues, 147
conflict with violence, 115
fisheries officer and local fisheries management, 112
fishing gear and sand mining issues, 109
gear theft and, 97–99, 138
gear theft and excess capacity issues, 81
illegal wildlife hunting issues, 115
issues in open-access spaces, 109
joint village patrols and, 111
Koh Sralao’s, 72, 77, 80–85, 85n14, 86–89, 99, 115, 121
larger-scale conflicts, 109
lawlessness of the fishery, 138
local police and, 90, 114
mangrove replanting campaign, 136
net destruction conflicts, 120
park rangers and, 90
patrolling for illegal ressource extraction activities, 89
patrols monitoring fishing with dynamite and trawling in shallow mangrove estuary waters, 89
protection of mangrove forests and seagrass sanctuaries, 115
research reports on, 81n13
resource committees in Chrouy Pros Bay, 121
resources to stop encroachment from outsiders onto local resources, 34
sand mining, petition to stop, 123
Sovanna’s, 83–84
village awareness of, 83
village chief not in favour of, 100
village elected, 26, 34, 79, 98
village power relations and, 34
waste management, 136
resource rights, 10
rice
about, 15, 42–43, 94
production, 52
wine, 68
rich households, 75
rubber, 15, 42, 64, 66
rule of law, 23
rules of access, 19
rules of exclusion and subtractability, 19
ruling party’s grasp of rural politics, 9
rural fishers, 32
rural people, 15–16
rural poverty, 132
S
sand barges, 99, 107
sand dredging
impact on the environment, 123
sites, 121–22
technical business enterprises and, 15
sand exploration and extraction, 48
sand exports, annual value of, 127
sand export sector, Cambodia’s, 125
sand mining
activities, 109, 120–29, 136, 141–42, 147
aquatic habitat and catches, disrupts local, 48
ecological impact of, 73
in inland areas, Prime Minister halted, 142
Koh Sralao village and, 71–73, 75, 77, 83–85, 88
national governance and, 136
operations delegation, 123
permits for, 121
petition to stop, 88, 95, 121, 123
policies limiting, 48
royalty fees from, 126
scarves (kramas), 8
scientific information access, 22
seagrass, 20, 115, 117–20, 128, 147
seasonal restrictions, 46
seasons, breeding and spawning, 29, 49
shallow-water trawls, 109–11, 114, 128
shrimp
aquaculture, 88
farming, 10, 88
farms, 10
stock, 14
SIDA. See Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)
Singapore’s land reclamation and construction projects, 72
small-scale
fisheries, 39, 45–46, 50–51, 137
fishers, 45–46, 103
social capital, 137–38
social-ecological sustainability, 4
social-ecological system of southwestern Cambodia, 5
socialism, 7
social services, poor, 9
social stratification, 36
Som Sak, Wayne, 1
South China Sea, 51
Southeast Asia fisheries, 44
Southeast Asian countries, 27
start-up capital for aquaculture, 40
state-local partnerships, 33
state regulations, 10
Strategic Development plans, 24
Sub-decree on Community Fisheries, 25, 109
suppression of opposition, 8
sustainable (sustainability) aquatic resources, 46
development, 4n2, 36
environmental, 17, 126
of mangrove ecosystem, 54
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 33
T
technical officer, 110, 113–14
territorial claims, 47
Thailand, 27
Tonle Sap lake
aquaculture, small-producer, 40
aquatic resources, rich in, 43
floodplain lake, 43, 50, 52
freshwater areas of, 39, 43
government re-established concession system to raise revenues, 53
top-down rule, 24
tourism, 44, 47, 86, 88
tourist dollars, 9
trading of marine products, 51
tragedy of the commons, 21
transformative governance, 20
trawl fishers, 108, 112–13, 119
trawling
foreign, 46, 53
illegal, 77, 85, 91, 95, 109–10, 114, 128
offshore, 45
shallow-water, 109–11, 114, 128
U
UNDP. See United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, 43
United Nations, 9
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 26, 33
unsustainable path dependencies, 7
V
vessels, larger-scale, 45
Vietnam, 8, 40, 43, 47, 49, 52
Vietnamese liberation, 13
Vietnam War, 13
village. See also Koh Sralao village awareness of resource management committee, 83
chiefs, 11, 28, 70, 100
elected resource management committee, 26, 34, 79, 98
government partnerships, 139, 141
headpersons, 33
level committees, 28
middleperson, 40, 57, 61, 64–67, 97–98
power relations, 34
resource management committee, 1
violence, 2, 7, 115
voter turnout, 29
W
wage labour, 15, 76
waste management, 88, 92–93, 95, 98–99
waste management training, 92
watermelon cultivation, 55
water supply issues, 33
Western-centric economy, state and education, 8
wildlife poaching, 79, 86, 91, 110
World Bank, 23, 27, 164
World Trade Organization, 9
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