The Comfort of Strangers
|Index
Texte intégral
-A-
Action Aid 60, 61
Africa Refugee Day 2 AICF 60, 85
Amin, Idi
attitude toward Banyarwanda 40-41
Arusha Accords (1993) 12, 23, 27, 28
opposed by Hutu 12
Association pour la Promotion des Masses 20
-B-
Balalo [see Banyarwanda] 44
Banyarwanda 19
defined 39
attempts to integrate into Uganda 40
and Milton Obote 40
and Idi Amin 40-41
and Museveni’s national résistance army 41
exit of Tutsi from Uganda (1994) 42-43
meat shortage 43-44
effect on economy 44
Banyarwanda Immigration Mission 18
Belgian Red Cross 60
Belgium rule over Congo Colony 18
rule over Rwanda 18
(1919-1962) 19
1945— political reforms 19
and civil strife 20
aid to Rwanda 79
Britain 77
Bujumbura 56, 57, 60, 61, 62
Bukavu 63, 64, 66, 69, 72
Bunindi [Unindi] 11, 13, 18, 27, 28, 36
map, refugee population 51
Ntaryamira 11, 48, 48fn
Rwandan refugees in 21, 25, 33, 47, 48,48fn, 49-53, 54-55, 58, 59,
Ndadaye (Président) 27, 48, 49
refugees in Tanzania 34
refugees in Rwanda 48, 48fn
political instability (1994) 25, 47
population 47fn
Hutu/Tutsi confrontations 48
Hutu dominated Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi 48, 48fn
Burundi cont’d
Tutsi controlled army 48
refugees in Zaire 48 fn
exit of Rwandan Tutsi refugees (1994) 49
food crisis 49-50
inflation (1992-1994) 49-50
influx of Hutu refugees (1994) 50-51
return of Tutsi (April 1994) 50, 52
environmental havoc 52-53
Hutu/Tutsi camp politics 55
border clashes with Tanzania 58
and repatriation of Rwandan refugees 59
forced repatriation of Rwandan refugees 76
Burundi Emergency Relief Assistance (Dec. 1993) 28
-C-
Cairo Summit (1995) 84-86
Cankuzo (Burundi) 61 CARE 55, 57, 58, 61
Australia 85
CARITAS 55, 61, 80
Carter, Jimmy 84, 85, 86
Catholic Relief Services 56, 60, 61
Chama Cha Mapinduzi 35
cholera
in Tanzania 29, 32
in Zaire 64
Clinton, Bill 64
CNN 29
Cold War 5, 6, 7
post-Cold War 8
Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs 72
Congo 19, 20
Congo Colony 18
-D-
Dakin, Lloyd
Deputy Representative, UNHCR 26
Dar-es-Salaam 25
Declaration of (1991) 12
UNDP donor conference 77
Davidson, Basil 17
Deforestation
in Tanzania 31-32
in Burundi 52-53
in Zaire 65-66
Division Spéciale Présidentielle (Zaire) attack on Kigali 72
-E-
Entebbe (Uganda) 64
environmental degradation
in Tanzania 31-32
in Burundi 52-53
in Zaire 65-66
prominent issue in peace settlement 76-77
European Development Fund 61
European Economic Community (EEC) 77
European Union 47, 79
-F-
First World War 3, 4
Forces Armée Rwandaises 12, 69
in Zaire 70, 71, 74
Fourth (4th) Ethnicity 59
French aid to Great Lakes Region 77
French training camps for Hutu 70
French zone in Bukavu 63
Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) 48, 48fn, 59
-G-
Genocide Tribunal (Arusha, Tanzania) 84-85
German Red Cross, Benaco, Tanzania 29
Germany
as colonial rulers in Rwanda (1899-1919) 15, 19
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit [GTZ] 61-62
Gisenyi (Rwanda) 63, 82fn
Gitarama (Rwanda) 21, 82
Gitega (Burundi) 61
Goma (Zaire) 63, 67, 69, 72, 74
and influx of Rwandan refugees 64
cholera epidemic 64-65
Mashaka Mamba Sebi 66
and violence in the camps 70
Great Lakes Region 74
of East and Central Africa 11, 14, 21
political strife in 63
Great Lakes Region cont’d
insecurity 63, 75, 76
economic community 72
effect of Rwandan refugees on 75-88
regional approach to refugee resettlement 81-84
deconcentration of refugees 84, 86
Guatemala 2
Guichaoua, A. 21
-H-
HABITAT (see UN Centre for Human Settlements) 9
Habyarimana (Major General Juvenal) 11, 22, 82, 82fn
death of in 1994 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 23
escalation of civil war 13
exodus of Hutu 23
and economic migration policies 18, 35-36
came to power (1973) 22
a friend to Mobutu 71
Hamitic thesis 19
history of refugee relief agencies 1-9
[see UN High Commission for Refugees]
refugees from World War I 3, 4
refugees from World War II 5
High Commission for Refugees 4
funding 5
and communism 5, 7
in Rwanda 11
holocaust 4
Human Rights Watch Arms Project 70
Hungarian Revolution (1946) 6
Hutu 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 45
and reprisals against Tutsi 12
historical relationship with Tutsi 13
population 13
early settlement in Rwanda 14
political organization 14
ruling head (mwami) 14
came under Tutsi rule 15
northern Hutu 15
ethnic identity 16, 17
ubuhake system 16, 17
becoming a Tutsi 17
heightened political awareness 19
Bahutu Manifesto 19
electoral victory (1960) 20
Hutu cont’d
fled from Rwanda (1994) 23
death of Ntaryamira 48 fn
political power, Burundi 48
extremists
training in Lumasi camp (Tanzania) 36
fear of reprisals 36-37
moved to Uganda (1994) 42
first Hutu president of Burundi (see Ndadaye, M) 27-28, 48, 49, 78
inter-ethnic Hutu rivalry 82 82fn
Front pour la Democratic au Burundi 48, 48fn, 59
militia in Zaire 69
leaders and Cairo Summit 89
hardliners in the camps 86
fear of reprisals in Kigali 86-87
-I-
IFRC 60
India 5
Initiative Humanitaire Africaine 57
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration 5
International Committee of the Red Cross 64
International Conference on Assistance to Refugees 2
International Conference on Central American Refugees 2
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 22
International Red Cross 58
International Refugee Organization 4-5
Intersos 60
inyenzi 21
Iron Curtain 5
-K-
Kagame Paul (Major) Rwanda Patriotic Front 23
Kamanda wa Kamanda, Gérard 68
Kampala, headquarters of Rwanda Patriotic Front 23
Kayanza (Burundi) 62
Kayibanda Grégoire (Hutu)
elected president of Rwanda (1961) 20, 82
anti-Tutsi tactics 21-22
overthrown (1973) 22
Kent, Randolf
UN coordinator 78
Kenya 82
Kigali 12, 21, 49, 51, 59, 69
and pace of repatriation 44-45
and Tutsi returnees 49
reprisals against Hutu 86-87
Kigeri V (Mwami) 16, 20
Kinyarwandan 18, 18fn
Kirundo (Burundi) 51, 54, 55, 60-62
Kisangani (Zaire) 72
Kivu Province (Zaire) 66, 72
North 18, 66-67, 68
South 66-67, 68
refugee problem 76
Kivumbu (Burundi) 52
-L-
Lake Victoria 25
Lasearis, Dimtri 56
League of Nations 4
and Belgian administration of Rwanda 18
Lemarchand, René 18
Lindt, August 6
Loescher, Gil 3
-M-
Main d’Oeuvre Rwandaise 18
McWhinney, D. 57
Médecins du Monde 85
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 64, 85
Burundi 58
France 60
Mobutu [see Sese Seko, Mobutu]
Moi, Arap 82
Mombasa (Kenya) 64
Mozambique
refugees in Tanzania 34
refugees and Treaty of Rome 27
Museveni, Yoweri 23, 71
and Banyarwanda in Ugandan National Résistance Army 41
rival of Mobutu 71, 72
Muyinga (Bunindi) 60, 61, 62
Mwinyi (former President of Tanzania) 35
mzungu (strangers) 33
-N-
Nairobi 64, 69
Namibia
refugees in Tanzania 34
Nansen, Fridtjof 4
National Institute for Agronomic Studies and Research (INERA) 66, 69
National Résistance Army (Uganda) 23, 41
National Rwandan Union (UNAR) 21-22
Nazis 4
Ndadaye, Melchior (Hutu) 27-28, 48, 49, 78
first president of Burundi (1993) 51
political power in Burundi 48
Front pour la Democratic au Burundi 48
N’dow, Wally 9
Netherlands 77
aid to Rwanda 79 Newbury, C. 15
Ngozi (Burundi) 51, 59
UNHCR 54, 60, 62
World Food Programme 60
Non government organizations (NGOs)
in Burundi relief efforts 27, 28, 47, 52, 54, 55
in Tanzania 29, 30
Intersos 61
violence against in Burundi 56-57
efforts toward rehabilitation of refugees 79
North Kivu (Zaire) 18
Goma 18
Masisi 18
Rutshuru 18
Ntaryamira, Cyprien 11
death of (1994) 48fn
Nyerere, Julius
attitude toward refugees 34, 35
-O-
Obote, Milton
marginalization of Rwandan refugees 40
reprisals against’Banyarwandan 41
Operation Turquoise 72
Organisation of African Unity 2, 12
OXFAM 30
in Tanzania 29
in Burundi 55
-R-
Rally for Retum and Democracy in Rwanda 69
refoulement 76
Ruanda [see Rwanda] 18
Rudahigwa, Charles Mutura (Tutsi) 20
refugee
UN définition of 1-2
in Eastern Europe 4
post-Cold War era 3
post-World War II 4
Chinese 7
Algerian 7
Rwandan 7
Third World 7
problem in Great Lakes Région of East
Africa 75 (see Rwanda)
refugee camps in Great Lakes Region in Uganda 39, 40 ;
Kisoro 42 ;
Ntungamo, 42 ;Oruchinga 42 ;
Nakivale 42, 44 ; Rwembogo 42fn
in Zaïre : Rugome 55 ; Kibumba 66 ;
Mugunga 66, 69 ;Katale 66 ; Nyabirehe 66 ; INERA 69 ; Kitshushu 69
in Tanzania 28 [table 1] : Ngara 25 ;
Karagwe 25, 32 ; Kagera region 25 ;
Lumasi 29, 35-36 ; Musuhura 29 ; Kitale 29 ; Benaco 29, 30 (table 2)
in Burundi 51 ; Magara 51, 53, 59 ; Majuri 51, 53, 55 ; Kibezi 51 ;
Ruvumbu 51 ; Rukuramigabo 53, 55 ; Mugano 51, 53, 55 ; Ntamba 51, 52, 55
Ruhengeri (Rwanda) 63, 82fn
Ruyigi (Burundi) 60
Rwanda (Ruanda)
refugee problem (history of) 11-13
refugees in Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda and Burundi 11
death of Habyarimana and escalation of civil war 12-13
and exodus of Hutu 12-13, 25
Hutu/Tutsi history 13-15
German rule in 15
Belgian rule 18
Hutu/Tutsi pre-colonial relations 17
nineteen major clans 17
Rwanda cont’d
customs 17
geographic parameters 17
famine 18
colonial rule 18
and economic migration 18
independence (1962) 20
Hutu hegemony 20
coup and second republic (1973) 22
refugees in Tanzania 37
refugees in Uganda 39-45
refugees in Museveni’s NRA 41
mass exodus from Uganda (1994) 41-42
Kigali and Hum refugees returning from Uganda 44
Hutu refugees in Burundi 47-58, 59
Tutsi refugees in Burundi 49-55
refugee impact on Great Lakes Region 75
risk of renewed civil war 76
severe economic problems 78-79
proposed refugee resettlement schemes 82-84
deconcentration of refugees 86, 87
ability to reabsorb Hutu refugees 87
Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) 11
based in Kampala, Uganda 11
Tutsi dominated 11
signed peace accord with Rwanda in Arusha (1993) 12
and death of Habyarimana 23
logistic support in Uganda 41
exodus of Tutsi from Burundi (1994) 49
and Tutsi refugees in Burundi 49-50
and Hutu repatriation 59
and Rwandan civil war 63, 76
and donor reluctance toward 79
and Cairo Summit (1995) 85
and reprisals for genocide, 86
Rwandan Democratic Assembly (RADER) 21, 22
Rwandan National Army 12
Rwigyema, Fred (General) RPF leader 23
-S-
Savimbi, Jones 72
Sebi, Mashaka Mamba (Mayor of Goma), 66
Second World War 3
refugees 4
Sese Seko, Mobutu 66, 71-72, 73, 74, 83
his role in opening Zaire to Rwandan refugees 72
attack on Kigali 72
Cairo Summit 84-85
South Africa
refugees in Tanzania 34
-T-
Tanzania 11, 13, 18, 45
refugees from Rwanda 21, 23, 75-76
refugees from Burundi 37, 51, 52
Rwandan refugees in Burundi heading toTanzania 37
Kagera region
economic resettlement programme with Rwanda 18, 34-36
negative impact of refugees 30-34
environmental degradation 32
health services 32
refugee build up (1994) 25, 28
map of Kagera Region 26
Karagwe camps 25
Ngara refugee camp 25, 29, 30, 32, 33
influx of refugees from Burundi 28 statistics 29
camp sites, Lumasi, Musuhura, Benaco, Kitale 29, 32
relief agencies
World Food Programme 30
OXFAM 30
UNICEF 30
Murgwanza hospital (Ngara) 29, 35
official response to refugees 35-37
Julius Nyerere 34, 35
Mwinyi government 35
resettlement schemes 37
Lumasi camp and Hutu extremists 35-36
economic inflation 33
Tassi, Kabany Kimuha 67
Terres des Hommes 85
Third World refugees, 6, 7
vulnerability to communism 7
and Cold War 5-8
Treaty of Rome 27
Tutsi 11, 16, 17
and Rwanda Patriotic Front 11
Hutu reprisals against Tutsi in Rwanda 12
socio-historical relationship with Hutu 13
Tutsi cont’d
population of 13
earliest evidence of in Rwanda 14
came to dominate Rwandan politics 15
ethnic identity 16, 19 ubuhake 16, 17
Tutsi administration and colonial rule 19
defeated in 1960 national election 20
Tutsi refugees fled Rwanda 1959-1973 21
inyenzi incursions 21
decimation of Tutsi in Rwanda 21
1994 Tutsi take-over 23
Batutsi Council of Ritual Chiefs 20
repatriation and land claims 38
refugees in Uganda 21, 39
exodus from Uganda 41, 42
exodus from Burundi 49
history of Tutsi movement in Burundi 49-52
exodus & influx (1994) from Burundi 50-51
extremists in Burundi 57, 58
Twa (pygmy) 15, 16-17
minority group in Rwanda 13
population of 13
original inhabitants of area 14
marginalized in Rwanda 16
-U-
Uganda 25, 39-45
Kigezi 18
refugees from Rwanda 21
base of Rwanda Patriotic Front 11, 23
and political instability in Rwanda 45
30-year history of Rwanda refugees 39
economic migrants 39 resettled refugees 39-40
Banyarwandan
under Obote 40-41
under Amin 40-41
in National Résistance Army 41
mass exodus (1994) 41-42
Luwero triangle 41
Museveni, Yoweri and National Résistance Army 3, 41
Ugandan Peoples’ Congress 40
Ugandan Peoples’ Démocratie Movement 41
ujaama 35
Umotomi, Christine
Rwanda Deputy Rehabilitation Minister 85
Union pour le Progrès National (Burundi) 48 fn
United Nations
Geneva Conventions (1951) 1-2
Works and Relief Agencies for Palestine Refugees 5
Korean Reconstruction Agency 5
Security Council and Peace-keeping and Rwanda 12
United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda 65, 85
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements [HABITAT] 9, 77
United Nations Children’s Fund 29, 30, 31
and malnutrition in Burundi 50
violence against in Burundi 60-61
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
food survey in Burundi 49, 50
violence against 61
in Zaire 66 donor conference in Dar-es-Salaam 77
United Nations Environmental Programme 77
United Nations High Commission for Refugees 5
expansion of 6, 7
first established by League of Nations (1921) 4
re-established under United Nations (1950) 5,6
and Hungarian Revolution 6
and Third World crises 6
after Cold War 8
peace-keeping efforts in Rwanda 12
and Hutu refugees in Burundi 27-28
Burundi Emergency Relief Assistance 28
relief operations in Tanzania (table 2) 30
in Ngara, (Tanzania) 32
in Uganda 40, 42
in Burundi 51-52, 53, 55, 57
and indemnization of private lands in Burundi 53
violence against 56, 57, 58, 60-62
mass exodus of Rwandan refugees in Zaire 64
food and water crises in Goma, Zaire 64
UNREO 60, 61
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency 4
United Nations Round Table 79
United States
Escapee Programme 5
and aid to Great Lakes Region 64, 65, 77
Urundi [see Burundi] 18
-V-
Violence
in Burundi 54, 55, 57, 60-62
against international aid agencies 57-59
against World Food Programme Trucks 56-57
in Zaire 70, 68-70
in Rwanda (1944) 75
inter-ethnic 47
against UNICEF in Burundi 60-61
against UNDP 61
against UNHCR 60-63
Virunga National Park 66
-W-
Watson, Catherine
women refugees, 79
status of 80
disrupted family life 80
single-parent households 80
self-help groups in the Zaire camps 80-81
World Food Programme
in Tanzania 29, 48fn, 49, 50, 54
in Burundi 55-56
survey in 49-50
and transport vehicles 54
food hand-outs and self-reliance 56
violence against 56-57, 60-62
in Zaire 64
and relief to women 80
-Y-
Yalta Agreement (1945) 4
-Z-
Zaire 11, 13, 18
map 73
Rwandan refugees in 21, 23, 42, 45, 63-74, 75
refugees in Tanzania 34-35
Hutu refugees 45
en-masse arrival of Rwandan refugees (July 1994) 63, 63fn
cholera epidemic 29
Rwandan refugees and crime 68
attitude of host community 68
Hutu hardliners in the camps 69, 70
arming and training Hutu insurgents 71
Mobutu’s position in Great Lakes Region, 71-72, 74, 83-85
and possible effect of a Hutu/Tutsi civil war 76
Zimbabwe
refugees in Tanzania 34
Zolberg, A. 5
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